Poverty and obesity/Bibliography: Difference between revisions

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[2] Darmon N, Drewnowski A. Does social class predict diet quality? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008; 87:1107-1117. [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
[3] Giskes K, Turrell G, Patterson C, Newman B. Socio-economic differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among Australian adolescents and adults. Public Health Nutrition 2002; 5:663–669. [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
[4] Irala-Estevez JD, Groth M, Johansson L, Oltersdorf U, Prattala R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. A systematic review of socio-economic differences in food habits in Europe: consumption of fruit and vegetables. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000; 54:706–714. [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
[5] Ricciuto LE, Tarasuk VS. An examination of income-related disparities in the nutritional quality of food selections among Canadian households from 1986–2001. Social Science and Medicine 2007; 64:186–198. [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
[6] Johansson L, Thelle DS, Solvoll K, Bjorneboe GE, Drevon CA. Healthy dietary habits in relation to social determinants and lifestyle factors. British Journal of Nutrition 1999; 81:211–220. [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
[7] Hulshof KF, Lowik MR, Kok FJ, et al. Diet and other life-style factors in high and low socio-economic groups (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991; 45:441–450. [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
[8] Maillot M, Darmon N, Vieux F, Drewnowski A. Low energy density and high nutritional quality are each associated with higher diet costs in French adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007; 86:690–696. [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
[9] Drewnowski A. Energy density, palatability, and satiety: implications for weight control. Nutrition Reviews 1998; 56:347–353. [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
[10] Rose D, Richards R. Food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the US Food Stamp Program. Public Health Nutrition 2004; 7:1081–1088. [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
[11] Wardle J, Parmenter K, Waller J. Nutrition knowledge and food intake. Appetite 2000; 34:269–275. [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
[12] Darmon, N., E. L. Ferguson, et al. (2002). "A cost constraint alone has adverse effects on food selection and nutrient density: An analysis of human diets by linear programming." Journal of Nutrition 132(12): 3764-3771.[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)
[13] Drewnowski, A. and N. Darmon (2005). "The economics of obesity: dietary energy density and energy cost." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82(1): 265S-273S.[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)
[14] Drewnowski, A., N. Darmon, et al. (2004). "Replacing fats and sweets with vegetables and fruits - A question of cost." American Journal of Public Health 94(9): 1555-1559.[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)
[15] French, S. A. (2003). "Pricing effects on food choices." Journal of Nutrition 133(3): 841S-843S.[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)
[16] Gordon-Larsen, P., D. K. Guilkey, et al. (2011). "An economic analysis of community-level fast food prices and individual-level fast food intake: A longitudinal study." Health & place 17(6): 1235-41.[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)
[17] Powell, L. M. and F. J. Chaloupka (2009). "Food Prices and Obesity: Evidence and Policy Implications for Taxes and Subsidies." Milbank Quarterly 87(1): 229-257.[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)
[18] Schroeter, C., J. Lusk, et al. (2008). "Determining the impact of food price and income changes on body weight." Journal of Health Economics 27(1): 45-68.[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)




Line 5: Line 41:
"...obesity in the United States is associated with lower incomes. Obesity in the United States and similar societies may be a socioeconomic, as opposed to a medical, problem and one that is related to diet structure and diet costs."
"...obesity in the United States is associated with lower incomes. Obesity in the United States and similar societies may be a socioeconomic, as opposed to a medical, problem and one that is related to diet structure and diet costs."
[[User:Hannah Harman|Hannah Harman]] 10:48, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
[[User:Hannah Harman|Hannah Harman]] 10:48, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
Prentice, A, Jebb, S (2003) Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible mechanistic link. ''Obesity reviews'' '''4''', 187-194. PMID 14649369
"...we review a series of studies demonstrating that the energy density of foods is a key determinant of energy intake."
[[User:Hannah Harman|Hannah Harman]] 09:06, 27 October 2011 (UTC)
Westerterp-Platengo, MS (2004) Effects of energy density of daily food intake on long-term energy intake. ''Physiol Behaviour.'' '''81(5):765-71''' PMID 15234182
"...The effect of energy density on energy intake has been assessed in short-term as well as long-term experiments."
[[User:Hannah Harman|Hannah Harman]] 09:06, 27 October 2011 (UTC)




Gorden-Larsen et al (2006) Inequality in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity and Obesity. ''Pediatrics'' Vol 117:2. "..Inequality in availability of physical acitivity facilities may contribute to ethnic and SES disparities in physical activity and overweight patterns. Ethnic minorities and those of lower education are at the highest risk for lack of physical activity and recreational facilities." [[User:Nicole Tornes|Nicole Tornes]] 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
Gorden-Larsen et al (2006) Inequality in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity and Obesity. ''Pediatrics'' Vol 117:2. "..Inequality in availability of physical acitivity facilities may contribute to ethnic and SES disparities in physical activity and overweight patterns. Ethnic minorities and those of lower education are at the highest risk for lack of physical activity and recreational facilities." [[User:Nicole Tornes|Nicole Tornes]] 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)


Hutch et al(2011) Potential Strategies to Eliminate Built Environment Disparities for Disadvantaged and Vulnerable Communities. ''Amer Jour Public Health'' Vol 101:4. "...Research has documented that many disadvantaged and vulnerable communities have few supermarkets with fresh foods, which contributes to disparities in health. People are more reluctant to walk,bicycle, jog, or play in neighborhoods that they feel are not safe, leading to both physical inactivity and decreased likelihood of obtaining healthy foods at retail store. A national survey found that twice as many low-income respondents as moderate-income respondents worried about safety in their neighborhoods." [[User:Nicole Tornes|Nicole Tornes]] 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)


Hutch et al(2011) Potential Strategies to Eliminate Built Environment Disparities for Disadvantaged and Vulnerable Communities. ''Amer Jour Public Health'' Vol 101:4. "...Research has documented that many disadvantaged and vulnerable communities have few supermarkets with fresh foods, which contributes to disparities in health. People are more reluctant to walk,bicycle, jog, or play in neighborhoods that they feel are not safe, leading to both physical inactivity and decreased likelihood of obtaining healthy foods at retail store. A national survey found that twice as many low-income respondents as moderate-income respondents worried about safety in their neighborhoods." [[User:Nicole Tornes|Nicole Tornes]] 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
McMurray et al(2000) Determinants of Adolescent Physical Activity and Inactivity Patterns.''Pediatrics'' Vol 105:6. "..Although physical activity was most associated with environmental factors, inactivity was most associated with sociodemographic factors. Total number of incidents of serious crime in the adolescents’ neighborhood was significantly associated with a decrease in physical activity. High level of maternal education (adolescents with mothers who had graduate or professional degrees) was significantly associated with increased likelihood of having high levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity." [[User:Nicole Tornes|Nicole Tornes]] 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)




McMurray et al(2000) Determinants of Adolescent Physical Activity and Inactivity Patterns.''Pediatrics'' Vol 105:6. "..Although physical activity was most associated with environmental factors, inactivity was most associated with sociodemographic factors. Total number of incidents of serious crime in the adolescents’ neighborhood was significantly associated with a decrease in physical activity. High level of maternal education (adolescents with mothers who had graduate or professional degrees) was significantly associated with increased likelihood of having high levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity." [[User:Nicole Tornes|Nicole Tornes]] 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs.PMID 14684391
[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 21:40, 10 October 2011 (UTC)


Jeffery Sobal, Albert J. Stunkard. Socioeconomic Status and Obesity: A Review of the Literature, Psychological Bulletin, Volume 105, Issue 2, March 1989, Pages 260-275, ISSN 0033-2909. PMID 2648443
Jeffery Sobal, Albert J. Stunkard. Socioeconomic Status and Obesity: A Review of the Literature, Psychological Bulletin, Volume 105, Issue 2, March 1989, Pages 260-275, ISSN 0033-2909. PMID 2648443
Line 19: Line 65:
The review goes into depth with regards to the relationships and comparison between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity and highlights there to be a strong inverse association regarding females in a developed social culture. Further findings show that the relationship between obesity and SES within a developing society the relationship is expressed directly for that of men, women and children.  The review makes it clear that the studies being investigated (144) classify SES based on several factors but most predominantly utilising education or income but on occasions some of the literature reviewed use ‘scales’ regarding alternative measures including occupation.  Other points to highlight include the measure of obesity and the reviewed studies have varying methods for such. Predominantly used methods in many of the studies include BMI (height to weight ratio) and skin-fold thickness with some studies using a combination. As there is use of varying measurements this can lead to slight variations regarding the relationship between SES and obesity, but the general findings maintain with a concordant trend from study to study. As being a review article it is able to state conclusions based on the plethora of studies investigated and able to compare that of the develop/developing countries and between men, women and children. It finds that women in a low SES were six times more likely to be obese then those women of high SES in a developed country. Findings regards to the males and children in a developed environment showed no conclusive evidence or trends with studies supporting both males and children to be obese in either a high or low SES or not obese altogether. The review also indicates that men, women and children in developing countries rarely showed any signs of obesity as a whole or no trends regards to the populations as an entity. This could be due to environmental factors such as a general food shortage, or greater energy expenditure due to the lifestyles lived.
The review goes into depth with regards to the relationships and comparison between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity and highlights there to be a strong inverse association regarding females in a developed social culture. Further findings show that the relationship between obesity and SES within a developing society the relationship is expressed directly for that of men, women and children.  The review makes it clear that the studies being investigated (144) classify SES based on several factors but most predominantly utilising education or income but on occasions some of the literature reviewed use ‘scales’ regarding alternative measures including occupation.  Other points to highlight include the measure of obesity and the reviewed studies have varying methods for such. Predominantly used methods in many of the studies include BMI (height to weight ratio) and skin-fold thickness with some studies using a combination. As there is use of varying measurements this can lead to slight variations regarding the relationship between SES and obesity, but the general findings maintain with a concordant trend from study to study. As being a review article it is able to state conclusions based on the plethora of studies investigated and able to compare that of the develop/developing countries and between men, women and children. It finds that women in a low SES were six times more likely to be obese then those women of high SES in a developed country. Findings regards to the males and children in a developed environment showed no conclusive evidence or trends with studies supporting both males and children to be obese in either a high or low SES or not obese altogether. The review also indicates that men, women and children in developing countries rarely showed any signs of obesity as a whole or no trends regards to the populations as an entity. This could be due to environmental factors such as a general food shortage, or greater energy expenditure due to the lifestyles lived.
[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 21:11, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 21:11, 10 October 2011 (UTC)


Daniel D Reidpath, Cate Burns, Jan Garrard, Mary Mahoney, Mardie Townsend, An ecological study of the relationship between social and environmental determinants of obesity, Health & Place, Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2002, Pages 141-145, ISSN 1353-8292, 10.1016/S1353-8292(01)00028-4. PMID 11943585
Daniel D Reidpath, Cate Burns, Jan Garrard, Mary Mahoney, Mardie Townsend, An ecological study of the relationship between social and environmental determinants of obesity, Health & Place, Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2002, Pages 141-145, ISSN 1353-8292, 10.1016/S1353-8292(01)00028-4. PMID 11943585
Line 26: Line 70:
The article highlights that there is an increase in the trend of obesity occurring on a more frequent basis in developed countries especially within communities and individuals that are of lower SES. The trends seen are that there was an ever present higher exposure to fast-food and with it being a possible cause.  The evidence highlighted that communities of a low SES were 2.5 times more likely to be subject to consuming food from a fast-food outlet then those individuals from a much higher SES.  The researched highlighted that this much higher exposure to such foods was due to the fact that the people in the higher SES postal districts did not have such shops while those people in the lower SES classification were exposed to having fast-food outlets in there postal districts. The subject is left open for debate within the concluding remarks regarding the relationship between SES and consumption of fast-food, but there is a trend observed that lower SES environments appear to be ‘more obesogenic’.  
The article highlights that there is an increase in the trend of obesity occurring on a more frequent basis in developed countries especially within communities and individuals that are of lower SES. The trends seen are that there was an ever present higher exposure to fast-food and with it being a possible cause.  The evidence highlighted that communities of a low SES were 2.5 times more likely to be subject to consuming food from a fast-food outlet then those individuals from a much higher SES.  The researched highlighted that this much higher exposure to such foods was due to the fact that the people in the higher SES postal districts did not have such shops while those people in the lower SES classification were exposed to having fast-food outlets in there postal districts. The subject is left open for debate within the concluding remarks regarding the relationship between SES and consumption of fast-food, but there is a trend observed that lower SES environments appear to be ‘more obesogenic’.  
[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 21:33, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 21:33, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs.PMID 14684391
[[User:Ross McEwan|Ross McEwan]] 21:40, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
Brody J. The global epidemic of childhood obesity: poverty, urbanization, and the nutrition transition. Nutrition Bytes 2002; 8(2):1-7(Article 1). 'Recent studies suggest that rapid globalization and urbanization account for significant shifts in dietary patterns and physical activity levels that tend to increase risks for obesity in children. Industrialized agro-food systems established by global corporations have made cheap calorie-dense foods, fats, and oils widely available across the world and have caused what researchers call a "nutrition transition"... The combination of increasingly sedentary lifestyles and a lipid-rich diet is documented both in children of poor countries, as well as among impoverished children of the US and other industrialized nations.' [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 18:51, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
Hofferth SL, Curtin S. Poverty, food programs, and childhood obesity. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2005; 24(4):703-726. 'Although poverty has traditionally been associated with underweight as a result of poor diet, researchers have recently pointed to a paradox in the U.S., which is that low income and obesity can coexist in the same population. This paper first examines whether income is linked to overweight in school-age children. Second, it explores whether food programs such as the Food Stamp Program, the National School Lunch Program, and the School Breakfast Program are associated with overweight among children in different income groups... No evidence either that poor children are more likely to be overweight or that food programs contribute to overweight among poor children was found.' [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 18:51, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
Schwartz MB, Puhl R. Childhood obesity: a societal problem to solve. The International Association for the Study of Obesity 2002; 4:57–71. 'This pressure exists in the context of the societal stigmatization of overweight children and the powerful environmental inducements aimed directly at children to eat nutritionally poor foods. Parents of overweight children are left in the difficult position of fearing the social and health consequences of their child’s obesity, and fighting a losing battle against the omnipotent presence of the media and constant exposure to unhealthy foods.' [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 18:51, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
Strauss RS, Knight J. Influence of the home environment on the development of obesity in children. Pediatrics 1999; 103(6):1-8(e85). 'Children with obese mothers, low family incomes, and lower cognitive stimulation have significantly elevated risks of developing obesity, independent of other demographic and socioeconomic factors. In contrast, increased rates of obesity in black children, children with lower family education, and nonprofessional parents may be mediated through the confounding effects of low income and lower levels of cognitive stimulation.' [[User:Helen Golz|Helen Golz]] 18:51, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
Westerterp-Platengo, MS (2004) Effects of energy density of daily food intake on long-term energy intake. ''Physiol Behaviour.'' '''81(5):765-71''' PMID 15234182
The effect of energy density on energy intake has been assessed in short-term as well as long-term experiments.

Latest revision as of 07:30, 14 November 2011

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https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Poverty_and_obesity/Bibliography&printable=yes
A list of key readings about Poverty and obesity.
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[2] Darmon N, Drewnowski A. Does social class predict diet quality? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008; 87:1107-1117. Helen Golz 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

[3] Giskes K, Turrell G, Patterson C, Newman B. Socio-economic differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among Australian adolescents and adults. Public Health Nutrition 2002; 5:663–669. Helen Golz 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

[4] Irala-Estevez JD, Groth M, Johansson L, Oltersdorf U, Prattala R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. A systematic review of socio-economic differences in food habits in Europe: consumption of fruit and vegetables. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000; 54:706–714. Helen Golz 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

[5] Ricciuto LE, Tarasuk VS. An examination of income-related disparities in the nutritional quality of food selections among Canadian households from 1986–2001. Social Science and Medicine 2007; 64:186–198. Helen Golz 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

[6] Johansson L, Thelle DS, Solvoll K, Bjorneboe GE, Drevon CA. Healthy dietary habits in relation to social determinants and lifestyle factors. British Journal of Nutrition 1999; 81:211–220. Helen Golz 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

[7] Hulshof KF, Lowik MR, Kok FJ, et al. Diet and other life-style factors in high and low socio-economic groups (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991; 45:441–450. Helen Golz 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

[8] Maillot M, Darmon N, Vieux F, Drewnowski A. Low energy density and high nutritional quality are each associated with higher diet costs in French adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007; 86:690–696. Helen Golz 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

[9] Drewnowski A. Energy density, palatability, and satiety: implications for weight control. Nutrition Reviews 1998; 56:347–353. Helen Golz 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

[10] Rose D, Richards R. Food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the US Food Stamp Program. Public Health Nutrition 2004; 7:1081–1088. Helen Golz 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

[11] Wardle J, Parmenter K, Waller J. Nutrition knowledge and food intake. Appetite 2000; 34:269–275. Helen Golz 13:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)


[12] Darmon, N., E. L. Ferguson, et al. (2002). "A cost constraint alone has adverse effects on food selection and nutrient density: An analysis of human diets by linear programming." Journal of Nutrition 132(12): 3764-3771.Ross McEwan 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

[13] Drewnowski, A. and N. Darmon (2005). "The economics of obesity: dietary energy density and energy cost." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82(1): 265S-273S.Ross McEwan 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

[14] Drewnowski, A., N. Darmon, et al. (2004). "Replacing fats and sweets with vegetables and fruits - A question of cost." American Journal of Public Health 94(9): 1555-1559.Ross McEwan 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

[15] French, S. A. (2003). "Pricing effects on food choices." Journal of Nutrition 133(3): 841S-843S.Ross McEwan 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

[16] Gordon-Larsen, P., D. K. Guilkey, et al. (2011). "An economic analysis of community-level fast food prices and individual-level fast food intake: A longitudinal study." Health & place 17(6): 1235-41.Ross McEwan 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

[17] Powell, L. M. and F. J. Chaloupka (2009). "Food Prices and Obesity: Evidence and Policy Implications for Taxes and Subsidies." Milbank Quarterly 87(1): 229-257.Ross McEwan 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

[18] Schroeter, C., J. Lusk, et al. (2008). "Determining the impact of food price and income changes on body weight." Journal of Health Economics 27(1): 45-68.Ross McEwan 17:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)


Drewnowski, A (2003) Fat and Sugar: An Economic Analysis. J. Nutr. 133, 838-840. PMID 12612164 "...obesity in the United States is associated with lower incomes. Obesity in the United States and similar societies may be a socioeconomic, as opposed to a medical, problem and one that is related to diet structure and diet costs." Hannah Harman 10:48, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

Prentice, A, Jebb, S (2003) Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible mechanistic link. Obesity reviews 4, 187-194. PMID 14649369 "...we review a series of studies demonstrating that the energy density of foods is a key determinant of energy intake." Hannah Harman 09:06, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Westerterp-Platengo, MS (2004) Effects of energy density of daily food intake on long-term energy intake. Physiol Behaviour. 81(5):765-71 PMID 15234182 "...The effect of energy density on energy intake has been assessed in short-term as well as long-term experiments." Hannah Harman 09:06, 27 October 2011 (UTC)


Gorden-Larsen et al (2006) Inequality in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity and Obesity. Pediatrics Vol 117:2. "..Inequality in availability of physical acitivity facilities may contribute to ethnic and SES disparities in physical activity and overweight patterns. Ethnic minorities and those of lower education are at the highest risk for lack of physical activity and recreational facilities." Nicole Tornes 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Hutch et al(2011) Potential Strategies to Eliminate Built Environment Disparities for Disadvantaged and Vulnerable Communities. Amer Jour Public Health Vol 101:4. "...Research has documented that many disadvantaged and vulnerable communities have few supermarkets with fresh foods, which contributes to disparities in health. People are more reluctant to walk,bicycle, jog, or play in neighborhoods that they feel are not safe, leading to both physical inactivity and decreased likelihood of obtaining healthy foods at retail store. A national survey found that twice as many low-income respondents as moderate-income respondents worried about safety in their neighborhoods." Nicole Tornes 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

McMurray et al(2000) Determinants of Adolescent Physical Activity and Inactivity Patterns.Pediatrics Vol 105:6. "..Although physical activity was most associated with environmental factors, inactivity was most associated with sociodemographic factors. Total number of incidents of serious crime in the adolescents’ neighborhood was significantly associated with a decrease in physical activity. High level of maternal education (adolescents with mothers who had graduate or professional degrees) was significantly associated with increased likelihood of having high levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity." Nicole Tornes 23:02, 10 October 2011 (UTC)


Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs.PMID 14684391 Ross McEwan 21:40, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Jeffery Sobal, Albert J. Stunkard. Socioeconomic Status and Obesity: A Review of the Literature, Psychological Bulletin, Volume 105, Issue 2, March 1989, Pages 260-275, ISSN 0033-2909. PMID 2648443

The review goes into depth with regards to the relationships and comparison between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity and highlights there to be a strong inverse association regarding females in a developed social culture. Further findings show that the relationship between obesity and SES within a developing society the relationship is expressed directly for that of men, women and children. The review makes it clear that the studies being investigated (144) classify SES based on several factors but most predominantly utilising education or income but on occasions some of the literature reviewed use ‘scales’ regarding alternative measures including occupation. Other points to highlight include the measure of obesity and the reviewed studies have varying methods for such. Predominantly used methods in many of the studies include BMI (height to weight ratio) and skin-fold thickness with some studies using a combination. As there is use of varying measurements this can lead to slight variations regarding the relationship between SES and obesity, but the general findings maintain with a concordant trend from study to study. As being a review article it is able to state conclusions based on the plethora of studies investigated and able to compare that of the develop/developing countries and between men, women and children. It finds that women in a low SES were six times more likely to be obese then those women of high SES in a developed country. Findings regards to the males and children in a developed environment showed no conclusive evidence or trends with studies supporting both males and children to be obese in either a high or low SES or not obese altogether. The review also indicates that men, women and children in developing countries rarely showed any signs of obesity as a whole or no trends regards to the populations as an entity. This could be due to environmental factors such as a general food shortage, or greater energy expenditure due to the lifestyles lived. Ross McEwan 21:11, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Daniel D Reidpath, Cate Burns, Jan Garrard, Mary Mahoney, Mardie Townsend, An ecological study of the relationship between social and environmental determinants of obesity, Health & Place, Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2002, Pages 141-145, ISSN 1353-8292, 10.1016/S1353-8292(01)00028-4. PMID 11943585

The article highlights that there is an increase in the trend of obesity occurring on a more frequent basis in developed countries especially within communities and individuals that are of lower SES. The trends seen are that there was an ever present higher exposure to fast-food and with it being a possible cause. The evidence highlighted that communities of a low SES were 2.5 times more likely to be subject to consuming food from a fast-food outlet then those individuals from a much higher SES. The researched highlighted that this much higher exposure to such foods was due to the fact that the people in the higher SES postal districts did not have such shops while those people in the lower SES classification were exposed to having fast-food outlets in there postal districts. The subject is left open for debate within the concluding remarks regarding the relationship between SES and consumption of fast-food, but there is a trend observed that lower SES environments appear to be ‘more obesogenic’. Ross McEwan 21:33, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

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