Renal artery stenosis
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is "narrowing or occlusion of the renal artery or arteries. It is due usually to atherosclerosis; fibromuscular dysplasia; thrombosis; embolism, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension."[1] Bilateral RAS can lead to chronic kidney disease.
Prevalence and epidemiology
2% of patients underoing coronary angiography in one study had bilateral RAS > 50%.[2] In this study, 11% had at least unilateral RAS. Of these patients one third do not have a history of hypertension; however, the rate of hypertension among those with bilateral disease was not reported.
In a second study of patients patients underoing coronary angiography, 4% has bilateral RAS with both lesions > 50% while 1.5% had both lesions > 75%.[3] Among all the patients with either unilateral or bilateral RAS, half had hypertension.
In an autopsy study, 10 of 15 patients with bilateral RAS (defined as reduction in artery diameter by 50%) were normotensive by history (defined as diastolic pressure < 100 mm Hg).[4] Other autopsy studies are Lisa[5] who obtained similar results and Blackman[6] and Richardson[7] who found lower prevalences.
The clinical relevance of these patients is unclear.[8]
Diagnosis
A clinical prediction rule (link) can help diagnose.[9]
Treatment
Various treatment options exist.[10]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Renal artery stenosis (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Park S, Jung JH, Seo HS, et al (November 2004). "The prevalence and clinical predictors of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis in patients undergoing coronary angiography". Heart Vessels 19 (6): 275–9. PMID 15799174. [e]
- ↑ Harding MB, Smith LR, Himmelstein SI, et al (May 1992). "Renal artery stenosis: prevalence and associated risk factors in patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterization". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2 (11): 1608–16. PMID 1610982. [e]
- ↑ HOLLEY KE, HUNT JC, BROWN AL, KINCAID OW, SHEPS SG (July 1964). "Renal Artery Stenosis. A Clinical-Pathologic Study In Normotensive And Hypertensive Patients". Am. J. Med. 37: 14–22. PMID 14181143. [e]
- ↑ Lisa JR et al (June 1943). "Relationship between arterioscherosis of the renal artery and hypertension". Am J Med Sci 205: 701.
- ↑ Blackman SS et al (1939). "Arterioscherosis and partical obstruction of the main renal arteries in association with "essential" hypertension in man". Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 65: 353.
- ↑ Richardson GO et al (June 1943). "Atherosclerosis of the main renal arteries in essential hypertension". The Journal of pathology and bacteriology 55: 33.
- ↑ Spital A (November 1993). "Importance of renal artery stenosis in normotensive patients". Ann. Intern. Med. 119 (10): 1054. PMID 8292176. [e]
- ↑ Krijnen P, van Jaarsveld BC, Steyerberg EW, Man in 't Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA, Habbema JD (November 1998). "A clinical prediction rule for renal artery stenosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 129 (9): 705–11. PMID 9841602. [e]
- ↑ Balk E, Raman G, Chung M, et al (December 2006). "Effectiveness of management strategies for renal artery stenosis: a systematic review". Ann. Intern. Med. 145 (12): 901–12. PMID 17062633. [e]