Recovered memory/Bibliography

Review Articles (Secondary Sources, Peer reviewed)

1. Brainerd CJ et al. Developmental reversals in false memory: a review of data and theory. Psychol Bull. 2008 May;134(3):343-82.PMID 18444700 (Can susceptibility to false memory and suggestion increase dramatically with age? The authors review the theoretical and empirical literatures on this counterintuitive possibility. ...in some common domains of experience, in which false memories are rooted in meaning connections among events, age increases in false memory are the rule and are sometimes accompanied by net declines in the accuracy of memory.)
2. Brown D (1995) Pseudomemories: the standard of science and the standard of care in trauma treatment. Am J Clin Hypn37(3):1-24. PMID 7879722 ("The pseudomemory (PM) debate has focused on individuals who do not remember sexual abuse and later recover these memories, often in therapy. This paper critically reviews experimental research on stress and memory and on suggestibility and memory in terms of its applicability to PM production in therapy. Three different kinds of suggestibility are identified--hypnotizability, postevent misinformation suggestibility, and interrogatory suggestibility. It is hypothesized that interrogatory suggestibility alone or the interaction of all three pose significant risk for PM production. It is argued that a better standard of science is needed before claims can be made about PM production in therapy, since no experimental studies have been conducted on memory performance or suggestibility effects in therapy.")
3. Bruck M, Ceci SJ (1999) The suggestibility of children's memory Annu. Rev. Psychol 1999. 50:419-39
4. Cannell J et al. (2001) Standards for informed consent in recovered memory therapy. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 29:138-47. PMID 11471779 "Malpractice suits against therapists for either instilling or recovering false memories of sexual abuse have increased in the last few years and some of the awards have been large. ...This article concludes that the "risk or cluster of risks" that must be disclosed to a patient recovering repressed memories in psychotherapy should have included warnings about recovering false memories.")
5. Gutheil TG, Simon RI (1997) Clinically based risk management principles for recovered memory cases. Psychiatr Serv 48:1403-7 PMID 9355166 ("Controversy over cases involving so-called recovered memories of sexual abuse has threatened to divide the mental health field, just as lawsuits based on recovered memories have sometimes divided children from parents and others. The authors review issues in this controversy, including the role of misdirected advocacy for recovered memory by some practitioners, the distinction between the actual events and patient's narrative truth as a factor in the therapeutic alliance, and the contrast between therapeutic and legal remedies.")
6. Howe ML et al. (2006) Children's basic memory processes, stress, and maltreatment.Dev Psychopathol 18:759-69. PMID 17152399 (".. we examine extant assumptions regarding the effects of child maltreatment on memory. The effects of stress on basic memory processes is examined, and potential neurobiological changes relevant to memory development are examined. The impact of maltreatment-related sequelae (including dissociation and depression) on basic memory processes as well as false memories and suggestibility are also outlined. ...the investigations that do exist reveal that maltreated children's basic memory processes are not reliably different from that of other, nonmaltreated children.)"
7. Lynn SJ, Nash MR (1994) Truth in memory: ramifications for psychotherapy and hypnotherapy Am J Clin Hypn 36:194-208. PMID 7992802 ("... we intend to sensitize the clinician to the potential pitfalls of critical reliance on the patient's memories, as well as uncritically accepted clinical beliefs and practices.")
8. Pezdek K, Lam S (2007) What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study "false memory," and what are the implications of these choices? Conscious Cogn 16:2-17. PMID 16157490 ("...examines the methodologies employed by cognitive psychologists to study "false memory," and assesses if these methodologies are likely to facilitate scientific progress or perhaps constrain the conclusions reached. ... Although there is an apparent false memory research bandwagon in cognitive psychology, with increasing numbers of studies published on this topic over the past decade, few researchers (only 13.1% of the articles) have studied false memory as the term was originally intended--to specifically refer to planting memory for an entirely new event that was never experienced in an individual's lifetime.")See disagreement in Wade et al. (2007) False claims about false memory research. Conscious Cogn 16:18-28; PMID 16931058.
9. Smeets T et al. (2005) Trying to recollect past events: confidence, beliefs, and memories. Clin Psychol Rev 25:917-34. PMID 16084632 ("Numerous studies claim to have shown that false memories can be easily created in the laboratory. However, a critical analysis of the methods employed in these studies indicates that many of them do not address memory in the strict sense of the word. ...this research domain would profit from studies looking explicitly at whether experimental manipulations intended to implant false memories have overt behavioral consequences.")