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[[Image:US_Army_Seal.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Seal of the United States Army]]
{{Image|US_Army_Seal.jpg|right|200px|Seal of the United States Army}}
The '''United States Army''' is a branch of the United States Armed Forces. From 1789 to 1947 it was part of the War Department; since then the Department of the Army has been part of the [[United States Department of Defense]]. The U.S. Army is charged with the land operations in defense of the United States and its allies, especially [[NATO]]. The Army's official motto is "This We'll Defend".
The '''United States Army''' is a branch of the U.S. [[United States Department of Defense#Armed Forces|Armed Forces]]. From 1789 to 1947 it was part of the [[War Department]]; since then the [[Department of the Army]] is part of the [[United States Department of Defense]]. The U.S. Army is charged with the land operations in defense of the United States and its allies, especially [[NATO]].


The Army's official motto is "This We'll Defend."
{{editintro}}
{{editintro}}
==History==
==History==
The United States Army was formed during the [[American Revolution, military history|American Revolution]] on 14 June 1775, as "the American continental army," <ref name="Continental Army">{{cite web
The United States Army was formed during the [[American Revolution, military history|American Revolution]] on 14 June 1775, as "the American continental army," <ref name="Continental Army">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/cmh/faq/birth.htm |title=June 14th: The Birthday of the U.S. Army |accessdate=23 July 2007}}</ref> and has been in existence since. The Army's main mission down to 1890 was operating coastal defenses near major harbors, and manning interior forts that dealt with Indians. It fought in foreign conflicts, notably the[[War of 1812]], the  [[Mexican-American War]] (1846-48), the [[Spanish-American War]] of 1898, [[American Expeditionary Forces|World War I]] (1917-1918), [[World War II]] (1941-45), the [[Korean War]] (1950-53), the [[Vietnam War]] (1965-72), and the [[Gulf War]] (1990-91). During the [[American Civil War]], the regular army largely remained on the frontier and apart from artillery units played a minor role, as a separate new volunteer army fought the battles.
| url=http://www.army.mil/cmh/faq/birth.htm
 
| title=June 14th: The Birthday of the U.S. Army
==Units==
| accessdate=2007-07-23
===Airborne===
}}</ref> and has been in existence since. The Army's main mission down to 1890 was operating coastal defenses near major harbors, and manning interior forts that dealt with Indians. It fought in foreign conflicts, notably the [[War of 1812]], the  [[Mexican-American War]] (1846-48), the [[Spanish-American War]] of 1898, [[American Expeditionary Forces|World War I]] (1917-1918), [[World War II]] (1941-45), the [[Korean War]] (1950-53), the [[Vietnam War]] (1965-72), and the [[Gulf War]] (1990-91), as well as the current [[Iraq War]] (2003- ). During the [[American Civil War]] the regular army largely remained on the frontier and apart from artillery units played a minor role, as a separate new volunteer army fought the battles.
====XVIII Airborne Corps====
Formed during the Second World War and a strategic reserve force in the Cold War.
 
====82nd Airborne Division====
The U.S. Army's largest [[paratroop]] unit.
 
====101st Airborne Division====
Created during World War II as a paratroop division and based at Fort Campbell, [[Kentucky (U.S. state)|Kentucky]]. It has latterly been deployed as an air assault unit using helicopters rather than parachuting.
 
====160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)====
Abbreviated as 160th SOAR (A), this is a special operations force using helicopters to support special operations forces. As its missions are usually conducted at night, the unit is nicknamed the "Night Stalkers". Their base is Fort Campbell, Kentucky.
 
====173rd Airborne Brigade====
Specifically an airborne infantry brigade combat team (IBCT), it is based in Vicenza, Italy, as part of the US European Command. The unit was founded in 1915 as the 173rd Infantry Brigade, but later became airborne and served in both World War II and the Vietnam War.
 
===Cavalry===


==Current organization==
====2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment====
The Army is part of the Department of Defense. It has a civilian [[Secretary of the Army]], who has the equivalent rank of an Assistant Secretary of Defense, responsible for policy and managerial matters.  The [[Chief of Staff of the Army]] is not in the operational military chain of command, but serves as a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], heads the [[Army Staff]], and is responsible for the preparation and training of the Army.
One of the oldest [[cavalry]] units, it has evolved from horses to tanks and on to armed combat vehicles.


===Deployment===
===Infantry===
U.S. Army units either deployed or ready for deployment follow an administrative and operational chain of command, with many commanders wearing "dual hats".  Numbered Field Armies are responsible for the readiness and training of combat units. these are pure Army units. Multiservice [[Unified Combatant Command]]s control the <u>employment</u> of Army units, alongside units of the other services, while Army commands such as [[Training and Doctrine Command]] and [[United States Army Forces Command]] <u>prepare and train</u> Army units.


For example, [[Third United States Army]] is headquartered at Ft. McPherson, Georgia, but is also  the [[United States Central Command]]'s (CENTCOM) Army Component (ARCENT). Even though CENTCOM is responsible for the Middle East, its main headquarters, to avoid political concerns, is in [[Tampa, Florida]]; both CENTCOM and ARCENT have forward headquarters in the theater of operations. ARCENT has also provided the Coalition Forces Land Combat Component, as in the [[Gulf War]], also responsible for direction of [[U.S. Marine Corps]] and allied ground forces.
====3rd Infantry Division====
===Force structure===
Formerly designated the 24th Mechanized Division. Assigned to the XVIII Airborne Corps and based at Fort Stewart, Georgia.
As with any army, it is built around a core of [[infantry]]. Current infantry, however, have increasingly sophisticated weapons, [[command and control]] and sensors, and are intended to operate in [[combined arms]] operations. The U.S. Army is going through a major transformation, in which the [[Brigade Combat Team]], rather than the [[division]], is the basic unit capable of independent action (with suitable reinforcements).


Corps and division headquarters remain, but are flexible organizations with variable numbers of reporting brigades and other units.
===Other===


All BCT types have vastly more [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]], [[surveillance]], [[reconnaissance]] and [[target acquisition]] than ever before deployed to this level; see [[Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition Squadron (Brigade Combat Team)|Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition Squadron]] and [[Military Intelligence Company (Brigade Combat Team) | Military Intelligence Company]] formations for each BCT.  
====10th Special Forces Group====
The first field-deployed Special Forces unit, assigned to the United States European Command based at Bad Tolz, Germany. Its home base has been Fort Carlson, Colorado.


The three main types of BCT are:
====10th Mountain Division====
*'''[[Restructuring of the United States Army#Heavy BCT|Heavy BCT]]''': armored forces built around tracked, heavyweight [[tank (military)| tanks]] and infantry in [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s.
Light infantry division trained and equipped for mountain warfare. Based at Fort Drum in New York State.
*'''[[Restructuring of the United States Army#Stryker BCT|Stryker BCT]]''': organized around the [[Stryker (armored fighting vehicle)|Stryker vehicle system]] family of wheeled, medium-weight vehicles, armored against light weapons and extremely maneuverable on the ground
*'''[[Restructuring of the United States Army#Infantry BCT|Infantry BCT]]''': lightest and most easily transportable. Depending on unit training and equipment, may conduct foot-mobile, motorized, heliborne, and parachute operations


==Equipment==
==Equipment==
===Individual===
===Individual===
The primary individual weapons of the Army are the [[M16 rifle|M16A2/A4 assault rifle]]
The primary individual weapons of the Army are the [[M16 rifle|M16A2/A4 assault rifle]]
<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-16">{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m16.html
<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-16">{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m16.html
|title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-16|accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> and its compact variant, the [[M4 carbine]]. <ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-4">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m4.html  
|title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-16|accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> and its compact variant, the [[M4 Carbine|M4 carbine]]. <ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-4">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m4.html  
|title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-4|accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>
|title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-4|accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>


Optionally, the [[M9 bayonet]] can be attached to either variant for close-quarters fighting.<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: Bayonet">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/bayonet.html  
Optionally, the [[M9 bayonet]] can be attached to either variant for close-quarters fighting.<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: Bayonet">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/bayonet.html  
|title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Bayonet |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>  The 40 mm [[M203 grenade launcher|N203]] or [[M320 grenade launcher]] can also be attached for additional firepower.  Some soldiers whose duties require a more compact weapon, such as combat vehicle crew members, staff officers, and military police, are issued a sidearm in lieu of (or in addition to) a rifle.  The most common sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm [[M9 pistol]]<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-9">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m9.html  
|title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Bayonet |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>  The 40 mm [[M203 grenade launcher|M203 grenade launcher]] can also be attached for additional firepower.<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-203">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m203.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-203 |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> Some soldiers whose duties require a more compact weapon, such as combat vehicle crew members, staff officers, and military police, are issued a sidearm in lieu of (or in addition to) a rifle.  The most common sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm [[M9 Pistol|M9 pistol]]<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-9">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m9.html  
|title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-9 |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> which is issued to the majority of combat and support units.  Other, less commonly issued sidearms include the [[SIG P226|M11]], used by Special Agents of the [[United States Army Criminal Investigation Division|CID]],<ref name="SIG SAUER P228">{{cite web |url=http://www.remtek.com/arms/sig/model/228/228.htm  
|title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-9 |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> which is issued to the majority of combat and support units.  Other, less commonly issued sidearms include the [[SIG P226|M11]], used by Special Agents of the [[United States Army Criminal Investigation Division|CID]],<ref name="SIG SAUER P228">{{cite web |url=http://www.remtek.com/arms/sig/model/228/228.htm  
|title=In Praise of the SIG P228 9mm |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref><ref name="CID Training Article">{{cite web |url=http://www.wood.army.mil/MPBULLETIN/pdfs/April%2006/Miklos.pdf  
|title=In Praise of the SIG P228 9mm |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref><ref name="CID Training Article">{{cite web |url=http://www.wood.army.mil/MPBULLETIN/pdfs/April%2006/Miklos.pdf  
Line 47: Line 57:
|title=SOCOM Pistol Mk 23 Mod 0 |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>
|title=SOCOM Pistol Mk 23 Mod 0 |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>


In addition to these basic rifles and sidearms, many combat units' arsenals are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the [[M249 (machine gun)|M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW)]] light machine-gun, to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level,<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-249">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m249.html |title=M-249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> the [[Benelli M4 Super 90|M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun]]<ref name="M1014, Joint Service Combat Shotgun">{{cite web |url=http://www.usmcweapons.com/articles/M1014/M1014NF.htm
In addition to these basic rifles and sidearms, many combat units' arsenals are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the [[M249 Squad Automatic Weapon|M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW)]] light machine-gun, to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level,<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-249">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m249.html |title=M-249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> the [[Benelli M4 Super 90|M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun]]<ref name="M1014, Joint Service Combat Shotgun">{{cite web |url=http://www.usmcweapons.com/articles/M1014/M1014NF.htm
|title=The M1014, Joint Service Combat Shotgun |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> or the [[Mossberg 590 Shotgun]]<ref name="Marine Corps Fact File: 12 Gauge Shotgun">{{cite web |url=http://usmilitary.about.com/library/milinfo/marinefacts/bl12gage.htm
|title=The M1014, Joint Service Combat Shotgun |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> or the [[Mossberg 590 Shotgun]]<ref name="Marine Corps Fact File: 12 Gauge Shotgun">{{cite web |url=http://usmilitary.about.com/library/milinfo/marinefacts/bl12gage.htm
|title=Marine Corps Fact File: 12 Gauge Shotgun |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> for door-breaching and close-quarters combat, the [[M14 (rifle)|M14 Rifle]] <ref name="Historic U.S. Small Arms">{{cite web |url=http://tri.army.mil/LC/cs/csi/sahist.htm#M14
|title=Marine Corps Fact File: 12 Gauge Shotgun |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> for door-breaching and close-quarters combat, the [[M14 (rifle)|M14 Rifle]] <ref name="Historic U.S. Small Arms">{{cite web |url=http://tri.army.mil/LC/cs/csi/sahist.htm#M14
|title=Historic U.S. Small Arms |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> for long-range marksmen, and the [[Barrett XM107/M107|M107]] or the [[M24 Sniper Weapon System]] for snipers.  [[Grenade|Hand grenades]], such as the [[M67 grenade|M67 fragmentation grenade]] and [[Smoke grenade|M18 smoke grenade]], are also commonly used by combat troops.
|title=Historic U.S. Small Arms |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> for long-range marksmen, and the [[Barrett XM107/M107|M107]] or the [[M24 Sniper Weapon System]] for snipers.  [[Hand grenade|Hand grenades]], such as the [[M67 grenade|M67 fragmentation grenade]] and [[Smoke grenade|M18 smoke grenade]], are also commonly used by combat troops.
 
===Crew-served weapon systems===
The Army employs various crew-served weapons (so named because they are operated by two or more soldiers in order to transport items such as spare barrels, tripods, base plates, and extra ammunition) to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons.  The [[M240]] is the Army's standard medium general-purpose machine gun.<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-240"> {{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m240b.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-240 |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>


===Crew-served infantry weapon systems===
The M240 (left-hand feed) and M240C (right-hand feed) variants are used as [[Coaxial weapon|coaxial]] machine guns on the [[M1 Abrams]] tank and the [[M2 Bradley]] IFV, respectively; the M240B is the infantry variant and can be fired from a bipod or tripod if carried by hand, or employed from a pintle mount atop a vehicle.  The [[M2 Browning machine gun|M2 .50-caliber heavy machine gun]] has been in use since 1932 in a variety of roles, from infantry support to air defense.  The M2 is also  the primary weapon on most [[Stryker]] ACV variants and the secondary weapon system on the M1 Abrams tank.


The Army employs various crew-served weapons (so named because they are operated by two or more soldiers in order to transport items such as spare barrels, tripods, base plates, and extra ammunition) to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons.
The [[Mk 19 grenade launcher|MK 19 40mm grenade machine gun]] is mainly used by motorized units, such as Stryker Brigades, HMMWV-mounted cavalry scouts, and Military Police.<ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: MK19-3"> {{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/mk193.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: MK19-3 |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> It is commonly employed in a complementary role to the M2.


A common cradle, which in turn can attach to a vehicle mount or a tripod for dismounted ground use, holds the [[M2 machine gun]], [[MK 19 automatic grenade launcher]] or single=tube launcher for the [BGM-71 TOW missile]].
The Army uses three types of [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available.  The smallest of these is the 60 mm [[M224 Mortar|M224]], normally assigned at the infantry company level. <ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-224"> {{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m224.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-224 |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>
====Machine guns====
Some [[M60 machine gun]]s, firing 7.26 mm ammunition, remain in use, but the NATO standard [[M240 machine gun]] is the Army's standard medium general-purpose machine gun. The [[M134 machine gun]], with rotating barrels and a much higher rate of fire, is replacing it for some high-volume applications.
The [[M2 Browning machine gun|M2 .50-caliber heavy machine gun]] has been in use since 1932 in a variety of roles, from infantry support to air defense.  The M2 is also  the primary weapon on most [[Stryker]] ACV variants and the secondary weapon system on the M1 Abrams tank.
====Automatic grenade launchers===
The [[MK 19 40mm automatic grenade launcher]] is mainly used by motorized units, such as Stryker Brigades, HMMWV-mounted cavalry scouts, and Military Police.
====Mortars===
The Army uses three types of [[mortar]] for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available.  The smallest of these is the [[M224 60mm mortar]], normally assigned at the infantry company level. <ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-224"> {{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m224.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-224 |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>


At the next higher echelon, infantry battalions are typically supported by a section of [[M252 81mm Medium Extended Range Mortar]]s.  
At the next higher echelon, infantry battalions are typically supported by a section of 81 mm [[M252 Mortar|M252 mortars]]. <ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-252"> {{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m252.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-252|accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>


The largest mortar in the Army's inventory is the 120 mm [[M120 120 mm mortar|M120/M121]], usually employed by mechanized battalions, Stryker units, and cavalry troops because its size and weight require it to be transported in a tracked carrier or towed behind a truck.
The largest mortar in the Army's inventory is the 120 mm [[M120 120 mm mortar|M120/M121]], usually employed by mechanized battalions, Stryker units, and cavalry troops because its size and weight require it to be transported in a tracked carrier or towed behind a truck. <ref name="U.S. Army Fact Files: M-120"> {{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m120.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M-120 |accessdate=2007-07-23 }}</ref>


===Vehicles===
===Vehicles===
{{seealso|Future Combat Systems}}
The U.S. Army was the first in the world to achieve 100% automotive mobility, and spends a sizable portion of its military budget to maintain a diverse inventory of vehicles. The U.S. Army maintains the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world.
The U.S. Army was the first in the world to achieve 100% automotive mobility, and spends a sizable portion of its military budget to maintain a diverse inventory of vehicles. The U.S. Army maintains the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world.


The Army's most common vehicle is the [[High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle|HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle)]], which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/hmmwv.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: HMMWV |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> Complementing this light truck is the [[Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck]] series.
The Army's most common vehicle is the [[High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle|HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle)]], which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/hmmwv.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: HMMWV |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref>


The [[M1 Abrams|M1A2 Abrams]] is the Army's primary [[tank (military)|main battle tank]],
The [[M1 Abrams|M1A2 Abrams]] is the Army's primary [[main battle tank]],
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/abrams.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Abrams |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> while the [[M2 Bradley (armored fighting vehicle)|M2A3 Bradley]] is the standard [[infantry fighting vehicle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/bradley.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Bradley |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> To save wear on the tracks, the [[Heavy Equipment Transporter System]] (HETS) truck and trailer carries tanks to the deployment area.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/abrams.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Abrams |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> while the [[M2 Bradley|M2A3 Bradley]] is the standard [[infantry fighting vehicle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/bradley.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Bradley |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref>


Other vehicles include the [[M3 Bradley|M3A3 cavalry fighting vehicle]], the [[Stryker]],
Other vehicles include the [[M3 Bradley|M3A3 cavalry fighting vehicle]], the [[Stryker]],
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/stryker.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Stryker |accessdate=2008-04-05 }} </ref> and the [[M113 (armored personnel carrier)|M113]] [[armored personnel carrier]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/m113.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M113 |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> Potential replacements are in the troubled [[Future Combat Systems#Manned vehicles and weapons|Future Combat Systems project]], and [[unmanned ground vehicle]]s are being evaluated.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/stryker.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Stryker |accessdate=2008-04-05 }} </ref> and the [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier|M113]] [[armored personnel carrier]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/m113.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M113 |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref>
 
===Artillery Systems===
 
The U.S. Army's principal [[artillery]] weapons are the [[M109 howitzer|M109A6 Paladin]] self-propelled [[155mm howitzer]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/paladin.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Paladin |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> and the [[MLRS|M270A1 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS)]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/mlrs.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: MLRS |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> both mounted on tracked platforms and assigned to heavy mechanized units.  Missiles have replaced all heavier cannon, such as the 8-inch howitzer and 175mm gun. MLRS ammunition, despite the name, consists of short-range guided missiles as well as the [[MGM-140 ATACMS]] ballistic missile.


Fire support for light infantry units is provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm [[M119 howitzer|M119A1]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m119.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M119 |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> and the 155 mm [[155mm howitzer#lightweight howitzer|M777]] (which will replace the [[M198 howitzer|M198]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/lw155.htm
===Artillery===
|title=M777 Lightweight 155mm howitzer |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> There is a HMMWV-mounted version of the MLRS, the [[M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System]] (HIMARS).
{{Image|M107 175mm Self-Propelled Gun (USA) (16958109263).jpg|right|350px|A [[United States of America|U.S.]] M107 175mm Self-Propelled Gun at the War Memorial of Korea in [[Seoul]].}}
During the [[Vietnam War]], the U.S. Army used the 175mm gun (pictured), a long-range field artillery rifle, outranging the Soviet 130mm gun. The 175 had a longer range but a smaller shell than an 8" howitzer. It was superseded by the introduction of guided missiles and weapons like the M109 Paladin self-propelled howitzer and the [[MLRS|M270A1 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS)]], both mounted on tracked platforms and assigned to heavy mechanized units.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/paladin.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Paladin |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/mlrs.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: MLRS |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref>


In the [[Future Combat Systems]] (FCS) project are a [[Future Combat Systems#NLOS cannon|howitzer]], [[Future Combat Systems#NLOS mortar|heavy mortar]] and [[Future Combat Systems#NLOS launch system|tactical guided missile]]. There is also a [[Future Combat Systems#Mounted Combat System|assault vehicle]] that brings [[combat engineer]] oriented direct fire back to combat units, which was last in the M729 Combat Engineering Vehicle. All of these FCS systems are under review and may be cancelled.
Fire support for light infantry units has been provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm M119 howitzer and the 155 mm [[M777 howitzer|M777]], which replaced the [[M198 howitzer|M198]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m119.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: M119 |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/lw155.htm |title=M777 Lightweight 155mm howitzer |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref>


===Aircraft===
===Aircraft===
While the U.S. Army operates few fixed-wing aircraft, it does directly operate several types of rotary-wing aircraft.  These include the [[AH-64 Apache]] (the ''AH'' stands for [[attack helicopter]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/apache.html
While the U.S. Army operates few fixed-wing aircraft, it does directly operate several types of rotary-wing aircraft.  These include the [[AH-64 Apache]] (the ''AH'' stands for [[attack helicopter]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/apache.html
|title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Apache }}</ref> the [[OH-58 Kiowa Warrior|OH-58D Kiowa Warrior]] scout/armed-scout helicopter,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/kiowa.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Kiowa |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> the [[H-60 helicopter|UH-60 Black Hawk]] light-utility/medium under-slung lift helicopter,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/blackhawk.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Blackhawk }}</ref> and the [[CH-47 Chinook]] heavy-lift transport helicopter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/chinook.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Chinook }}</ref>
|title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Apache |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> the [[OH-58 Kiowa|OH-58D Kiowa Warrior]] scout/armed-scout helicopter,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/kiowa.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Kiowa |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> the [[UH-60 Black Hawk]] light-utility/medium under-slung lift helicopter,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/blackhawk.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Blackhawk |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref> and the [[CH-47 Chinook]] heavy-lift transport helicopter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/chinook.html |title=U.S. Army Fact Files: Chinook |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref>


In addition, the Army's [[Army Special Operations Command#160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment|160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment]] operates the [[Hughes H-6|MH-6/AH-6]] small assault/attack helicopters, as well as highly-modified versions of the Black Hawk and Chinook, primarily in support of [[United States Special Operations Command]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soc.mil/160soar/soar_home.htm
In addition, the Army's [[160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)|160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment]] operates the [[Hughes H-6|MH-6/AH-6]] small assault/attack helicopters, as well as highly-modified versions of the Black Hawk and Chinook, primarily in support of US Army Special Operations Forces, but also those of the other US armed forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soc.mil/160soar/soar_home.htm
|title=The 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment fact sheet |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref>
|title=The 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment fact sheet |accessdate=2008-04-05 }}</ref>
{|
|- valign=top
|
* [[AH-6]]
* [[MH-6]]
* [[RC-12 GUARDRAIL]]
* [[CH-47 Chinook]]
* [[MH-47]]
* [[H-60 helicopter|EH-60 QUICKLOOK]]
* [[H-60 helicopter|MH-60]]
* [[H-60 helicopter|UH-60 Blackhawk]]
* [[OH-58 Kiowa Warrior]]
* [[AH-64 Apache]]
* [[TH-67 Creek]]
|}
Increasingly, the Army operates [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s such as the [[MQ-8]].
===Communications-Electronics===


===Communications===
Due to its mobile nature, the Army relies heavily on wireless, line of sight, and satellite communications in order to provide commanders in the field with [[situational awareness]] and the ability to quickly communicate with their superior officers. The [[Signal Corps]] is the sub branch of the Army charged with missions related to communications.
Due to its mobile nature, the Army relies heavily on wireless, line of sight, and satellite communications in order to provide commanders in the field with [[situational awareness]] and the ability to quickly communicate with their superior officers. The [[Signal Corps]] is the sub branch of the Army charged with missions related to communications.


Army, and indeed ground forces communications, are in the midst of transition to a new generation, using the [[Warfighter Information Network-Tactical]] (WIN-T) as the inter-unit backbone and link to higher headquarters, and the [[Joint Tactical Radio System]] as the "last mile" from WIN-T to the soldier.  
The SINCGARS radio is the single most recognizable piece of equipment in Army communications. It is analogous to the [[HMMWV|HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle)]] in terms of how many of them there are in the Army.<ref name=GlocalSecuritySINCGARS>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/sincgars.htm |title=GlobalSecurity.org The SINCGARS Radio |accessdate=2007-07-23 }}</ref>  There may be, however, a replacement for many Army (and other service) radios and encryption devices with the radically new technology of the [[Joint Tactical Radio System]] (JTRS - pronounced "jitters" by military personnel).


The SINCGARS radio is the single most recognizable piece of equipment in Army communications. It is analogous to the [[HMMWV|HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle)]] in terms of how many of them there are in the Army.<ref name=GlocalSecuritySINCGARS>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/sincgars.htm |title=GlobalSecurity.org The SINCGARS Radio |accessdate=2007-07-23 }}</ref>  D
==Bibliography==
====Communications====
* Allen, Matthew. ''Military Helicopter Doctrines of the Major Powers, 1945-1992: Making Decisions about Air-Land Warfare'' (1993) [http://www.questia.com/read/30405396?title=Military%20Helicopter%20Doctrines%20of%20the%20Major%20Powers%2c%201945-1992%3a%20Making%20Decisions%20about%20Air-Land%20Warfare online edition]
{|
* Bluhm, Raymond. ''U.S. Army: A Complete History,'' (2005) oversize, heavily illustrated [http://www.amazon.com/U-S-Army-Complete-Raymond-Bluhm/dp/088363113X/ref=pd_bbs_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210626315&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
|- valign=top
* Brown, Jerold E., ed. ''Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army'' (2001), 660pp [http://www.questia.com/read/111692384?title=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Army online edition]
|
* Dastrup, Boyd L. ''The Field Artillery: History and Sourcebook'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/read/9175413?title=The%20Field%20Artillery%3a%20History%20and%20Sourcebook online edition]
* [[SINCGARS]]
* Doughty, Robert. et al. ''American Military History And The Evolution Of Western Warfare'' (1996) 
* [[JTRS]]
* Hogan, David W. ''225 Years of Service: The U.S. Army, 1775-2000'' (2003)
* [[MARS]]
* Macgregor, Douglas A. ''Transformation under Fire: Revolutionizing How America Fights,'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/read/113144878?title=Transformation%20under%20Fire%3a%20%20Revolutionizing%20How%20America%20Fights online edition]  
* [[EPLRS]]
* Odom, William O. ''After the Trenches: The Transformation of U.S. Army Doctrine, 1918-1939,'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/9498237?title=After%20the%20Trenches%3a%20The%20Transformation%20of%20U.S.%20Army%20Doctrine%2c%201918-1939 online edition]  
* [[SMP-1000]]
* Pogue, Forrest C. ''The Supreme Command'' (1996), WW2 Europe [http://www.questia.com/read/11624132?title=The%20Supreme%20Command online edition]
* [[TROJAN SPIRIT]]
* Quimby, Robert S. ''The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/read/42476620?title=The%20U.S.%20Army%20in%20the%20War%20of%201812%3a%20An%20Operational%20and%20Command%20Study online edition]  
|}
* Sarkesian, Sam C., and Robert E. Connor Jr., eds. ''America's Armed Forces: A Handbook of Current and Future Capabilities'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/read/71064339?title=America's%20Armed%20Forces%3a%20A%20Handbook%20of%20Current%20and%20Future%20Capabilities online edition]
* Weigley Russell F. ''The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy.'' (1977).


====Sensors====
==Notes==
{|
{{reflist|2}}
|- valign=top
|
* [[Radar MASINT#AN/TPQ-36 and -37 Counterartillery Radars|AN/TPQ-36]]
* [[Radar MASINT#AN/TPQ-36 and -37 Counterartillery Radars|AN/TPQ-37]]
* [[Radar MASINT#LCMRLightweight Countermortar Radar AN/TPQ-46]]
* [[Radar MASINT#Ground Surveillance Radar|AN/PPS-5]]
* [[SIGINT ground-based platforms#US Army: Tactical Ground Stations|PROPHET]] and [[PRD-13|AN/PRD-13]] signals intelligence sets
* [[Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition Squadron (Brigade Combat Team)#LRAS3|LRAS3]]
* REMBASS and successor unmanned ground sensors
* [[MLQ-36|AN/MLQ-36]] tactical electronic warfare set
* [[MPQ-64|AN/MPQ-64]] mobile air surveillance radar
* [[TPY-2|AN/TPY-2]] transportable [[ballistic missile defense]] radar
|}


== Notes==
[[Category:Flagged for Review]]
{{reflist|2}}

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Seal of the United States Army

The United States Army is a branch of the United States Armed Forces. From 1789 to 1947 it was part of the War Department; since then the Department of the Army has been part of the United States Department of Defense. The U.S. Army is charged with the land operations in defense of the United States and its allies, especially NATO. The Army's official motto is "This We'll Defend".

[edit intro]

History

The United States Army was formed during the American Revolution on 14 June 1775, as "the American continental army," [1] and has been in existence since. The Army's main mission down to 1890 was operating coastal defenses near major harbors, and manning interior forts that dealt with Indians. It fought in foreign conflicts, notably theWar of 1812, the Mexican-American War (1846-48), the Spanish-American War of 1898, World War I (1917-1918), World War II (1941-45), the Korean War (1950-53), the Vietnam War (1965-72), and the Gulf War (1990-91). During the American Civil War, the regular army largely remained on the frontier and apart from artillery units played a minor role, as a separate new volunteer army fought the battles.

Units

Airborne

XVIII Airborne Corps

Formed during the Second World War and a strategic reserve force in the Cold War.

82nd Airborne Division

The U.S. Army's largest paratroop unit.

101st Airborne Division

Created during World War II as a paratroop division and based at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. It has latterly been deployed as an air assault unit using helicopters rather than parachuting.

160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)

Abbreviated as 160th SOAR (A), this is a special operations force using helicopters to support special operations forces. As its missions are usually conducted at night, the unit is nicknamed the "Night Stalkers". Their base is Fort Campbell, Kentucky.

173rd Airborne Brigade

Specifically an airborne infantry brigade combat team (IBCT), it is based in Vicenza, Italy, as part of the US European Command. The unit was founded in 1915 as the 173rd Infantry Brigade, but later became airborne and served in both World War II and the Vietnam War.

Cavalry

2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment

One of the oldest cavalry units, it has evolved from horses to tanks and on to armed combat vehicles.

Infantry

3rd Infantry Division

Formerly designated the 24th Mechanized Division. Assigned to the XVIII Airborne Corps and based at Fort Stewart, Georgia.

Other

10th Special Forces Group

The first field-deployed Special Forces unit, assigned to the United States European Command based at Bad Tolz, Germany. Its home base has been Fort Carlson, Colorado.

10th Mountain Division

Light infantry division trained and equipped for mountain warfare. Based at Fort Drum in New York State.

Equipment

Individual

The primary individual weapons of the Army are the M16A2/A4 assault rifle [2] and its compact variant, the M4 carbine. [3]

Optionally, the M9 bayonet can be attached to either variant for close-quarters fighting.[4] The 40 mm M203 grenade launcher can also be attached for additional firepower.[5] Some soldiers whose duties require a more compact weapon, such as combat vehicle crew members, staff officers, and military police, are issued a sidearm in lieu of (or in addition to) a rifle. The most common sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol[6] which is issued to the majority of combat and support units. Other, less commonly issued sidearms include the M11, used by Special Agents of the CID,[7][8] and the MK23, used by some Army Special Forces units.[9]

In addition to these basic rifles and sidearms, many combat units' arsenals are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) light machine-gun, to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level,[10] the M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun[11] or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun[12] for door-breaching and close-quarters combat, the M14 Rifle [13] for long-range marksmen, and the M107 or the M24 Sniper Weapon System for snipers. Hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade, are also commonly used by combat troops.

Crew-served weapon systems

The Army employs various crew-served weapons (so named because they are operated by two or more soldiers in order to transport items such as spare barrels, tripods, base plates, and extra ammunition) to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons. The M240 is the Army's standard medium general-purpose machine gun.[14]

The M240 (left-hand feed) and M240C (right-hand feed) variants are used as coaxial machine guns on the M1 Abrams tank and the M2 Bradley IFV, respectively; the M240B is the infantry variant and can be fired from a bipod or tripod if carried by hand, or employed from a pintle mount atop a vehicle. The M2 .50-caliber heavy machine gun has been in use since 1932 in a variety of roles, from infantry support to air defense. The M2 is also the primary weapon on most Stryker ACV variants and the secondary weapon system on the M1 Abrams tank.

The MK 19 40mm grenade machine gun is mainly used by motorized units, such as Stryker Brigades, HMMWV-mounted cavalry scouts, and Military Police.[15] It is commonly employed in a complementary role to the M2.

The Army uses three types of mortar for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available. The smallest of these is the 60 mm M224, normally assigned at the infantry company level. [16]

At the next higher echelon, infantry battalions are typically supported by a section of 81 mm M252 mortars. [17]

The largest mortar in the Army's inventory is the 120 mm M120/M121, usually employed by mechanized battalions, Stryker units, and cavalry troops because its size and weight require it to be transported in a tracked carrier or towed behind a truck. [18]

Vehicles

The U.S. Army was the first in the world to achieve 100% automotive mobility, and spends a sizable portion of its military budget to maintain a diverse inventory of vehicles. The U.S. Army maintains the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world.

The Army's most common vehicle is the HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle), which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles.[19]

The M1A2 Abrams is the Army's primary main battle tank, [20] while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle.[21]

Other vehicles include the M3A3 cavalry fighting vehicle, the Stryker, [22] and the M113 armored personnel carrier.[23]

Artillery

A U.S. M107 175mm Self-Propelled Gun at the War Memorial of Korea in Seoul.

During the Vietnam War, the U.S. Army used the 175mm gun (pictured), a long-range field artillery rifle, outranging the Soviet 130mm gun. The 175 had a longer range but a smaller shell than an 8" howitzer. It was superseded by the introduction of guided missiles and weapons like the M109 Paladin self-propelled howitzer and the M270A1 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS), both mounted on tracked platforms and assigned to heavy mechanized units.[24][25]

Fire support for light infantry units has been provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm M119 howitzer and the 155 mm M777, which replaced the M198.[26][27]

Aircraft

While the U.S. Army operates few fixed-wing aircraft, it does directly operate several types of rotary-wing aircraft. These include the AH-64 Apache (the AH stands for attack helicopter),[28] the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior scout/armed-scout helicopter,[29] the UH-60 Black Hawk light-utility/medium under-slung lift helicopter,[30] and the CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift transport helicopter.[31]

In addition, the Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment operates the MH-6/AH-6 small assault/attack helicopters, as well as highly-modified versions of the Black Hawk and Chinook, primarily in support of US Army Special Operations Forces, but also those of the other US armed forces.[32]

Communications

Due to its mobile nature, the Army relies heavily on wireless, line of sight, and satellite communications in order to provide commanders in the field with situational awareness and the ability to quickly communicate with their superior officers. The Signal Corps is the sub branch of the Army charged with missions related to communications.

The SINCGARS radio is the single most recognizable piece of equipment in Army communications. It is analogous to the HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) in terms of how many of them there are in the Army.[33] There may be, however, a replacement for many Army (and other service) radios and encryption devices with the radically new technology of the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS - pronounced "jitters" by military personnel).

Bibliography

  • Allen, Matthew. Military Helicopter Doctrines of the Major Powers, 1945-1992: Making Decisions about Air-Land Warfare (1993) online edition
  • Bluhm, Raymond. U.S. Army: A Complete History, (2005) oversize, heavily illustrated excerpt and text search
  • Brown, Jerold E., ed. Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army (2001), 660pp online edition
  • Dastrup, Boyd L. The Field Artillery: History and Sourcebook (1994) online edition
  • Doughty, Robert. et al. American Military History And The Evolution Of Western Warfare (1996)
  • Hogan, David W. 225 Years of Service: The U.S. Army, 1775-2000 (2003)
  • Macgregor, Douglas A. Transformation under Fire: Revolutionizing How America Fights, (2003) online edition
  • Odom, William O. After the Trenches: The Transformation of U.S. Army Doctrine, 1918-1939, (1999) online edition
  • Pogue, Forrest C. The Supreme Command (1996), WW2 Europe online edition
  • Quimby, Robert S. The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study (1997) online edition
  • Sarkesian, Sam C., and Robert E. Connor Jr., eds. America's Armed Forces: A Handbook of Current and Future Capabilities (1994) online edition
  • Weigley Russell F. The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy. (1977).

Notes

  1. ↑ June 14th: The Birthday of the U.S. Army. Retrieved on 23 July 2007.
  2. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: M-16. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  3. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: M-4. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  4. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: Bayonet. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  5. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: M-203. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  6. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: M-9. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  7. ↑ In Praise of the SIG P228 9mm. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  8. ↑ History in the Making. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  9. ↑ SOCOM Pistol Mk 23 Mod 0. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  10. ↑ M-249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW). Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  11. ↑ The M1014, Joint Service Combat Shotgun. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  12. ↑ Marine Corps Fact File: 12 Gauge Shotgun. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  13. ↑ Historic U.S. Small Arms. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  14. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: M-240. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  15. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: MK19-3. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  16. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: M-224. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  17. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: M-252. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  18. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: M-120. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
  19. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: HMMWV. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  20. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: Abrams. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  21. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: Bradley. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  22. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: Stryker. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  23. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: M113. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  24. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: Paladin. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  25. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: MLRS. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  26. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: M119. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  27. ↑ M777 Lightweight 155mm howitzer. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  28. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: Apache. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  29. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: Kiowa. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  30. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: Blackhawk. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  31. ↑ U.S. Army Fact Files: Chinook. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  32. ↑ The 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment fact sheet. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  33. ↑ GlobalSecurity.org The SINCGARS Radio. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
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