Microfinance

Microfinance is a system of providing small loans to small groups of recipients who form mutual support network and take collective responsibility for repayment. It is practised in a variety of different forms in many developing countries, including Bolivia, Peru, Mexico, and Costa Rica, Nigeria, Mali, Malawi, Togo, Chile, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, and Sri Lanka; and also in some developed countries, including the United States. Many of its programs are financed at favourable rates by charitable foundations.

Characteristics

The lenders (Micro Finance Institutions or MFI) usually provide basic training in necessary business skills and set up peer support networks. The MFI interest rates range from 18% to 60% per year, well below the rates of local “money lenders,” who regularly charge between 120% and 300%. Many MFI also offer microinsurance packages that include life, health, and property insurance--even rainfall insurance.

Origins

Microfinance originated from credit cooperatives and Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs), but the key idea of small loans to groups without collateral began with local initiatives in Latin America and South Asia in the 1970s. By 2006 some 65 million entrepreneurs around the world have received receive small loans without collateral. The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, which was founded by 2006 Nobel Peace Laureate Dr. Muhammad Yunus, is the world’s largest and most successful MFI. It serves more than seven million clients. The Banco Sol in Bolivia, and Bank Rakyat in Indonesia have noteworthy records as well. Grameen has pioneered new lending mechanisms known as progressive lending or complementary information mechanisms. Inspired by its previous success, in 2001 the Grameen Bank launched a new program they christened the Grameen Generalized System (GSS) or Grameen Bank II. This second-generation is called the Grameen Classic System (GCS) or Grameen Bank I.

Sponsorship and funding

Major international organizations and philanthropies, such as the World Bank, have begun funding in order to speed up the reduction in poverty levels. They appreciate that women in poor countries have little access to funding, and see microfinance as a route to gender empowerment for women in developing countries who face great social, legal, and economic obstacles.