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In [[medicine]], '''vena cava filters''', also called '''Greenfield filters''', are "mechanical devices inserted in the [[inferior vena cava]] that prevent the migration of blood clots from [[deep venous thrombosis]] of the leg."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref>
In [[medicine]], '''vena cava filters''', also called '''Greenfield filters''', are "mechanical devices inserted in the [[inferior vena cava]] that prevent the migration of blood clots from [[deep venous thrombosis]] of the leg."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref>


[[Inferior vena cava]] filter reduces [[pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid9459643">{{cite journal |author=Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P, Laporte S, Faivre R, Charbonnier B, Barral F, Huet Y, Simonneau G |title=A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prévention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=338 |issue=7 |pages=409-15 |year=1998 |id=PMID 9459643}}</ref><ref name="pmid17943896">{{cite journal| author=Young T, Tang H, Aukes J, Hughes R| title=Vena caval filters for the prevention of pulmonary embolism. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2007 | volume=  | issue= 4 | pages= CD006212 | pmid=17943896  
[[Inferior vena cava]] filter reduces [[pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid9459643">{{cite journal| author=Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P et al.| title=A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prévention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 7 | pages= 409-15 | pmid=9459643
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17943896 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006212.pub3 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref> and is an option for patients with an absolute contraindication to anticoagulant treatment (e.g., cerebral hemorrhage) or those rare patients who have objectively documented recurrent [[pulmonary embolism|pulmonary emboli]] while on [[anticoagulation]].
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9459643 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17943896">{{cite journal| author=Young T, Tang H, Aukes J, Hughes R| title=Vena caval filters for the prevention of pulmonary embolism. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2007 | volume=  | issue= 4 | pages= CD006212 | pmid=17943896  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17943896 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006212.pub3 }}</ref> and is an option for patients with an absolute contraindication to [[anticoagulant]] treatment (e.g., [[cerebral hemorrhage]]) or those rare patients who have objectively documented recurrent [[pulmonary embolism|pulmonary emboli]] while on [[anticoagulation]].


A [[superior vena cava]] filter can be used for upper extremity thrombosis; however, the median survival is approximately one month.<ref name="pmid18809292">{{cite journal |author=Usoh F, Hingorani A, Ascher E, ''et al'' |title=Long-term Follow-up for Superior Vena Cava Filter Placement |journal=Ann Vasc Surg |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18809292 |doi=10.1016/j.avsg.2008.08.012 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-5096(08)00313-0 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11054219">{{cite journal |author=Ascher E, Hingorani A, Tsemekhin B, Yorkovich W, Gunduz Y |title=Lessons learned from a 6-year clinical experience with superior vena cava Greenfield filters |journal=J. Vasc. Surg. |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=881–7 |year=2000 |month=November |pmid=11054219 |doi=10.1067/mva.2000.110883 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0741-5214(00)74115-2 |issn=}}</ref> A retrievable filter has been used<ref name="pmid12357312">{{cite journal |author=Nadkarni S, Macdonald S, Cleveland TJ, Gaines PA |title=Placement of a retrievable Günther Tulip filter in the superior vena cava for upper extremity deep venous thrombosis |journal=Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=524–6 |year=2002 |pmid=12357312 |doi=10.1007/s00270-001-0112-9 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-001-0112-9 |issn=}}</ref>; however, retrievable filters are infrequently retrieved.<ref name="pmid20009680">{{cite journal| author=Helling TS, Kaswan S, Miller SL, Tretter JF| title=Practice patterns in the use of retrievable inferior vena cava filters in a trauma population: a single-center experience. | journal=J Trauma | year= 2009 | volume= 67 | issue= 6 | pages= 1293-6 | pmid=20009680  
A [[superior vena cava]] filter can be used for upper extremity thrombosis; however, the median survival is approximately one month.<ref name="pmid18809292">{{cite journal |author=Usoh F, Hingorani A, Ascher E, ''et al'' |title=Long-term Follow-up for Superior Vena Cava Filter Placement |journal=Ann Vasc Surg |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18809292 |doi=10.1016/j.avsg.2008.08.012 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-5096(08)00313-0 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11054219">{{cite journal |author=Ascher E, Hingorani A, Tsemekhin B, Yorkovich W, Gunduz Y |title=Lessons learned from a 6-year clinical experience with superior vena cava Greenfield filters |journal=J. Vasc. Surg. |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=881–7 |year=2000 |month=November |pmid=11054219 |doi=10.1067/mva.2000.110883 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0741-5214(00)74115-2 |issn=}}</ref> A retrievable filter has been used<ref name="pmid12357312">{{cite journal |author=Nadkarni S, Macdonald S, Cleveland TJ, Gaines PA |title=Placement of a retrievable Günther Tulip filter in the superior vena cava for upper extremity deep venous thrombosis |journal=Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=524–6 |year=2002 |pmid=12357312 |doi=10.1007/s00270-001-0112-9 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-001-0112-9 |issn=}}</ref>; however, retrievable filters are infrequently retrieved.<ref name="pmid20009680">{{cite journal| author=Helling TS, Kaswan S, Miller SL, Tretter JF| title=Practice patterns in the use of retrievable inferior vena cava filters in a trauma population: a single-center experience. | journal=J Trauma | year= 2009 | volume= 67 | issue= 6 | pages= 1293-6 | pmid=20009680  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20009680 | doi=10.1097/TA.0b013e3181b0637a }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref><ref name="pmid19445296">{{cite journal| author=Gaspard SF, Gaspard DJ| title=Retrievable inferior vena cava filters are rarely removed. | journal=Am Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 75 | issue= 5 | pages= 426-8 | pmid=19445296  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20009680 | doi=10.1097/TA.0b013e3181b0637a }}</ref><ref name="pmid19445296">{{cite journal| author=Gaspard SF, Gaspard DJ| title=Retrievable inferior vena cava filters are rarely removed. | journal=Am Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 75 | issue= 5 | pages= 426-8 | pmid=19445296  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19445296 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref>
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19445296 }}</ref>


[[Clinical practice guideline]]s address the use of vena cava filters.<ref name="pmid18574272">{{cite journal| author=Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, Goldhaber S, Raskob GE, Comerota AJ et al.| title=Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). | journal=Chest | year= 2008 | volume= 133 | issue= 6 Suppl | pages= 454S-545S | pmid=18574272  
[[Clinical practice guideline]]s address the use of vena cava filters.<ref name="pmid18574272">{{cite journal| author=Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, Goldhaber S, Raskob GE, Comerota AJ et al.| title=Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). | journal=Chest | year= 2008 | volume= 133 | issue= 6 Suppl | pages= 454S-545S | pmid=18574272  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18574272 | doi=10.1378/chest.08-0658 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref><ref name="pmid17261857">{{cite journal| author=Snow V, Qaseem A, Barry P, Hornbake ER, Rodnick JE, Tobolic T et al.| title=Management of venous thromboembolism: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2007 | volume= 146 | issue= 3 | pages= 204-10 | pmid=17261857  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18574272 | doi=10.1378/chest.08-0658 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17261857">{{cite journal| author=Snow V, Qaseem A, Barry P, Hornbake ER, Rodnick JE, Tobolic T et al.| title=Management of venous thromboembolism: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2007 | volume= 146 | issue= 3 | pages= 204-10 | pmid=17261857  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17261857 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref>
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17261857 }}</ref>


==Adverse effects==
==Adverse effects==
Vena cava filters are themselves potential foci of thrombosis.<ref name="pmid16009794">{{cite journal |author= |title=Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=416-22 |year=2005 |id=PMID 16009794}}</ref>
Vena cava filters are themselves potential foci of thrombosis.<ref name="pmid16009794">{{cite journal |author= |title=Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=416-22 |year=2005 |id=PMID 16009794}}</ref> The BARD filter may cause emboli and may fracture.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.316
| pages = 2010.316
| last = Nicholson
| first = William
| coauthors = W. Jay Nicholson, Paul Tolerico, Bradley Taylor, Samuel Solomon, Thomas Schryver, Kevin McCullum, Howard Goldberg, James Mills, Brian Schuler, Larry Shears, Lyle Siddoway, Nikhilesh Agarwal, Christopher Tuohy
| title = Prevalence of Fracture and Fragment Embolization of Bard Retrievable Vena Cava Filters and Clinical Implications Including Cardiac Perforation and Tamponade
| journal = Arch Intern Med
| accessdate = 2010-08-10
| date = 2010-08-09
| url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/2010.316v1
}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>

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In medicine, vena cava filters, also called Greenfield filters, are "mechanical devices inserted in the inferior vena cava that prevent the migration of blood clots from deep venous thrombosis of the leg."[1]

Inferior vena cava filter reduces pulmonary embolism[2][3] and is an option for patients with an absolute contraindication to anticoagulant treatment (e.g., cerebral hemorrhage) or those rare patients who have objectively documented recurrent pulmonary emboli while on anticoagulation.

A superior vena cava filter can be used for upper extremity thrombosis; however, the median survival is approximately one month.[4][5] A retrievable filter has been used[6]; however, retrievable filters are infrequently retrieved.[7][8]

Clinical practice guidelines address the use of vena cava filters.[9][10]

Adverse effects

Vena cava filters are themselves potential foci of thrombosis.[11] The BARD filter may cause emboli and may fracture.[12]

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Vena cava filter (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P et al. (1998). "A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prévention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group.". N Engl J Med 338 (7): 409-15. PMID 9459643.
  3. ↑ Young T, Tang H, Aukes J, Hughes R (2007). "Vena caval filters for the prevention of pulmonary embolism.". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD006212. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006212.pub3. PMID 17943896. Research Blogging.
  4. ↑ Usoh F, Hingorani A, Ascher E, et al (September 2008). "Long-term Follow-up for Superior Vena Cava Filter Placement". Ann Vasc Surg. DOI:10.1016/j.avsg.2008.08.012. PMID 18809292. Research Blogging.
  5. ↑ Ascher E, Hingorani A, Tsemekhin B, Yorkovich W, Gunduz Y (November 2000). "Lessons learned from a 6-year clinical experience with superior vena cava Greenfield filters". J. Vasc. Surg. 32 (5): 881–7. DOI:10.1067/mva.2000.110883. PMID 11054219. Research Blogging.
  6. ↑ Nadkarni S, Macdonald S, Cleveland TJ, Gaines PA (2002). "Placement of a retrievable Günther Tulip filter in the superior vena cava for upper extremity deep venous thrombosis". Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 25 (6): 524–6. DOI:10.1007/s00270-001-0112-9. PMID 12357312. Research Blogging.
  7. ↑ Helling TS, Kaswan S, Miller SL, Tretter JF (2009). "Practice patterns in the use of retrievable inferior vena cava filters in a trauma population: a single-center experience.". J Trauma 67 (6): 1293-6. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181b0637a. PMID 20009680. Research Blogging.
  8. ↑ Gaspard SF, Gaspard DJ (2009). "Retrievable inferior vena cava filters are rarely removed.". Am Surg 75 (5): 426-8. PMID 19445296.
  9. ↑ Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, Goldhaber S, Raskob GE, Comerota AJ et al. (2008). "Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition).". Chest 133 (6 Suppl): 454S-545S. DOI:10.1378/chest.08-0658. PMID 18574272. Research Blogging.
  10. ↑ Snow V, Qaseem A, Barry P, Hornbake ER, Rodnick JE, Tobolic T et al. (2007). "Management of venous thromboembolism: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians.". Ann Intern Med 146 (3): 204-10. PMID 17261857.
  11. ↑ (2005) "Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study". Circulation 112 (3): 416-22. PMID 16009794.
  12. ↑ Nicholson, William; W. Jay Nicholson, Paul Tolerico, Bradley Taylor, Samuel Solomon, Thomas Schryver, Kevin McCullum, Howard Goldberg, James Mills, Brian Schuler, Larry Shears, Lyle Siddoway, Nikhilesh Agarwal, Christopher Tuohy (2010-08-09). "Prevalence of Fracture and Fragment Embolization of Bard Retrievable Vena Cava Filters and Clinical Implications Including Cardiac Perforation and Tamponade". Arch Intern Med: 2010.316. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.316. Retrieved on 2010-08-10. Research Blogging.
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