Henry Adams

Henry B. Adams (February 16, 1838 - March 27, 1918) was an American author and historian.

Birth and Education

Henry Brooks Adams was the fourth child of Charles Francis Adams Sr. and Abigail Brown Brooks, grandson of John Quincy Adams and great grandson of John Adams. He was named after Henry Brooks, his mother's favorite brother.

In 1854, as was expected, he enrolled in Harvard University. Adams later lamented these years, saying that "no one took Harvard College seriously," and that the course of study "resulted in an autobiographical blank, a mind on which only a water-mark had been stamped." Nonetheless, Adams fell in with a circle of friends who had greater impact on his development than his professors: Roony Lee (son of Robert E. Lee, Henry Hobson Richardson, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.. He was also initiated into the Hasty Pudding Club. During these last years he was active in theater and discovered a passion for books. By his junior year he also began his journalism career, writing much for the Harvard Magazine. His greatest accomplishment at Harvard was being elected "class orator," the highest honor. Adams graduated in 1858.

Germany

On the advice of James Russell Lowell, Adams decided to continue his studies abroad. He enrolled at the University of Berlin to study law but was hampered by his ignorance of German. He tried to remedy this by enrolling in a local boys' school. However, this setback only stripped Adams of motivation, and he spent most of his time frivolously. By the summer of 1860, his travels were over.

Civil War Years

Adams returned home in 1860 during both the heated presidential election and his father's bid for reelection to the US House of Representatives. He tried his hand again at law, taking employment with Judge Horace Gray's Boston firm, but this was short-lived. With his father's victory in November, Charles Francis asked Henry to be his private secretary, a familial role between father and son going back to John and John Quincy. It was a sign that Charles Francis had chosen Henry as the political scion of the Adams family. But Henry himself shouldered the responsibility reluctantly and with much self-doubt. "[I] had little to do," he reflected later, "and knew not how to do it rightly." During this time, Henry secured outside (but anonymous) employment as the Washington Correspondent for Charles Hale's Boston Advertiser. On March 19, 1861, Lincoln appointed Charles Francis Adams United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, and Henry continued as his father's private secretary. In London, Henry again sought outlet for his literary pursuits, taking employment (again anonymously) as the London correspondent for the New York Times. Henry's main concerns, as London correspondent, lay in attempting to persuade the American audience to maintain patience with the British. As his social life expanded in Britain, Adams befriended many noted men including Charles Lyell, Francis T. Palgrave, Richard Monckton Milnes, James Milnes Gaskell, and Charles Milnes Gaskell.

It was also in Britain that Henry read and was taken with the works of J. S. Mill. For Adams, Mill showed (in Consideration on Representative Government) the necessity of an enlightened, moral, and intelligent elite to provide leadership to a government elected by the masses and subject to demagoguery, ignorance, and corruption. Henry wrote to his brother Charles that Mill demonstrated to him that "democracy is still capable of rewarding a conscientious servant." His years in London showed him that as a correspondent and journalist (and not as a politician as was his family's tradition) he could best provide America with that knowledgeable and conscientious leadership.

Bibliography

Works by Henry Adams

• History of the United States of America [During the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison]. 9 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1889-91.
• The Education of Henry Adams. [Printed privately, 1906; first published with the subtitle An Autobiography.] Ed. by Henry Cabot Lodge. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1918. Many later editions.
• The Letters of Henry Adams. Ed. by Jacob C. Levenson, et al. 6 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982-88.
• Sketches for the "North American Review". Ed. by Edward Chalfant. Hamden, Conn.: Shoe String, 1986.

Biographies and secondary sources

• Chalfant, Edward. A Biography of Henry Adams. 3 vols.
  • Vol. 1: Both Sides of the Ocean: His First Life, 1838-1862. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1982.
  • Vol. 2: Better in Darkness: His Second Life, 1862-1891. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1994.
  • Vol. 3: Improvement of the World: His Last life, 1891-1918. North Haven, Conn.: Archon Books, 2001.
• Samuels, Ernest. The Young Henry Adams. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948.
• Samuels, Ernest. Henry Adams: The Middle Years. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1958.
• Samuels, Ernest. Henry Adams: The Major Phase. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964.
  • (A shortened one-volume edition:) Samuels, Ernest. Henry Adams. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1989.