Drugs banned from the Olympics: Difference between revisions
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Blood doping is the injection of red blood cells, related blood products that contain red blood cells, or artificial oxgyen containers. This is done by storing blood prior to competition and injecting immediately before competition to improve oxygen transport and athletic endurance. | Blood doping is the injection of red blood cells, related blood products that contain red blood cells, or artificial oxgyen containers. This is done by storing blood prior to competition and injecting immediately before competition to improve oxygen transport and athletic endurance. | ||
== Hormones and related substances == | |||
Peptide hormones increase bulk, stength, and oxygen-carrying red blood cells. The peptide hormones [[erythropoietin]] (EPO), [[growth hormone]] (hGH), [[Insulin-like growth factor]]s ([[IGF-1]], etc.), [[Mechano growth factor]]s (MGFs), [[chorionic gonadatrophin]] (banned in men only), [[somatotrophin]] (growth hormone), [[insulin]]s and [[corticotrophin]]s, [[corticosteroid]] mimics, and their releasing factor, are banned. | Peptide hormones increase bulk, stength, and oxygen-carrying red blood cells. The peptide hormones [[erythropoietin]] (EPO), [[growth hormone]] (hGH), [[Insulin-like growth factor]]s ([[IGF-1]], etc.), [[Mechano growth factor]]s (MGFs), [[chorionic gonadatrophin]] (banned in men only), [[somatotrophin]] (growth hormone), [[insulin]]s and [[corticotrophin]]s, [[corticosteroid]] mimics, and their releasing factor, are banned. | ||
=== Beta-2 agonists === | |||
All beta-2 agonists and their D- and L- isomers, are banned. However, [[formoterol]], [[salbutamol]], [[slmeterol]] and [[terbualine]] may be used with a "therapeutic use exemption", only in the inhaled form. | |||
=== Hormone antagonists and modulators === | |||
All [[aromatase inhibitor]]s, including but not limited to, [[anastrozole]], [[letrozole]], [[aminoglutethimide]], [[exemestane]], [[formestane]] and [[testolactone]] are banned. [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator]]s, including but not limited to [[raloxifene]], [[tamoxifen]] and [[toremifene]] are banned. [[Clomiphene]], [[cyclofenil]], [[fulvestrant]] and all other anti-estrogenic substances are banned. [[Myostatin inhibitor]]s are banned. | |||
Stimulants directly affect the central nervous system, increasing blood flow and heart rate. Stimulants that are banned include [[amphetamine]]s, [[beta-2 agonist]]s, [[ephedrine]], [[pseudoephedrine]], [[fencamfamine]], [[cocaine]], [[methamphetamine]], [[mesocarb]] and other substances with similar chemical structures and biological effects. | Stimulants directly affect the central nervous system, increasing blood flow and heart rate. Stimulants that are banned include [[amphetamine]]s, [[beta-2 agonist]]s, [[ephedrine]], [[pseudoephedrine]], [[fencamfamine]], [[cocaine]], [[methamphetamine]], [[mesocarb]] and other substances with similar chemical structures and biological effects. | ||
Diuretics are banned for two reasons. First, by decreasing water retention and thus weight, an important consideration in many speed sports, they increase the speed of athletes. Secondly, increase urine production depletes the presence of other drug metabolites making their detection more difficult. | == Diuretics and masking agents == | ||
Diuretics (and masking agents) are banned for two reasons. First, by decreasing water retention and thus weight, an important consideration in many speed sports, they increase the speed of athletes. Secondly, increase urine production depletes the presence of other drug metabolites, making their detection more difficult. | |||
===Diuretics === | |||
The following diuretics, and chemicals with similar structure or biological activity are banned. | |||
* [[acetazolamide]] | |||
* [[amiloride]] | |||
* [[bendroflumethiazide]] | |||
* [[chlothiazide]] | |||
* [[furosemide]] | |||
* [[hydrochlorothiazide]] | |||
* [[indapamide]] | |||
* [[metolazone]] | |||
* [[spironolactone]] | |||
* [[triamterene]] | |||
Narcotic analgesics decrease the sensation of serious injuries, allowing athletes to continue training or competion after serious injuries. While some pain killers are allowed, including [[Codeine]], the following are banned: [[heroin]], [[methadone]], [[morphine]], [[oxycodone]], [[oxymorphone]], [[fentanyl]] and its derivatives, and [[pethidine]]. | Narcotic analgesics decrease the sensation of serious injuries, allowing athletes to continue training or competion after serious injuries. While some pain killers are allowed, including [[Codeine]], the following are banned: [[heroin]], [[methadone]], [[morphine]], [[oxycodone]], [[oxymorphone]], [[fentanyl]] and its derivatives, and [[pethidine]]. |
Revision as of 12:52, 4 June 2008
The International Olympic Committee was established in order to deal with the increasing problem of doping in the sports world and follows three fundamental principals, protecting the health of athletes, respecting medical and sports ethics, and ensuring equality for all athletes. The list of drugs banned from the Olympics[1] is determined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The banned substances and techniques fall into the following categories: androgenic agents, blood doping, peptide hormones, stimulants, diuretics, narcotics and cannabinoids.
Banned androgenic agents
Banned androgenic agents are either anabolic steroids or Beta-2 agonists. Androgenic steroids increase testosterone and epitestosterone, improving muscle strength and endurance. Andro, DHEA, stanozolol, testosterone and nandrolone, or derivates (see below) are banned drugs in this category. Other banned androgenic agents include bambuterol, clenbuterol, salbutamol, tibolone, zeranol, zilpaterol and selective androgen receptor modulators.
Exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids
This is the complete list of exogenous (non-natural) androgenic agents banned as of January 1, 2008:
- 1-androstendiol (5-androst-1-ene-3,17-diol)
- 1-androstendione (5-androst-1-ene-3,17-dione)
- bolandiol (19-norandrostenediol)
- bolasterone
- boldenone
- boldione (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione)
- calusterone
- clostebol
- danazol (17-ethynyl-17-hydroxyandrost-4-eno[2,3-d]isoxazole)
- dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (4-chloro-17-hydroxy-17-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one)
- dexosymethytestosterone (17-methyl-5-androst-2-en-17-ol)
- drostanolone
- ethylestrenol (19-nor-17-pregn-4-en-17-ol)
- fluoxymesterone
- formebolone
- furazabol (17)-hydroxy-17-methyl-5-androstano[2,3-c]-furazan)
- gestrinone
- 4-hydroxytestosterone (4,17-dihydroxyandrost-3-en-3-one)
- mestanolone
- mesterolone
- mestenolone
- methandienone (17-hydroxy-17-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one)
- methandriol
- methasterone (2,17-dimethyl-5-androstane-3-one-17-ol)
- methyldienolone (17-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9-dien-3-one)
- methyl-1-testosterone (17-hydroxy-17-methyl-5-androst-1-en-3-one)
- methylnortestosterone (17-hydroxy-17-methylestr-4-en-3-one)
- methyltrienolone (17-hydroxy-17-methylestr-4,9,11-trien-3-one)
- methyltestosterone
- mibolerone
- nandrolone
- 19-norandrostenedione
- norboletone
- norclostebol
- norethandrolone
- oxabolone
- oxandrolone
- oxymesterone
- oxymetholone
- prostanozol ([3,2-c]pyrazole-5-etiollocholane-17-tetrahydropyranol)
- quinbolone
- stanozolol
- stenbolone
- 1-testosterone (17-hydroxy-5-androst-1-en-3-one)
- tetrahydrogestrinone (18)-homo-pregna-4,9,11-trien-17-ol-3-one)
- trenbolone
Drugs with similar structures and biological activity are also banned because new designer drugs of this sort are always being developed in order to beat the drug tests.
Endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids
- androstenediol
- androstenedione
- dihydrotestosterone
- prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA)
- testosterone
Metabolites and isomers
- 5-androstane-3,17-diol
- 5-androstane-3,17-diol
- 5-androstane-3,17-diol
- 5-androstane-3,17-diol
- androst-4-ene-3,17-diol
- androst-4-ene-3,17-diol
- androst-4-ene-3,17-diol
- androst-4-ene-3,17-diol (4-androstenediol)
- androst-5-ene-3,17-diol
- androst-5-ene-3,17-diol
- androst-5-ene-3,17-diol
- 4-androstenediol
- 5-androstenedione (androst-5-ene-3,17-dione)
- epi-dihydrotestosterone
- 3-hydroxy-5-androstan-17-one
- 3-hydroxy-5-androstan-17-one
- 19-norandrosterone
- 19-noretiocholanolone
Blood doping is the injection of red blood cells, related blood products that contain red blood cells, or artificial oxgyen containers. This is done by storing blood prior to competition and injecting immediately before competition to improve oxygen transport and athletic endurance.
Peptide hormones increase bulk, stength, and oxygen-carrying red blood cells. The peptide hormones erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormone (hGH), Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1, etc.), Mechano growth factors (MGFs), chorionic gonadatrophin (banned in men only), somatotrophin (growth hormone), insulins and corticotrophins, corticosteroid mimics, and their releasing factor, are banned.
Beta-2 agonists
All beta-2 agonists and their D- and L- isomers, are banned. However, formoterol, salbutamol, slmeterol and terbualine may be used with a "therapeutic use exemption", only in the inhaled form.
Hormone antagonists and modulators
All aromatase inhibitors, including but not limited to, anastrozole, letrozole, aminoglutethimide, exemestane, formestane and testolactone are banned. Selective estrogen receptor modulators, including but not limited to raloxifene, tamoxifen and toremifene are banned. Clomiphene, cyclofenil, fulvestrant and all other anti-estrogenic substances are banned. Myostatin inhibitors are banned.
Stimulants directly affect the central nervous system, increasing blood flow and heart rate. Stimulants that are banned include amphetamines, beta-2 agonists, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, fencamfamine, cocaine, methamphetamine, mesocarb and other substances with similar chemical structures and biological effects.
Diuretics and masking agents
Diuretics (and masking agents) are banned for two reasons. First, by decreasing water retention and thus weight, an important consideration in many speed sports, they increase the speed of athletes. Secondly, increase urine production depletes the presence of other drug metabolites, making their detection more difficult.
Diuretics
The following diuretics, and chemicals with similar structure or biological activity are banned.
- acetazolamide
- amiloride
- bendroflumethiazide
- chlothiazide
- furosemide
- hydrochlorothiazide
- indapamide
- metolazone
- spironolactone
- triamterene
Narcotic analgesics decrease the sensation of serious injuries, allowing athletes to continue training or competion after serious injuries. While some pain killers are allowed, including Codeine, the following are banned: heroin, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, fentanyl and its derivatives, and pethidine.
The cannabinoids marijuana and hashish are banned.
References and notes
- ↑ This lists drugs banned at the 2004 Olympics
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