User:Howard C. Berkowitz/RM

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Royal Marines are naval infantry of the United Kingdom. They were created in 1664, and still serve as an elite combat force.

Current organization

A major general commands the Royal Marines, with a second major general in charge of UK Amphibious forces. The largest force is 3 Commando Brigade; there are also separate specialist units plus reserves.

• Commandant General RM

   * Corps Regimental Sergeant Major
   * Commander Amphibious Forces
   * 3 Commando Brigade
         o Brigade Information
         o 40 Commando Royal Marines
         o 42 Commando Royal Marines
         o 45 Commando Royal Marines
         o Royal Marines Stonehouse
         o UK Landing Force Command Support Group
         o 539 Assault Squadron Royal Marines
         o Commando Logistic Regiment
         o Attached Army Units

With the introduction and successful operational deployment of the Landing Platform (Helicopter), HMS Ocean, and the launch of HMS Bulwark and HMS Albion, as successors to the in-service Landing Platform (Dock) the amphibious capability of the Royal Marines is greatly increased, and becomes a key element in the country's capacity to intervene in areas of conflict overseas. This was proven by the ability of 40 Commando RM to remain in the Gulf area following exercises in Oman during October 2001, available to participate in the war in Afghanistan when needed. With further additions to the amphibious fleet, and a wide range of new equipment coming into service, the Royal Marines are as ready as ever to meet the nation's need for a flexible force that can poise at sea, and intervene in areas of trouble at an early stage.

Both the Royal Marines and the United States Marine Corps use the Amphibious Ready Group organization for their naval transport.

17th and early 18th Century

On 28 October 1664, Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot was created; snce the Duke was also Lord High Admiral, it was also known as the . As the Duke of York was The Lord High Admiral, it became known as the Admiral's Regiment. They were the only long-service forces in the Navy of the time, sailors being sworn in for individual voyages.

With members of the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps], they stormed Gibraltar, which remains a celebrated battle; they continue a strong joint tradition with the Dutch Marines.

Throughout the 18th and 19th century the Corps played a major part in fighting to win Britain the largest empire ever created. Marines were aboard the first ships to arrive in Australia in 1788. The policy of "Imperial Policing" took the Marines to the bombardment of Algiers in 1816, to the Ashantee Wars, and to the destruction of the Turkish Fleet at Navarino in 1827. In 1805 some 2700 Royal Marines took part in the great victory at Trafalgar. Closer to home, they maintained civil order in Northern Ireland and in Newcastle during the coal dispute of 1831.

By the outbreak of war in 1914, Britain had the largest fleet in commission in the world, with all ships above that of destroyer size having Royal Marines detachments. Onboard ship, marines were required to operate one of the main gun turrets, as well as secondary armament. Royal Marines also fought on land, notably in the amphibious assault at Gallipoli in 1915, together with ANZAC forces, and led the famous assault on the harbour at Zeebrugge in 1918.

Royal Marines at sea early on (2)Uniform from 1664-1748

During World War Two some 80,000 men served in the Royal Marines, and they continued to operate at sea and in land formations, but 1942 saw the formation of the first Royal Marines Commandos. 5 RM Commandos were amongst the first to land on D Day, and two thirds of all the landing craft involved were crewed by Royal Marines. 16,000 members of the Corps took part in Operation "Overlord" in many roles, some even manning tanks.

After the war the Royal Marines spent much time in action in the Far East, including involvement in the Malayan emergency and in Borneo, and also in Korea, Suez, Aden, and Cyprus. In 1982, the Royal Marines played a major part in recapturing the Falkland Islands from the Argentinians, and

in 1991 they participated in the Gulf War, mounting a sizeable humanitarian task force - Operation Haven, in support of the Kurdish people of Northern Iraq. This was the start of a particularly busy decade for the Royal Marines. In 1994 a commando unit flew to Kuwait following threats by Iraq. The next year the Royal Marines provided the commander and staff for the Rapid Reaction Force in Bosnia, and in 1997and 1998 a Commando Unit flew to the Congo Republic to protect British interests. In the same period help was provided to the local populations of Montserrat in the West Indies following a volcano eruption, and in Central America following a hurricane. The last two years have seen elements of the Royal Marines on operations in Northern Ireland (where they have completed some 39 tours of duty since 1969), Kosovo, and Sierra Leone. In addition, while few ships now have the traditional RM detachment aboard, Royal Marines Protection Parties join ships as necessary, and have served in such diverse places as Albania, and East Timor, where they worked closely with Australian forces.