Microfinance
Microfinance is a means of providing small loans to members of small groups of recipients who take collective responsibility for their repayment. It is practised in a variety of different forms in many developing countries, including Bolivia, Peru, Mexico, and Costa Rica, Nigeria, Mali, Malawi, Togo, Chile, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, and Sri Lanka; and also in some developed countries, including the United States. Many of its programmes are financed at favourable rates by charitable foundations.
Definition
The term microfinance has been applied to many of the informal sources of finance that are used by people who cannot borrow money from conventional banks. In recent practice, however, (generally adopted in this article) the term has commonly been used to denote the external supply of finance to mutually supportive groups, as distinct from borrowing by individuals and from other group arrangements (such as credit cooperatives, and rotating savings and credit associations [1]) that depend upon savings generated within the group. It is not uncommon, however, for a single group to use several informal ways of providing its members with credit.
The term is usually applied to the provision of credit, and is often referred to as "microcredit", but it is also applicable to the provision of insurance.
Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)
The best-known microfinance institution is the Grameen Bank. It was launched as the Grameen Bank Project in the village of Jobra, Bangladesh in 1976, and was given formal legal status in 1983. Borrowers own 95 percent of the total equity of the bank, and the remainder is owned by the government of Bangladesh. Loans are financed from deposits without any contributions from donors, and collateral is not required . Borrowers must belong to a five-member group, and their borrowing is monitored by the group, but responsibility repayment rests solely on the individual borrower and is not legally enforceable. It has over 8 millon borrowers, 97 per cent of whom are women.
Sponsorship and funding
Major international organizations and philanthropies, such as the World Bank, have begun funding in order to speed up the reduction in poverty levels. They appreciate that women in poor countries have little access to funding, and see microfinance as a route to gender empowerment for women in developing countries who face great social, legal, and economic obstacles.