Young earth creationism

Young earth creationism (often referred to as "Biblical creationism", or simply creationism) is the name given to a set of beliefs espoused by some fundamentalist Protestants who assert that God created the universe in six 24-hour days. Using literal hermeneutics to approach the Bible, particularly the book of Genesis as well as the genealogy of Matthew chapter 1, proponents assert that the earth is only 6,000 – 10,000 years old.

While other cultures and religions may hold similar views of a young Earth, the term "young Earth creationism," coined in the late 20th century, refers to the fundamentalist Protestant view.

History

The most popular creationist chronology was originally developed in 17th century England by Archbishop James Ussher, an Anglican, in 1651. (Many other dates had been calculated by similar methods.) Ussher calculated, using the chronologies given in the books of the Bible, that the first day of creation occurred on October 23, 4004 BC. His chronology appeared in the margins of English Bibles starting in 1701; however, the year 4004 BC was already well known among theologians.

The Biblical story was not a contentious issue until the 19th century, when theologians started reinterpreting the Bible as a historical document (rather than divine revelation), and geologists such as James Hutton and Charles Lyell developed evidence, based on their analysis of geological processes and formations, the earth was not a few thousand years old but, in fact, several millions of years old. The appearance of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species in 1859 and the associated Theory of Evolution, provided evidence that life was much older than 6,000 years. Most Protestant theologians by 1900, including those opposed to the theory of evolution, rejected the 4004 BC model and argued the earth was very old. Many evangelical theologians adopted a figurative interpretation of the first two chapters of Genesis.

The Scopes Trial

By 1910 a new theology of "fundamentalism" had emerged among conservative Protestants, especially in the Southern Baptist church in the U.S. The theory of evolution had no role for God, and fundamentalists saw this as a threat to their core beliefs, and launched a crusade in the 1920s to stop the teaching of evolution, a crusade that continues into the 21st century. They revived the 4004 BC dating and organized political opposition to the teaching of Darwinism in the public schools. The Scopes trial took place in Tennessee, in 1925 and was seen as a watershed event in the creation-evolution controversy. A law passed in March 1925 in Tennessee made it unlawful for any teacher in any of the public schools of the state to teach any theory that "denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals." The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) began a campaign to challenge this law and sought someone who would be prepared to admit to teaching evolution in a state school and stand trial so that the law could be challenged in court. John T. Scopes volunteered to play that part. William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential nominee dominated the prosecution, while famed criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow dominated the defense. Reporters from across the world covered the sensational trial, especially when Darrow made Bryan a witness and questioned him about Biblical stories, such as Jonah and the whale. Although Scopes lost the trial (his conviction was reversed), the resulting publicity brought the issue to the forefront of the minds of the American people and fundamentalists saw it as a humiliating set-back for their crusade against modernity.

Modern-day young Earth creationism

The modern resurgence of young Earth creationism was due to two American theologians, John C. Whitcomb, Jr. and Henry M. Morris, and their book The Genesis Flood (1961). They in turn borrowed heavily from George McCready Price, a self-taught Seventh-day Adventist author of The New Geology (1923). (They borrowed Price's theory about Noah's flood, but rejected his theology which downplayed the importance of the date of creation.)

Several organisations promote the idea of young Earth creationism. Some of the most prominent ones are Answers In Genesis[10], Creation Ministries International[11] and the Institute for Creation Research[12]. Although many organizational efforts have been undertaken in the last 80 years, especially by the Moody Bible Institute of Chicago, they have always collapsed in the face of bitter internal disputes among creationists. There are multiple "Noah flood" theories (none of which are supported by published scientific research.) As one creationist laments, "Unfortunately the situation in astronomy is not as good. As with biology and geology, astronomy has become permeated with evolutionary assumptions and conclusions. Unlike those other disciplines, there is no overall theory or, if you will, paradigm, of astronomy from a creationist perspective. Part of the problem has been the lack of researchers in the field."

Main tenets

One of the primary tenets of Young earth creationism are that the creator has "built-in" some age into the universe; for example, explaining why we can see light from stars multiple thousands of light-years away if the universe is not that old. Other geological theories tend to rest heavily on the global flood referred to in Genesis 6-8. Processes such as fossilization and the formation of coal are often attributed to the great pressure and changes that would have occurred during such a cataclysmic event.

Another significant theory is the Vapor Canopy. It is based on a statement made in Genesis 2 stating that rain had not come to the earth after the Creation. Therefore, there would have likely been a great amount of water in the atmosphere and it would have inspired very tropical conditions throughout much of the world. In this environment, creatures would have demonstrated extraordinary longevity and a lack of disease this early in the history of the world would have kept death rates for all creatures very low. This would have lead to huge reptiles, who never stop growing, and very old humans (e.g. Methusela who supposedly lived 969 years).

(To be further updated)

Creation Museum

In 2007, Answers In Genesis opened the Creation Museum[13] near Cincinnati, Ohio. The museum generated much interest and controversy in the press and media.. The museum was designed by Patrick Marsh, who also designed the Jaws and King Kong exhibits at Universal Studios, Florida

Other groups in the United States have announced similar museums. The Creation Discovery Museum[14] was opened by the Creation Studies Institute[15], a Fort Lauderdale, Florida-based ministry that promotes young Earth creationism.

Criticisms

The scientific community has on the whole rejected young Earth creationism, which it sees as a religious doctrine. Religious creationists who believe in old Earth creationism also reject the assertion that the Earth is only approximately 6,000 – 10,000 years old.

The list of supporters of young Earth creationism show they came to creationism from religion, and that those who claim scientific expertise on other topics have not published papers on creationism in mainstream, refereed science journals.

Popular Support

Despite the fact that creationism has generally been rejected by scientists, it has a strong following within the United States and many Muslim nations. 2 Gallup polls conducted in 1991 and 1997 in the United States found that approximately 45% of the population seemed to believe in young earth creationism, and approximately 40% of the population seemed to support a God-guided process of evolution, known as theistic evolution.