CZ:Citation style: Difference between revisions
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A '''citation''' allows the reader to verify a statement made in the text, see the source of data, gain more detail about a claim, or to explore the original context of a quoted passage. Usually, the text is marked with a superscript [[hyperlink]] that is linked to a note, like this,<ref name=Example1>A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref> that directs the reader to a reliable source that validates the statement, such as a | A '''citation''' allows the reader to verify a statement made in the text, see the source of data, gain more detail about a claim, or to explore the original context of a quoted passage. Usually, the text is marked with a superscript [[hyperlink]] that is linked to a note, like this,<ref name=Example1>A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref> that directs the reader to a reliable source that validates the statement, such as a book, a scholarly journal, or a government agency website. The citation mark is usually placed after the section to which the citation is most relevant, or at the end of the paragraph, where more than one source of validation may be indicated.<ref name=Several1>Source 1. | ||
* Source 2. | * Source 2. | ||
* Source 3. (This is what we are doing in many Citizendium biology pages to reduce clutter).</ref> It should be placed after any punctuation mark and there should be no space before it. | * Source 3. (This is what we are doing in many Citizendium biology pages to reduce clutter).</ref> It should be placed after any punctuation mark and there should be no space before it. | ||
This minimizes the number of superscripted numbers appearing in the text. The markup code used to produce the note [1] is: | |||
<pre><ref name=Example1>A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref></pre> | <pre><ref name=Example1>A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref></pre> | ||
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The named reference markup for the note [3] is easy to repeat here using its name.<ref name=Dickens1859 /> | The named reference markup for the note [3] is easy to repeat here using its name.<ref name=Dickens1859 /> | ||
==Listing an article's 'references' | ==Listing an article's 'references' or 'notes' == | ||
The <nowiki><references/></nowiki> markup symbol produces the following result when placed just here: | The <nowiki><references/></nowiki> markup symbol produces the following result when placed just here: | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
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Generally, the citation list is placed directly after the main article.<ref>''Chicago Manual of Style'', 14th ed., Part 1, see section 1.82, "Back Matter." This edition of the Chicago Manual of Style discusses the construction of a "book."</ref> | Generally, the citation list is placed directly after the main article.<ref>''Chicago Manual of Style'', 14th ed., Part 1, see section 1.82, "Back Matter." This edition of the Chicago Manual of Style discusses the construction of a "book."</ref> | ||
Here is a full citation of an article in a scientific journal | Here is a full citation of an article in a scientific journal: | ||
: Benner SA, Ellington AD, Tauer A. (1989) [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/18/7054 Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world.] Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the U S A. Volume 86, pages 7054-8 doi:10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 PMID 2476811 | : Benner SA, Ellington AD, Tauer A. (1989) [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/18/7054 Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world.] Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the U S A. Volume 86, pages 7054-8 doi:10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 PMID 2476811 | ||
This conveys maximum information to the reader, but | This conveys maximum information to the reader, but takes up a lot of space. It is therefore usual to abbreviate the citation, and most journal citations on Citizendium should follow the following form (very similar to the internet publication [http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/guidelines.php Public Library of Science Biology] (PLoS Biology): | ||
: Benner SA ''et al.'' (1989) Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world ''Proc Natl Acad Sci | : Benner SA ''et al.'' (1989) Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world ''Proc Natl Acad Sci USA'' 86:7054-8 PMID 2476811 | ||
Note that ''et al.'' stands for the Latin ''et alia'', meaning 'and others'. | Note that ''et al.'' stands for the Latin ''et alia'', meaning 'and others'. | ||
When providing a doi (digital object identifier) for an article (e.g., the Brenner article above), format it as | When providing a doi (digital object identifier) for an article (e.g., the Brenner article above), format it as | ||
<pre>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 Article title.]</pre> | <pre>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 Article title.]</pre> | ||
This produces a direct link to the article | This produces a direct link to the article's abstract, and links to full-text and downloadable PDF. For example: | ||
:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world.] | :[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world.] | ||
'''Books''' | '''Books''' | ||
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===Journal abbreviations=== | ===Journal abbreviations=== | ||
There are several different conventions for abbreviating Journal titles. The most common convention | There are several different conventions for abbreviating Journal titles. The most common convention in scientific journals is that used by Index Medicus (and followed by PubMed). Abbreviations follow complex rules; for instance "-ogy" is always lost, so Biology becomes Biol); one exception to this is that where the title of a journal is a single word this is never abbreviated. Thus ''The Journal of Endocrinology'' is abbreviated as ''J Endocrinol'', but ''Endocrinology'' is left unabbreviated. | ||
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a service for [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=journals looking up] journal names and abbreviations, and a list of journal names. | The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a service for [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=journals looking up] journal names and abbreviations, and a list of journal names. | ||
==Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources== | ==Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources== | ||
The use of hyper-links to readily available publications available through the www is encouraged. Some resources, such as JSTOR, Project Muse, ''New York Times'', and other electronic archives are readily available to researchers through their institutional affiliations. For the general public however, access is limited. JSTOR recommends that independent researchers (1) join a participating publisher or scholarly society, (2) visit a subscribing library, or (3) purchase the article from the publisher.[http://www.jstor.org/logon?S1=c0a83465.11653e360350&T=6] | |||
It is recommended that when you hyper-link a citation resource that you include a short notation such as [http://www.jstor.org/help/access_options.html online source]. | It is recommended that when you hyper-link a citation resource that you include a short notation such as [http://www.jstor.org/help/access_options.html online source]. | ||
==Practice at Citizendium== | ==Practice at Citizendium== | ||
The principles behind the choice of any style of citations to provide the reader with enough information to find the source for himself or herself, with efficient use of limited space and an aesthetically pleasing appearance on the page | The principles behind the choice of any style of citations is to provide the reader with enough information to find the source for himself or herself, with efficient use of limited space and an aesthetically pleasing appearance on the page. Electronic links mean that, strictly, fewer details need be given to enable sources to be located efficiently - for a citation on PubMed everything is redundant except the PMID number. However citations do more than merely point to a source, they are also open acknowledgments of the origin of ideas and information. Listing sources clearly is an explicit and courteous recognition of the debt that authors have to other authors. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
{{Content Policy}} | {{Content Policy}} | ||
Revision as of 12:28, 5 December 2010
A citation allows the reader to verify a statement made in the text, see the source of data, gain more detail about a claim, or to explore the original context of a quoted passage. Usually, the text is marked with a superscript hyperlink that is linked to a note, like this,[1] that directs the reader to a reliable source that validates the statement, such as a book, a scholarly journal, or a government agency website. The citation mark is usually placed after the section to which the citation is most relevant, or at the end of the paragraph, where more than one source of validation may be indicated.[2] It should be placed after any punctuation mark and there should be no space before it.
This minimizes the number of superscripted numbers appearing in the text. The markup code used to produce the note [1] is:
<ref name=Example1>A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref>
If a citation is used several times in the one article it is useful to give the citation a name. This is done the first time a source is used by using the markup <ref name=Dickens1859>.[3]
The named reference markup for the note [3] is easy to repeat here using its name.[3]
Listing an article's 'references' or 'notes'
The <references/> markup symbol produces the following result when placed just here:
The <references/> markup produces a list of all notes used in the text. See how note [3] has two symbols which are superscripted links referring back to where [3] was used in the text. Note how the references are organized in numerical order automatically.
Placing the citation list
Generally, the citation list is placed directly after the main article.[1]
Here is a full citation of an article in a scientific journal:
- Benner SA, Ellington AD, Tauer A. (1989) Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the U S A. Volume 86, pages 7054-8 doi:10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 PMID 2476811
This conveys maximum information to the reader, but takes up a lot of space. It is therefore usual to abbreviate the citation, and most journal citations on Citizendium should follow the following form (very similar to the internet publication Public Library of Science Biology (PLoS Biology):
- Benner SA et al. (1989) Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7054-8 PMID 2476811
Note that et al. stands for the Latin et alia, meaning 'and others'.
When providing a doi (digital object identifier) for an article (e.g., the Brenner article above), format it as
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 Article title.]
This produces a direct link to the article's abstract, and links to full-text and downloadable PDF. For example:
Books
Richard Dawkins (2004) The Ancestor's Tale ISBN 0618005838; Audio (2005) ISBN 0752873210 Reviews here
In many instances it will be necessary to mention the title of a book, or journal in the text of an article, and for this the name, such as A Tale of Two Cities , or Scientific American should be in italics. The markup for this is : ''A Tale of Two Cities''
Book Chapters
Hansen B (1991) New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. AIDS and the historian Bethesda: National Institutes of Health pp. 21–8
Electronic Journal Articles
Loker WM (1996) "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America Jour Pol Ecol 3. Available: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt. Accessed 11 August 2006.
Journal abbreviations
There are several different conventions for abbreviating Journal titles. The most common convention in scientific journals is that used by Index Medicus (and followed by PubMed). Abbreviations follow complex rules; for instance "-ogy" is always lost, so Biology becomes Biol); one exception to this is that where the title of a journal is a single word this is never abbreviated. Thus The Journal of Endocrinology is abbreviated as J Endocrinol, but Endocrinology is left unabbreviated.
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a service for looking up journal names and abbreviations, and a list of journal names.
Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources
The use of hyper-links to readily available publications available through the www is encouraged. Some resources, such as JSTOR, Project Muse, New York Times, and other electronic archives are readily available to researchers through their institutional affiliations. For the general public however, access is limited. JSTOR recommends that independent researchers (1) join a participating publisher or scholarly society, (2) visit a subscribing library, or (3) purchase the article from the publisher.[1]
It is recommended that when you hyper-link a citation resource that you include a short notation such as online source.
Practice at Citizendium
The principles behind the choice of any style of citations is to provide the reader with enough information to find the source for himself or herself, with efficient use of limited space and an aesthetically pleasing appearance on the page. Electronic links mean that, strictly, fewer details need be given to enable sources to be located efficiently - for a citation on PubMed everything is redundant except the PMID number. However citations do more than merely point to a source, they are also open acknowledgments of the origin of ideas and information. Listing sources clearly is an explicit and courteous recognition of the debt that authors have to other authors.
References
- ↑ Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed., Part 1, see section 1.82, "Back Matter." This edition of the Chicago Manual of Style discusses the construction of a "book."
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