Fiorello LaGuardia

Fiorello Henry LaGuardia (born Fiorello Enrico LaGuardia, often spelled La Guardia, pronunciation [la 'gwardja], 1882-1947) was an American politician who served as Mayor of New York City for three terms from 1934 to 1945, and in the House of Representatives representing New York from 1917 to 1919, and from 1922 to 1933. He was popularly known as "the Little Flower," the translation of his Italian first name, Fiorello [fjo'rɛl:o], also perhaps a reference to his short stature. LaGuardia was a member of the Republican Party.

LaGuardia was very popular in New York during his mayoralty. During the Great Depression, he supported the New Deal and became a national figure for leading the recovery of the city. Shortly before the U.S. entered the World War II, he was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Director of Civilian Defense. After the war, in 1946 he served briefly as the director-general of United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.

Early life and career

LaGuardia was born in New York City to an Italian lapsed-Catholic father, Achille La Guardia, from Cerignola, and an Italian mother of Jewish origin from Trieste (Irene Cohen Luzzato), and he was raised an Episcopalian. His middle name Enrico was changed to Henry (the English form of Enrico) when he was a child. He spent most of his childhood in Prescott, Arizona. The family moved to his mother's hometown after his father was discharged from his bandmaster position in the U.S. Army in 1898. LaGuardia served in U.S. consulates in Budapest, Trieste, and Fiume (1901–1906). Fiorello returned to the U.S. to continue his education at New York University, and during this time he worked for New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty for Children and as a translator for the U.S. Immigration Service at Ellis Island (1907–1910).

Political career

LaGuardia began serving as the Deputy Attorney General of New York in 1914. In 1916 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives where he developed a reputation as a fierce and devoted reformer. In Congress, LaGuardia represented then-Italian East Harlem.

Military service

LaGuardia briefly served in the armed forces from 1917 to 1919, commanding a unit of the United States Army Air Service on the Italian/Austrian front in World War I, rising to the rank of major.

In 1921 his wife died of tuberculosis. LaGuardia, having nursed her through the 17 month ordeal, grew depressed, and turned to alcohol, spending most of the year following her death on an alcoholic binge. He recovered and became a teetotaler.

Congressman again

LaGuardia ran for the House of Representative again in 1922. He won the election and served as a congressman until 1933. He continued to advocate for many reform measures, especially on the issue of labor disputes. One major legislation bearing his name was Norris-LaGuardia Act, which he sponsored with Nebraskan Republican senator George Norris in 1932. The Act banned yellow-dog contracts, which are labor contracts prohibiting a worker from joining a union. He was also noted for his opposition of immigration quotas.

In 1929, he launched a bid for New York's mayorship, but then-incumbent Jimmy Walker soundly defeated him. In 1932, he lost his House seat to James J. Lanzetta, a member of the Democratic Party, during a time when the GOP did poor showings in elections and his 20th district shifted from a Jewish and Italian-American population to a Puerto Rican population.

Mayor of New York

Mayor LaGuardia (middle) shaking hands with New York City detective Mary A. Shanley

LaGuardia was elected mayor of New York City on an anti-corruption Fusion ticket during the Great Depression, which united him in an uneasy alliance with New York's Jewish population and liberal bluebloods (WASPs). These included the famed architect and New York historian Isaac Newton Phelps-Stokes whose patrician manners LaGuardia detested. Surprisingly, the two men became friends. Phelps-Stokes had personally nursed his wife during the last five years of her life, during which she was paralyzed and speechless due to a series of strokes. On learning of Phelps-Stokes's ordeal, so like his own, LaGuardia ceased all bickering and the two developed genuine affection for each other.

Being of Italian descent and growing up during the period when crime was rampant in the Bronx, LaGuardia had a loathing for the gangsters who gave the Italian community a negative reputation. He took a strong stance against organized crime. When he was first elected in 1933, he ordered the police chief to arrest Lucky Luciano, an infamous mobster, regardless of the charge he could be indicted. He addressed in the radio through his high-pitched, squeaky voice, "Let's drive the bums out of town." In 1934, he conducted a search-and-destroy raid on slot machines operated by gangster Frank Costello, making thousands of arrests, swinging the sledgehammer and dumping the slot machines into water to show the media his toughness. In 1936, he instructed Thomas E. Dewey, a special prosecutor and future Republican candidate for president, to prosecute Luciano. Dewey investigated into Luciano's prostitution ring, and Luciano was sentenced to 30-50 years in prison.

LaGuardia often broke with orthodox Republican party lines. In elections he also ran as the nominee of the American Labor Party, a union-dominated anti-Tammany grouping that also ran FDR for President from 1936 onward. LaGuardia supported Roosevelt, who was a Democrat, for president. He chaired the Independent Committee for Roosevelt and Wallace with Nebraska Senator George Norris during the 1940 presidential election.

LaGuardia was the city's first Italian-American mayor, but LaGuardia was far from being a typical Italian New Yorker. After all, he was a Republican Episcopalian who had grown up in Arizona, and had an Istrian Jewish mother and a Roman Catholic-turned-atheist Italian father. He reportedly spoke seven languages, including Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, and Yiddish.

LaGuardia is famous for, among other things, restoring the economic lifeblood of New York City during and after the Great Depression. His massive public works programs administered by his friend Parks Commissioner Robert Moses employed thousands of unemployed New Yorkers, and his constant lobbying for federal government funds allowed New York to establish the foundation for its economic infrastructure. He was also well known for reading the newspaper comics on the radio during a newspaper strike, and pushing to have a commercial airport (Floyd Bennett Field, and later LaGuardia Airport) within city limits. Responding to popular disdain for the sometimes corrupt City Council, LaGuardia successfully proposed a reformed 1938 City Charter which created a powerful new New York City Board of Estimate, similar to a corporate board of directors.

He was also a very outspoken and early critic of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime. In a public address as early as 1934, LaGuardia warned, "Part of Hitler’s program is the complete annihilation of the Jews in Germany." In 1937, speaking before the Women’s Division of the American Jewish Congress, LaGuardia called for the creation of a special pavilion at the upcoming New York World’s Fair: "a chamber of horrors" for "that brown-shirted fanatic."

In 1940, included among the many interns to serve in the city government was David Rockefeller, who became his secretary for eighteen months in what is known as a "dollar a year" public service position. Although LaGuardia was at pains to point out to the press that he was only one of 60 interns, Rockefeller's working space turned out to be the vacant office of the deputy mayor.

In 1941, during the run-up to American involvement in the Second World War, President Roosevelt appointed LaGuardia as the first director of the new Office of Civilian Defense (OCD). The OCD was responsible for preparing for the protection of the civilian population in case America was attacked. It was also responsible for programs to maintain public morale, promote volunteer service, and co-ordinate other federal departments to ensure they were serving the needs of a country in war. LaGuardia had remained Mayor of New York during this appointment, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 he was succeeded at the OCD by a full-time director, James M. Landis.

According to Try and Stop Me by Bennett Cerf, LaGuardia often officiated in municipal court. He handled routine misdemeanor cases, including, as Cerf wrote, a man who had stolen a loaf of bread for his starving family. LaGuardia still insisted on levying the fine of ten dollars. Then he said "I'm fining everyone in this courtroom fifty cents for living in a city where a man has to steal bread in order to eat!" He passed his hat and gave the fines to the defendant, who left the court with $47.50.

Later life

LaGuardia was the director general for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) in 1946.

LaGuardia loved music and conducting, and was famous for spontaneously conducting professional and student orchestras that he visited. He once said that the "most hopeful accomplishment" of his long administration as mayor was the creation of the High School of Music & Art in 1936, now the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts. He died at his 5020 Goodridge Avenue home, in the Riverdale section of the Bronx, of pancreatic cancer at the age of 64 and is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

A man of very short stature, LaGuardia's height is sometimes given as five feet. According to an article in the official weblog of New York Times, however, his actual height was five feet, two inches.

Recognition and Legacy

In 1940, LaGuardia received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York."

In addition to LaGuardia High School, a number of other institutions are also named for him, including LaGuardia Community College. Many roads and other geographical locations are named after LaGuardia. LaGuardia Place, a street in Greenwich Village which runs from Houston Street to Washington Square, is named for LaGuardia; there is also a statue of the mayor on that street. Rehov LaGuardia (LaGuardia Street) is a major road and the name of a highway junction in southern Tel-Aviv, Israel. Ulica Fiorella LaGuardie is the name of a street in Rijeka.

LaGuardia Airport, the smaller and older of New York's two currently operating international airports, bears his name; the airport was voted the "greatest airport in the world" by the worldwide aviation community in 1960.

In popular culture

• When running on the Fusion ticket for mayor of New York in 1933, the joke was that as a half-Italian, half-Jewish Episcopalian married to a German Lutheran with two adopted Scandinavian children and having represented in Congress a district which included some blacks and a handful of Puerto Ricans, LaGuardia balanced the ticket all by himself.
• He was also the subject of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Broadway musical Fiorello!.
• In the radio show "Fibber McGee and Molly", the mayor of the ficticious town of Wistful Vista was named "LaTrivia" as a nod to LaGuardia. Mayor LaTrivia was played by Gale Gordon. When LaGuardia died the Fibber McGee and Molly Show had just two weeks left of its 1947 summer vacation. Out of respect, they quietly suspended the character of LaTrivia, and had Gale Gordon play a new character for the 1947-48 season named "Foggy Williams", a weatherman. Foggy Williams' last appearance was on June 1, 1948 and Mayor LaTrivia returned after the show's 1948 summer vacation, again played by Gordon.
• While searching for "Maybe Dick the Wailing Whale" Rocky and Bullwinkle meet "Fiorello LaPompadour" the Mayor of Submurbia.
• In Ghostbusters II the Mayor of New York mentions that he spent the previous night talking with the long-dead LaGuardia.
• In "The Plot Against America" by Philip Roth, he is depicted as one of the leaders of the opposition against president Charles Lindbergh.

See also

• LaGuardia Commission, a study headed by Mayor LaGuardia on the effects of marijuana in U.S. society

External links

• Obituary, NY Times, September 21, 1947 La Guardia Is Dead; City Pays Homage To 3-Time Mayor
• Fiorello La Guardia from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Fiorello H. LaGuardia Collection of the La Guardia and Wagner Archives of the City University of New York