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'''Monkeys''' are a group of [[Primate|primates]] found in both the [[New world|"New"]] and the [[Old world|"Old" World]]. The term "monkey" is actually a [[Layperson|laypersons]] term for any one of the generally small-bodied and often distantly related primates that do not fall into the classification of [[Prosimian|prosimians]] or the generaly larger bodied [[Ape|apes]] and [[Hominin|humans]]. There are two basic types of monkeys - platyrrhines and catarrhines<ref name="Fleagle">{{cite book|title=Primate Adaptation and Evolution|accessdate=|author=J. Fleagle|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1998 |format= |work= |publisher=Academic Press: New York|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Szalay">{{cite book |title=Evolutionary History of the Primates|accessdate=|author=F. Szalay and E. Delson|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2001 |format= |work= |publisher=Academic Press, New York|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>.. [[South America|South American]] monkeys are known as platyrrhines and differ substantially from the catarrhines monkeys, having evolved largely in isolation<ref name="Fleagle"/><ref name="Szalay"/>.     
{{subpages}}
{{Image|Pygmy-marmoset.jpg|right|350px|The [[pygmy marmoset]] of [[South America]] is the world's smallest true monkey, generally up to about six inches (15 centimetres) long excluding the tail, which is can be up to 7.9 inches (20 centimetres).}}
'''Monkeys''' are a group of [[Primate|primates]] found in both the [[New world|"New"]] and the [[Old world|"Old" World]]. The term "monkey" is actually a [[Layperson|laypersons]] term for any one of the generally small-bodied and often distantly related primates that do not fall into the classification of [[Prosimian|prosimians]] or the generally larger bodied [[Ape|apes]] and [[Hominin|humans]]. There are two basic types of monkeys - platyrrhines and catarrhines.<ref name="Fleagle">{{cite book|title=Primate Adaptation and Evolution|accessdate=|author=J. Fleagle|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1998 |format= |work= |publisher=Academic Press: New York|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Szalay">{{cite book |title=Evolutionary History of the Primates|accessdate=|author=F. Szalay and E. Delson|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2001 |format= |work= |publisher=Academic Press, New York|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> [[South America|South American]] monkeys are known as platyrrhines and differ substantially from the catarrhines monkeys, having evolved largely in isolation.<ref name="Fleagle"/><ref name="Szalay"/>    


===Platyrrhine monkeys===
===Platyrrhine monkeys===


The name platyrrhine is derived as a descriptive term of the monkeys faces, since South American monkeys have broad, flat noses.  All platyrrhine monkeys are small - the largest is only around 10kg<ref name="Fleagle"/>. They also exhibit many [[primitive]] dental and skeletal features including having three [[pre-molars]] in each side of their [[mandible]] and [[maxilla]] - thus they have a total of twelve premolars <ref name="Szalay"/>.  
The name platyrrhine is derived as a descriptive term of the monkeys' faces, since South American monkeys have broad, flat noses.  All platyrrhine monkeys are small - the largest is only around 10kg.<ref name="Fleagle"/>  They also exhibit many [[primitive]] dental and skeletal features including having three [[pre-molars]] in each side of their [[mandible]] and [[maxilla]] - thus they have a total of twelve premolars.<ref name="Szalay"/>   


All platyrrhines have a [[tail]] of some sort and five [[genera]] have [[prehensile tails]]<ref name="Fleagle"/>. The most well known of the prehensile-tailed monkeys is probably the spider monkey. Interestingly, the spider monkey has no thumb<ref name="Fleagle"/>. 
All platyrrhines have a [[tail]] of some sort and five [[genera]] have [[prehensile tail]]s.<ref name="Fleagle"/> The most well known of the prehensile-tailed monkeys is probably the [[spider monkey]]. Interestingly, the spider monkey has no [[thumb]].<ref name="Fleagle"/>


===Catarrhine monkeys===
===Catarrhine monkeys===


Catarrhines monkeys are "Old World Monkeys" and all fall under the Superfamily Cercopithecidae<ref name="Szalay"/>. They have narrow noses, eight pre-molars and none have prehensile tails<ref name="Fleagle"/>. There are two Subfamilies within the Superfamily - Cercopithecinae and Colobinae<ref name="Szalay"/>. There are approximatly sixty species of cercopithicus monkey and about forty species of colobus monkey.
Catarrhines monkeys are "Old World Monkeys" and all fall under the Superfamily Cercopithecidae.<ref name="Szalay"/>  They have narrow noses, eight pre-molars and none have prehensile tails.<ref name="Fleagle"/> There are two Subfamilies within the Superfamily - Cercopithecinae and Colobinae.<ref name="Szalay"/>  There are approximately sixty species of cercopithicus monkey and about forty species of colobus monkey.


==Living species of monkey==
==Footnotes==
 
{{reflist|2}}
=====INFRAORDER PLATYRHINI=====
 
=====Superfamily Ceboidea=====
 
======Family Cebidae======
 
*Bolivian Titi ''[[Callicebus modestus]]''
*Bolivian Gray Titi ''[[Callicebus donacophilus]]''
*Beni Titi ''[[Callicebus olallae]]''
*Andean Titi ''[[Callicebus oenanthe]]''
*Ashy-gray Titi ''[[Callicebus cinerascens]]''
*Hoffmann's Titi ''[[Callicebus hoffmannsi]]''
*Dusky Titi ''[[Callicebus moloch]]''
*Brown Titi ''[[Callicebus brunneus]]''
*Madidi Titi ''[[Callicebus aureipalatii]]''
*Chestnut Bellied Titi ''[[Callicebus caligatus]]''
*Red Titi ''[[Callicebus cupreus]]''
*Hershkovitz's Titi ''[[Callicebus dubius]]''
*Masked Titi ''[[Callicebus personatus]]''
*Collared Titi ''[[Callicebus torquatus]]''
*Lemurine Owl Monkey ''[[Aotus lemurinus]]''
*Brumback's Owl Monkey ''[[Aotus brumbacki]]''
*Hershkovitz's Owl Monkey ''[[Aotus hershkovitzi]]''
*Northern Owl Monkey ''[[Aotus trivirgatus]]''
*Spix's Owl Monkey ''[[Aotus vociferans]]''
*Andean Owl Monkey ''[[Aotus miconax]]''
*Peruvian Red-necked Owl Monkey ''[[Aotus nancymae]]''
*Black-headed Owl Monkey ''[[Aotus nigriceps]]''
*Southern Owl Monkey ''[[Aotus azarae]]''
*Kuhl's Owl Monkey ''[[Aotus infulatus]]''
*White-faced Saki ''[[Pithecia pithecia]]''
*Monk Saki ''[[Pithecia monachus]]''
*Bald-faced Saki ''[[Pithecia irrorator]]''
*Red-bearded Saki ''[[Pithecia aequatorialis]]''
*Buffy Saki ''[[Pithecia albicans]]''
*Black Saki ''[[Chiropotes satanas]]''
*White-nosed Saki ''[[Chiropotes albinasus]]''
*Black-headed Uakari ''[[Cacajao melanocephalus]]''
*Red Uakari ''[[Cacajao calvus]]''
*White-throated Capuchin ''[[Cebus capucinus]]''
*White-fronted Capuchin ''[[Cebus albifrons]]''
*Weeper Capuchin ''[[Cebus olivaceus]]''
*Ka'apor Capuchin ''[[Cebus kaapori]]''
*Black-capped Capuchin ''[[Cebus paella]]''
*Red-backed Squirrel Monkey ''[[Saimiri oerstedi]]''
*Common Squirrel Monkey ''[[Saimiri sciureus]]''
*Golden-backed Squirrel Monkey ''[[Saimiri ustus]]''
*Bolivian Squirrel Monkey ''[[Saimiri boliviensis]]''
*Blackish Squirrel Monkey ''[[Saimiri vanzolinii]]''
*Guatemalan Howler Monkey ''[[Alouatta pigra]]''
*Mantled Howler Monkey ''[[Alouatta palliate]]''
*Coiba Island Howler Monkey ''[[Alouatta coibensis]]''
*Red Howler Monkey ''[[Alouatta seniculus]]''
*Red-handed Howler Monkey ''[[Alouatta belzebul]]''
*Brown Howler Monkey ''[[Alouatta fusca]]''
*Black Howler Monkey ''[[Alouatta caraya]]''
*Black Spider Monkey ''[[Ateles paniscus]]''
*Long-haired Spider Monkey ''[[Ateles belzebuth]]''
*Black-faced Spider Monkey ''[[Ateles chamek]]''
*Brown-headed Spider Monkey ''[[Ateles fusciceps]]''
*Black-handed Spider Monkey ''[[Ateles geoffroyi]]''
*Woolly Spider Monkey ''[[Brachyteles arachnoids]]''
*Humboldt's Woolly Monkey ''[[Lagothrix lagotricha]]''
*Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey ''[[Lagothrix flavicauda]]''
 
======Family Callitrichidae======
 
*Goeldi's Marmoset ''[[Callimico goeldii]]''
*Common Marmoset ''[[Callithrix jacchus]]''
*Black Tufted-ear Marmoset ''[[Callithrix penicillata]]''
*Wied's Marmoset ''[[Callithrix kuhli]]''
*Geoffroy's Tufted-ear Marmoset ''[[Callithrix geoffroyi]]''
*Buffy-headed Marmoset ''[[Callithrix flaviceps]]''
*Buffy Tufted-ear Marmoset ''[[Callithrix aurita]]''
*Silvery Marmoset ''[[Callithrix argentata]]''
*Golden-white Bare-ear Marmoset ''[[Callithrix leucippe]]''
*Snethlage's Marmoset ''[[Callithrix emiliae]]''
*Black-headed Marmoset ''[[Callithrix nigriceps]]''
*Black-tailed Marmoset ''[[Callithrix melanura]]''
*Black-and-white Tassel-ear Marmoset ''[[Callithrix humeralifer]]''
*Rio Maues Marmoset ''[[Callithrix mauesi]]''
*Golden-white Tassel-ear Marmoset ''[[Callithrix chrysoleuca]]''
*Tassel-ear Marmoset ''[[Callithrix intermedia]]''
*Dwarf Marmoset ''[[Callithrix humilis]]''
*Rio Acari Marmoset ''[[Callithrix acariensis]]''
*Rio Manicore Marmoset ''[[Callithrix manicorensis]]''
*Pygmy Marmoset ''[[Cebuella pygmaea]]''
*Golden Lion Tamarin ''[[Leontopithecus rosalia]]''
*Golden-headed Lion Tamarin ''[[Leontopithecus chrysomelas ]]''
*Golden-rumped Lion Tamarin ''[[Leontopithecus chrysopygus ]]''
*Black-faced Lion Tamarin ''[[Leontopithecus caissara]]''
*Midas Tamarin ''[[Saguinus midas]]''
*Black-mantle Tamarin ''[[Saguinus nigricollis]]''
*Saddle-back Tamarin ''[[Saguinus fuscicollis]]''
*Golden-mantle Saddle-back Tamarin ''[[Saguinus tripartitus]]''
*Black-chested Moustached Tamarin ''[[Saguinus mystax ]]''
*Red-bellied Tamarin ''[[Saguinus labiatus]]''
*Emperor Tamarin ''[[Saguinus imperator]]''
*Pied Tamarin ''[[Saguinus bicolour]]''
*Cotton-top Tamarin ''[[Saguinus oedipus ]]''
*Geoffroy's Tamarin ''[[Saguinus geoffroyi]]''
*White-footed Tamarin ''[[Saguinus leucopus]]''
*Mottle-face Tamarin ''[[Saguinus inustus]]''
 
=====INFRAORDER CATARRHINI=====
 
=====Superfamily Hominoidea=====
 
======Family Hylobatidae======
 
*White-handed Gibbon ''[[Hylobates lar]]''
*Agile Gibbon ''[[Hylobates agilis]]''
*Mueller's Gibbon ''[[Hylobates muelleri]]''
*Moloch Gibbon ''[[Hylobates moloch]]''
*Pileated Gibbon ''[[Hylobates pileatus]]''
*Kloss' Gibbon ''[[Hylobates klossii]]''
*Hoolock Gibbon ''[[Hylobates hoolock]]''
*Black Gibbon ''[[Hylobates concolor]]''
*Siamang ''[[Hylobates syndactylus]]''
 
======Family Hominidae======
 
*Orang-Utan ''[[Pongo pygmaeus]]''
*Gorilla ''[[Gorilla gorilla]]''
*Pygmy Chimpanzee (Bonobo) ''[[Pan paniscus]]''
*Common Chimpanzee ''[[Pan troglodytes]]''
*Humans ''[[Homo sapiens]]''
 
=====Superfamily Cercopithecoidea=====
 
======Family Cercopithecidae======
 
======Subfamily Cercopithecinae======
 
*Allen's Swamp Monkey ''[[Allenopithecus nigroviridis]]''
*Talapoin Monkey ''[[Miopithecus talapoin]]''
*Patas Monkey [[Erythrocebus patas]]
*Vervet Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus aethiops]]''
*Sykes Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus albogularis]]''
*Dryas Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus dryas]]''
*Zaire Diana Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus salongo]]''
*Diana Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus diana]]''
*Greater White-nosed Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus nictitans]]''
*Blue Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus mitis]]''
*Mona Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus mona]]''
*Campbell's Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus campbelli]]''
*Crowned Guenon ''[[Cercopithecus pogonias]]''
*Wolf's Monkey [''[Cercopithecus wolfi]]''
*Lesser White-nosed Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus petaurista]]''
*Red-bellied Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus erythrogaster]]''
*Sclater's Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus sclateri]]''
*Red-eared Nose-spotted Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus erythrotis]]''
*Moustached Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus cephus]]''
*Redtail Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus ascanius]]''
*L'hoest's Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus lhoesti]]''
*Preuss's Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus preussi]]''
*Sun-tailed Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus solatus]]''
*Hamlyn's Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus hamlyni]]''
*DeBrazza's Monkey ''[[Cercopithecus neglectus]]''
*Barbary Macaque ''[[Macaca sylvanus]]''
*Lion-tailed Macaque ''[[Macaca silenus]]''
*Pigtailed Macaque ''[[Macaca nemestrina]]''
*Mentawai Macaque ''[[Macaca pagensis]]''
*Moor Macaque ''[[Macaca maura]]''
*Ochre Macaque ''[[Macaca ochreata]]''
*Muna-Butung Macaque ''[[Macaca brunescens]]''
*Tonkean Macaque ''[[Macaca tonkeana]]''
*Heck's Macaque ''[[Macaca hecki]]''
*Gorontalo Macaque ''[[Macaca nigriscens]]''
*Celebes Macaque ''[[Macaca nigra]]''
*Crab-eating Macaque ''[[Macaca fascicularis]]''
*Stumptailed Macaque ''[[Macaca arctoides]]''
*Rhesus Macaque ''[[Macaca mulatta]]''
*Formosan Rock Macaque ''[[Macaca cyclopis]]''
*Japanese Macaque ''[[Macaca fuscata]]''
*Toque Macaque ''[[Macaca sinica]]''
*Bonnet Macaque ''[[Macaca radiate]]''
*Assamese Macaque ''[[Macaca assamensis]]''
*Arunachal Macaque ''[[Macaca munzala]]''
*Pere David's Macaque ''[[Macaca thibetana]]''
*Gray-cheeked Mangabey ''[[Lophocebus albigena]]''
*Highland Mangabey ''[[Lophocebus kipunji]]''
*Black Mangabey ''[[Lophocebus aterrimus]]''
*Hamadryas Baboon ''[[Papio hamadryas]]''
*Guinea Baboon ''[[Papio papio]]''
*Olive Baboon ''[[Papio anubis]]''
*Yellow Baboon ''[[Papio cynocephalus]]''
*Chacma Baboon ''[[Papio ursinus]]''
*Gelada Baboon ''[[Theropithecus gelada]]''
*Sooty Mangabey ''[[Cercocebus atys]]''
*White-collared Mangabey ''[[Cercocebus torquatus]]''
*Agile Mangabey ''[[Cercocebus agilis]]''
*Tana River Mangabey ''[[Cercocebus galeritus]]''
*Mandrill ''[[Mandrillus sphinx]]''
*Drill ''[[Mandrillus leucophaeus]]''
 
======Subfamily Colobinae======
 
*Black Colobus Monkey ''[[Colobus satanas]]''
*Angolan Black-and-white Colobus Monkey ''[[Colobus angolensis]]''
*Western Black-and-white Colobus Monkey ''[[Colobus polykomos]]''
*Geoffroy's Black-and-white Colobus Monkey ''[[Colobus vellerosus]]''
*Abyssinian Black-and-white Colobus Monkey ''[[Colobus guereza]]''
*Western Red Colobus Monkey ''[[Procolobus badius]]''
*Pennant's Red Colobus Monkey ''[[Procolobus pennantii]]''
*Preuss's Red Colobus Monkey ''[[Procolobus preussi]]''
*Tana River Red Colobus Monkey ''[[Procolobus rufomitratus]]''
*Olive Colobus Monkey ''[[Procolobus verus]]''
*Hanuman Langur ''[[Semnopithecus entellus]]''
*Purple-faced Langur ''[[Trachypithecus vetulus]]''
*Nilgiri Langur ''[[Trachypithecus johnii]]''
*Javan Langur ''[[Trachypithecus auratus]]''
*Silvered Leaf-monkey ''[[Trachypithecus cristatus]]''
*Tenasserim Langur ''[[Trachypithecus barbei]]''
*Dusky Leaf-monkey ''[[Trachypithecus obscurus]]''
*Phayre's Leaf-monkey ''[[Trachypithecus phayrei]]''
*Capped Langur ''[[Trachypithecus pileatus]]''
*Golden Langur ''[[Trachypithecus geei]]''
*Francois' Leaf-monkey ''[[Trachypithecus francoisi]]''
*Hatinh Langur ''[[Trachypithecus hatinhensis]]''
*White-headed Langur ''[[Trachypithecus poliocephalus]]''
*Laotian Langur ''[[Trachypithecus laotum]]''
*Delacour's Langur ''[[Trachypithecus delacouri]]''
*Mitered Leaf-monkey ''[[Presbytis melalophos]]''
*Banded Leaf-monkey ''[[Presbytis femoralis]]''
*White Fronted Leaf-monkey ''[[Presbytis frontata]]''
*Grizzled Leaf-monkey ''[[Presbytis comata]]''
*Thomas's Leaf-monkey ''[[Presbytis thomasi]]''
*Hose's Leaf-monkey ''[[Presbytis hosei]]''
*Maroon Leaf-monkey ''[[Presbytis rubicunda]]''
*Mentawai Island Leaf-monkey ''[[Presbytis potenziani]]''
*Douc Langur ''[[Pygathrix nemaeus]]''
*Snub-nosed Langur ''[[Pygathrix roxellana]]''
*Black Snub-nosed Langur ''[[Pygathrix bieti]]''
*Brelich's Snub-nosed Langur ''[[Pygathrix brelichi]]''
*Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur ''[[Pygathrix avunculus]]''
*Proboscis Monkey ''[[Nasalis larvatus]]''
*Pig-tailed Langur ''[[Nasalis concolor]]''
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category: Anthropology Workgroup]]
[[Category:Biology Workgroup]]
[[Category:CZ Live]]

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The pygmy marmoset of South America is the world's smallest true monkey, generally up to about six inches (15 centimetres) long excluding the tail, which is can be up to 7.9 inches (20 centimetres).

Monkeys are a group of primates found in both the "New" and the "Old" World. The term "monkey" is actually a laypersons term for any one of the generally small-bodied and often distantly related primates that do not fall into the classification of prosimians or the generally larger bodied apes and humans. There are two basic types of monkeys - platyrrhines and catarrhines.[1][2] South American monkeys are known as platyrrhines and differ substantially from the catarrhines monkeys, having evolved largely in isolation.[1][2]

Platyrrhine monkeys

The name platyrrhine is derived as a descriptive term of the monkeys' faces, since South American monkeys have broad, flat noses. All platyrrhine monkeys are small - the largest is only around 10kg.[1] They also exhibit many primitive dental and skeletal features including having three pre-molars in each side of their mandible and maxilla - thus they have a total of twelve premolars.[2]

All platyrrhines have a tail of some sort and five genera have prehensile tails.[1] The most well known of the prehensile-tailed monkeys is probably the spider monkey. Interestingly, the spider monkey has no thumb.[1]

Catarrhine monkeys

Catarrhines monkeys are "Old World Monkeys" and all fall under the Superfamily Cercopithecidae.[2] They have narrow noses, eight pre-molars and none have prehensile tails.[1] There are two Subfamilies within the Superfamily - Cercopithecinae and Colobinae.[2] There are approximately sixty species of cercopithicus monkey and about forty species of colobus monkey.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 J. Fleagle (1998). Primate Adaptation and Evolution. Academic Press: New York. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 F. Szalay and E. Delson (2001). Evolutionary History of the Primates. Academic Press, New York. 
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