Poverty and obesity/Bibliography

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Drewnowski, A (2003) Fat and Sugar: An Economic Analysis. J. Nutr. 133, 838-840. "...obesity in the United States is associated with lower incomes. Obesity in the United States and similar societies may be a socioeconomic, as opposed to a medical, problem and one that is related to diet structure and diet costs." Hannah Harman 10:48, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

Gorden-Larsen et al (2006) Inequality in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity and Obesity. Pediatrics Vol 117:2. "..Inequality in availability of physical acitivity facilities may contribute to ethnic and SES disparities in physical activity and overweight patterns. Ethnic minorities and those of lower education are at the highest risk for lack of physical activity and recreational facilities." Nicole Tornes 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Hutch et al(2011) Potential Strategies to Eliminate Built Environment Disparities for Disadvantaged and Vulnerable Communities. Amer Jour Public Health Vol 101:4. "...Research has documented that many disadvantaged and vulnerable communities have few supermarkets with fresh foods, which contributes to disparities in health. People are more reluctant to walk,bicycle, jog, or play in neighborhoods that they feel are not safe, leading to both physical inactivity and decreased likelihood of obtaining healthy foods at retail store. A national survey found that twice as many low-income respondents as moderate-income respondents worried about safety in their neighborhoods." Nicole Tornes 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

McMurray et al(2000) Determinants of Adolescent Physical Activity and Inactivity Patterns.Pediatrics Vol 105:6. "..Although physical activity was most associated with environmental factors, inactivity was most associated with sociodemographic factors. Total number of incidents of serious crime in the adolescents’ neighborhood was significantly associated with a decrease in physical activity. High level of maternal education (adolescents with mothers who had graduate or professional degrees) was significantly associated with increased likelihood of having high levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity." Nicole Tornes 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Jeffery Sobal, Albert J. Stunkard. Socioeconomic Status and Obesity: A Review of the Literature, Psychological Bulletin, Volume 105, Issue 2, March 1989, Pages 260-275, ISSN 0033-2909. PMID 2648443

The review goes into depth with regards to the relationships and comparison between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity and highlights there to be a strong inverse association regarding females in a developed social culture. Further findings show that the relationship between obesity and SES within a developing society the relationship is expressed directly for that of men, women and children. The review makes it clear that the studies being investigated (144) classify SES based on several factors but most predominantly utilising education or income but on occasions some of the literature reviewed use ‘scales’ regarding alternative measures including occupation. Other points to highlight include the measure of obesity and the reviewed studies have varying methods for such. Predominantly used methods in many of the studies include BMI (height to weight ratio) and skin-fold thickness with some studies using a combination. As there is use of varying measurements this can lead to slight variations regarding the relationship between SES and obesity, but the general findings maintain with a concordant trend from study to study. As being a review article it is able to state conclusions based on the plethora of studies investigated and able to compare that of the develop/developing countries and between men, women and children. It finds that women in a low SES were six times more likely to be obese then those women of high SES in a developed country. Findings regards to the males and children in a developed environment showed no conclusive evidence or trends with studies supporting both males and children to be obese in either a high or low SES or not obese altogether. The review also indicates that men, women and children in developing countries rarely showed any signs of obesity as a whole or no trends regards to the populations as an entity. This could be due to environmental factors such as a general food shortage, or greater energy expenditure due to the lifestyles lived. Ross McEwan 21:11, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Daniel D Reidpath, Cate Burns, Jan Garrard, Mary Mahoney, Mardie Townsend, An ecological study of the relationship between social and environmental determinants of obesity, Health & Place, Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2002, Pages 141-145, ISSN 1353-8292, 10.1016/S1353-8292(01)00028-4. PMID 11943585

The article highlights that there is an increase in the trend of obesity occurring on a more frequent basis in developed countries especially within communities and individuals that are of lower SES. The trends seen are that there was an ever present higher exposure to fast-food and with it being a possible cause. The evidence highlighted that communities of a low SES were 2.5 times more likely to be subject to consuming food from a fast-food outlet then those individuals from a much higher SES. The researched highlighted that this much higher exposure to such foods was due to the fact that the people in the higher SES postal districts did not have such shops while those people in the lower SES classification were exposed to having fast-food outlets in there postal districts. The subject is left open for debate within the concluding remarks regarding the relationship between SES and consumption of fast-food, but there is a trend observed that lower SES environments appear to be ‘more obesogenic’. Ross McEwan 21:33, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs.PMID 14684391 Ross McEwan 21:40, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Brody J. The global epidemic of childhood obesity: poverty, urbanization, and the nutrition transition. Nutrition Bytes 2002; 8(2):1-7(Article 1). 'Recent studies suggest that rapid globalization and urbanization account for significant shifts in dietary patterns and physical activity levels that tend to increase risks for obesity in children. Industrialized agro-food systems established by global corporations have made cheap calorie-dense foods, fats, and oils widely available across the world and have caused what researchers call a "nutrition transition"... The combination of increasingly sedentary lifestyles and a lipid-rich diet is documented both in children of poor countries, as well as among impoverished children of the US and other industrialized nations.' Helen Golz 18:51, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Hofferth SL, Curtin S. Poverty, food programs, and childhood obesity. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2005; 24(4):703-726. 'Although poverty has traditionally been associated with underweight as a result of poor diet, researchers have recently pointed to a paradox in the U.S., which is that low income and obesity can coexist in the same population. This paper first examines whether income is linked to overweight in school-age children. Second, it explores whether food programs such as the Food Stamp Program, the National School Lunch Program, and the School Breakfast Program are associated with overweight among children in different income groups... No evidence either that poor children are more likely to be overweight or that food programs contribute to overweight among poor children was found.' Helen Golz 18:51, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Schwartz MB, Puhl R. Childhood obesity: a societal problem to solve. The International Association for the Study of Obesity 2002; 4:57–71. 'This pressure exists in the context of the societal stigmatization of overweight children and the powerful environmental inducements aimed directly at children to eat nutritionally poor foods. Parents of overweight children are left in the difficult position of fearing the social and health consequences of their child’s obesity, and fighting a losing battle against the omnipotent presence of the media and constant exposure to unhealthy foods.' Helen Golz 18:51, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Strauss RS, Knight J. Influence of the home environment on the development of obesity in children. Pediatrics 1999; 103(6):1-8(e85). 'Children with obese mothers, low family incomes, and lower cognitive stimulation have significantly elevated risks of developing obesity, independent of other demographic and socioeconomic factors. In contrast, increased rates of obesity in black children, children with lower family education, and nonprofessional parents may be mediated through the confounding effects of low income and lower levels of cognitive stimulation.' Helen Golz 18:51, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Westerterp-Platengo, MS (2004) Effects of energy density of daily food intake on long-term energy intake. Physiol Behaviour. 81(5):765-71 PMID 15234182 The effect of energy density on energy intake has been assessed in short-term as well as long-term experiments.