Diet (weight loss): Difference between revisions

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Diets may be used in the treatment of [[obesity]].


==Descriptions of common diets==
{|align="centre" class="wikitable"
{|align="centre" class="wikitable"
|+ Descriptions of common diets
|+ Descriptions of common diets
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| [[Zone diet]] || low-carbohydrate diet<br> carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in 40:30:30 ratio
| [[Zone diet]] || low-carbohydrate diet<br> carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in 40:30:30 ratio
|}
|}
 
The [[United States of America]] [[Department of Health and Human Services]] and [[Department of Agriculture]] jointly recommend:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/recommendations.htm |title=Key Recommendations for the General Population, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2005 |format= |work= |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= |accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref>
The [[United States]] [[Department of Health and Human Services]] and [[Department of Agriculture]] jointly recommend:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/recommendations.htm |title=Key Recommendations for the General Population, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2005 |format= |work= |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= |accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref>
* "Keep total fat intake between 20 to 35 percent of calories."
* "Keep total fat intake between 20 to 35 percent of calories."
** "Consume less than 10 percent of calories from saturated fatty acids"
** "Consume less than 10 percent of calories from saturated fatty acids"
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MyPyramid.gov offer online dietary support at http://www.mypyramidtracker.gov/.
MyPyramid.gov offer online dietary support at http://www.mypyramidtracker.gov/.
==Evidence for effectiveness==
In a [[meta-analysis]] of 11 [[randomized controlled trial]]s that compared low fat versus low carbohydrate diets, low fat diets achieved greater reduction in [[low density lipoprotein]] but less weight loss and less increase in [[high density lipoprotein]].<ref name="pmid26768850">{{cite journal| author=Mansoor N, Vinknes KJ, Veierød MB, Retterstøl K| title=Effects of low-carbohydrate diets v. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. | journal=Br J Nutr | year= 2016 | volume= 115 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-79 | pmid=26768850 | doi=10.1017/S0007114515004699 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26768850  }} </ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Major [[randomized controlled trial]]s of commercial weight loss programs with outcomes at one year* using BOCF†<ref name="pmid12684357">{{cite journal|  author=Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Greenway FL, Hill JO,  Phinney SD et al.| title=Weight loss with self-help compared with a  structured commercial program: a randomized trial. | journal=JAMA |  year= 2003 | volume= 289 | issue= 14 | pages= 1792-8 | pmid=12684357 |  doi=10.1001/jama.289.14.1792 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12684357  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15632335">{{cite journal| author=Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ| title=Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2005 | volume= 293 | issue= 1 | pages= 43-53 | pmid=15632335 | doi=10.1001/jama.293.1.43 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15632335  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15833218 Review in: J Fam Pract. 2005 Apr;54(4):306] </ref> <ref name="pmid17341711">{{cite journal| author=Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR et al.| title=Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 297 | issue= 9 | pages= 969-77 | pmid=17341711 | doi=10.1001/jama.297.9.969 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17341711  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17607846 Review in: J Fam Pract. 2007 Jun;56(6):434]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17909229 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2007 Oct;12(5):138]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17905763 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2007 Oct;10(4):111] </ref> <ref name="pmid20935338">{{cite journal|  author=Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, Karanja N, Pakiz B, Thomson CA|  title=Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss  program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and  overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. | journal=JAMA | year=  2010 | volume= 304 | issue= 16 | pages= 1803-10 | pmid=20935338 |  doi=10.1001/jama.2010.1503 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20935338  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid22053315">{{cite journal| author=Jolly K, Lewis A, Beach J, Denley J, Adab P, Deeks JJ et al.| title=Comparison of range of commercial or primary care led weight reduction programmes with minimal intervention control for weight loss in obesity: Lighten Up randomised controlled trial. | journal=BMJ | year= 2011 | volume= 343 | issue=  | pages= d6500 | pmid=22053315 | doi=10.1136/bmj.d6500 | pmc=PMC3208022 | url= }} </ref> <ref name="pmid21906798">{{cite journal| author=Jebb SA, Ahern AL, Olson AD, Aston LM, Holzapfel C, Stoll J et al.| title=Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomised controlled trial. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9801 | pages= 1485-92 | pmid=21906798 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61344-5 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21906798  }} </ref>
! rowspan=2|Study!!rowspan=2| Intervention!!colspan=2|Results (kg)!!rowspan=2|Comments
|-
! Intervention!!Control
|-
|Heshka et al<ref name="pmid12684357"/><br/>2003 || Weight Watchers|| 4.3|| 1.3|| &nbsp;
|-
| Dansinger et al<ref name="pmid15632335"/><br/>2005|| Weight Watchers<br/>Others|| 3.0|| NA<br/>(no control group)|| &nbsp;
|-
| A to Z Weight Loss Study<br/>Gardner et al<ref name="pmid17341711"/><br/>2007|| Atkins<br/>Others<br/>• 2 months|| 4.7|| 2.2<br/>(Zone)|| &nbsp;
|-
| Rock et al<ref name="pmid20935338"/><br/>2010|| Jenny Craig plus center-based counseling|| 10.1|| 2.4|| 7.4 kg in intervention group after two years
|-
| Lighten Up<br/>Jolly et al<ref name="pmid22053315"/><br/>2011|| Weight Watchers<br/>Others<br/>• 3 months|| 3.5|| 2.0|| &nbsp;
|-
| Jebb et al<ref name="pmid21906798"/><br/>2011|| Weight Watchers<br/>Others<br/>• 12 months|| 4.1|| 1.8|| &nbsp;
|-
| colspan=5| * '''Excluded''' BBC diet trials which only lasted six months.<ref name="pmid16720619">{{cite journal |author=Truby H ''et al.'' |title=Randomised  controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK:  initial findings from the BBC "diet trials" |journal=BMJ |volume=332 |pages=1309-14 |year=2006 |pmid=16720619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38833.411204.80}}</ref> However, BBC noted, "higher discontinuation rates for the Atkins and Ornish diet groups."<br/>† '''BOCF'''. Baseline observation carried forward.<br/>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Randomized controlled trial]]s by the Practice-based Opportunities for Weight Reduction (POWER) Trials Collaborative Research Group. Results at two years using BOCF†.<ref name="pmid20573639">{{cite journal| author=Yeh HC, Clark JM, Emmons KE, Moore RH, Bennett GG, Warner ET et al.| title=Independent but coordinated trials: insights from the practice-based Opportunities for Weight Reduction Trials Collaborative Research Group. | journal=Clin Trials | year= 2010 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 322-32 | pmid=20573639 | doi=10.1177/1740774510374213 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20573639  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid22085317">{{cite journal| author=Appel LJ, Clark JM, Yeh HC, Wang NY, Coughlin JW, Daumit G et al.| title=Comparative Effectiveness of Weight-Loss Interventions in Clinical Practice. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=22085317 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1108660 | pmc= | url= }} </ref> <ref name="pmid22082239">{{cite journal| author=Wadden TA, Volger S, Sarwer DB, Vetter ML, Tsai AG, Berkowitz RI et al.| title=A Two-Year Randomized Trial of Obesity Treatment in Primary Care Practice. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=22082239 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1109220 | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
! rowspan=2|Study!!rowspan=2| Intervention!!colspan=2|Results at two years (kg)!!rowspan=2|Comments
|-
! Intervention!!Control
|-
| POWER-UP<br/>Appel et al<ref name="pmid22085317"/><br/>2011|| ||In person support: 5.1<br/>Remote support: 4.6||0.8 || &nbsp;
|-
| POWER-Hopkins<br/>Wadden et al<ref name="pmid22082239"/><br/>2010||Brief Lifestyle Counseling plus either meal  replacements or weight loss medication (enhanced)||Enhanced Brief  Lifestyle Counseling: 4.6<br/>Brief Lifestyle Counseling: 2.9|| 1.7|| &nbsp;
|-
| The Be Fit, Be Well (BFBW)<br/>Colditz et al<br/>[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00661817 NCT00661817] Not published|| Lifestyle Modification Program|| &nbsp;||&nbsp;|| &nbsp;
|-
| colspan=5| * '''BOCF'''. Baseline observation carried forward.<br/>
|}


Various alternative dietary approaches have been proposed, some of which have been compared by [[randomized controlled trial]]s:
Various alternative dietary approaches have been proposed, some of which have been compared by [[randomized controlled trial]]s:
* A comparison of varying fat and protein levels found no difference on weight loss.<ref name="pmid19246357">Sacks et al. Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 2009. PMID 19246357</ref> The lowest-carbohydrate group had a slightly better improvement in the HDL.
* A comparison of varying fat and protein levels found no difference on weight loss.<ref name="pmid19246357">Sacks et al. Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 2009. PMID 19246357</ref> The lowest-carbohydrate group had a slightly better improvement in the HDL.
* A comparison of [[Atkins diet|Dr Atkins' diet]], [[Slim-Fast]] plan, [[Weight Watchers]] "pure points programme", and [[Rosemary Conley]]'s found no significant differences.<ref name="pmid16720619">{{cite journal |author=Truby H ''et al.'' |title=Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC "diet trials" |journal=BMJ |volume=332 |pages=1309-14 |year=2006 |pmid=16720619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38833.411204.80}}</ref>
* A comparison of Atkins, [[Zone diet]], [[Ornish diet]], and [[LEARN diet]] in ''premenopausal women'' found the greatest benefit from the [[Atkins diet]].<ref name="pmid17341711">{{cite journal |author=Gardner CD ''et al'' |title=Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial |journal=JAMA |volume=297  |pages=969-77 |year=2007 |pmid=17341711 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.9.969}}</ref>
* A comparison of [[Atkins diet]], [[Zone diet]], [[Weight Watchers]], and [[Ornish diet]] noted:<ref name="pmid15632335">{{cite journal |author=Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ |title=Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=1 |pages=43-53 |year=2005 |pmid=15632335 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.1.43}}</ref>
: "all 4 diets resulted in modest statistically significant weight loss at 1 year, with no statistically significant differences between diets"
: "The higher discontinuation rates for the Atkins and Ornish diet groups suggest many individuals found these diets to be too extreme"
* A comparison of three diets: 1) low-fat, restricted-calorie; 2) Mediterranean, restricted-calorie; or 3) low-carbohydrate, non-restricted-calorie found:<ref name="pmid18635428">{{cite journal |author=Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, ''et al'' |title=Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=359 |issue=3 |pages=229–41 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18635428 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0708681 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=18635428&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref>
** ''Least weight'' loss occurred in the low-fat, restricted-calorie group
** More favorable effects on lipids with the low-carbohydrate diet
** More favorable effects on glycemic control with the Mediterranean diet
Weight Watchers may be more effective than self-help.<ref name="pmid12684357">{{cite journal| author=Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Greenway FL, Hill JO, Phinney SD et al.| title=Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2003 | volume= 289 | issue= 14 | pages= 1792-8 | pmid=12684357 | doi=10.1001/jama.289.14.1792 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12684357  }} </ref>
Jenny Craig may be effective.<ref name="pmid20935338">{{cite journal| author=Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, Karanja N, Pakiz B, Thomson CA| title=Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2010 | volume= 304 | issue= 16 | pages= 1803-10 | pmid=20935338 | doi=10.1001/jama.2010.1503 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20935338  }} </ref>


====Carbohydrate-restricted (low carbohydrate) versus fat-restricted (low fat) diets====
===Carbohydrate-restricted (low carbohydrate) versus fat-restricted (low fat) diets===
Many studies have focused on diets that reduce calories via a low-carbohydrate ([[Atkins diet]], [[South Beach diet]],  [[Zone diet]]) diet (< 20-30 grams/day of carbohydrate) versus a low-fat diet ([[LEARN diet]], [[Ornish diet]]). The [[Nurses' Health Study]], an observational [[cohort study]], found that low carbohydrate diets based on vegetable sources of fat and protein are associated with less [[coronary heart disease]].<ref name="pmid17093250">{{cite journal |author=Halton TL ''et al.'' |title=Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=355 |pages=1991-2002 |year=2006 |pmid=17093250 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa055317}}</ref>
Many studies have focused on diets that reduce calories via a low-carbohydrate ([[Atkins diet]], [[South Beach diet]],  [[Zone diet]]) diet (< 20-30 grams/day of carbohydrate) versus a low-fat diet ([[LEARN diet]], [[Ornish diet]]). The [[Nurses' Health Study]], an observational [[cohort study]], found that low carbohydrate diets based on vegetable sources of fat and protein are associated with less [[coronary heart disease]].<ref name="pmid17093250">{{cite journal |author=Halton TL ''et al.'' |title=Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=355 |pages=1991-2002 |year=2006 |pmid=17093250 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa055317}}</ref>


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In other [[randomized controlled trial]]s, a comparison of Atkins, [[Zone diet]], [[Ornish diet]], and [[LEARN diet]] in ''premenopausal women'' found the greatest benefit from the [[Atkins diet]].<ref name="pmid17341711">{{cite journal |author=Gardner CD ''et al.'' |title=Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial |journal=JAMA |volume=297  |pages=969-77 |year=2007 |pmid=17341711 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.9.969}}</ref>
In other [[randomized controlled trial]]s, a comparison of Atkins, [[Zone diet]], [[Ornish diet]], and [[LEARN diet]] in ''premenopausal women'' found the greatest benefit from the [[Atkins diet]].<ref name="pmid17341711">{{cite journal |author=Gardner CD ''et al.'' |title=Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial |journal=JAMA |volume=297  |pages=969-77 |year=2007 |pmid=17341711 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.9.969}}</ref>


The choice of diet for a specific person may be influenced by measuring the invididual's insulin secretion:
The choice of diet for a specific person may be influenced by measuring the individual's insulin secretion:
:In [[young adults]] "Reducing glycemic [carbohydrate] load may be especially important to achieve weight loss among individuals with high insulin secretion."<ref name="pmid17507345">{{cite journal |author=Ebbeling CB ''et al.''|title=Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial |journal=JAMA |volume=297  |pages=2092-102 |year=2007 |pmid=17507345 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.19.2092}}</ref> This is consistent with prior studies of diabetic patients in which low carbohydrate diets were more beneficial.<ref name="pmid15148064">{{cite journal |author=Stern ''et al.'' |title=The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=140|pages=778–85 |year=2004 |pmid=15148064 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7848401">{{cite journal |author=Garg A ''et al.'' |title=Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |journal=JAMA |volume=271 |pages=1421–8 |year=1994 |pmid=7848401 |doi=}}</ref>
:In [[young adults]] "Reducing glycemic [carbohydrate] load may be especially important to achieve weight loss among individuals with high insulin secretion."<ref name="pmid17507345">{{cite journal |author=Ebbeling CB ''et al.''|title=Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial |journal=JAMA |volume=297  |pages=2092-102 |year=2007 |pmid=17507345 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.19.2092}}</ref> This is consistent with prior studies of diabetic patients in which low carbohydrate diets were more beneficial.<ref name="pmid15148064">{{cite journal |author=Stern ''et al.'' |title=The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=140|pages=778–85 |year=2004 |pmid=15148064 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7848401">{{cite journal |author=Garg A ''et al.'' |title=Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |journal=JAMA |volume=271 |pages=1421–8 |year=1994 |pmid=7848401 |doi=}}</ref>


====Low glycemic index and low glycemic load diets====
===Low glycemic index and low glycemic load diets===
{{main|glycemic index}}
{{main|glycemic index}}
A [[meta-analysis]] by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] concluded that low [[glycemic index]] or low glycemic load diets led to more weight loss and better lipid profiles. ''However'', the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] grouped low glycemic index and low glycemic load diets together and did not try to separate the effects of the load versus the index.<ref name="pmid17636786">{{cite journal |author=Thomas DE, Elliott E, Baur L |title=Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume=  |pages=CD005105 |year=2007 |pmid=17636786 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2}}</ref>
A [[meta-analysis]] by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] concluded that low [[glycemic index]] or low glycemic load diets led to more weight loss and better lipid profiles. ''However'', the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] grouped low glycemic index and low glycemic load diets together and did not try to separate the effects of the load versus the index.<ref name="pmid17636786">{{cite journal |author=Thomas DE, Elliott E, Baur L |title=Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume=  |pages=CD005105 |year=2007 |pmid=17636786 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2}}</ref>
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Diets 2 and 3 lost the most weight and fat mass; however, low density lipoprotein fell in Diet 2 and rose in Diet 3. Thus the authors concluded that the high-carbohydrate, low-glycemic index  diet was the most favorable.
Diets 2 and 3 lost the most weight and fat mass; however, low density lipoprotein fell in Diet 2 and rose in Diet 3. Thus the authors concluded that the high-carbohydrate, low-glycemic index  diet was the most favorable.


====High versus standard protein====
===High versus standard protein===
There was no difference from amount of [[protein]] according to a [[randomized controlled trial]].<ref name="pmid18752682">{{cite journal |author=Treyzon L, Chen S, Hong K, ''et al'' |title=A controlled trial of protein enrichment of meal replacements for weight reduction with retention of lean body mass |journal=Nutr J |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=23 |year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18752682 |doi=10.1186/1475-2891-7-23 |url=http://www.nutritionj.com/content/7/1/23 |issn=}}</ref>
There was no difference from amount of [[protein]] according to a [[randomized controlled trial]].<ref name="pmid18752682">{{cite journal |author=Treyzon L, Chen S, Hong K, ''et al'' |title=A controlled trial of protein enrichment of meal replacements for weight reduction with retention of lean body mass |journal=Nutr J |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=23 |year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18752682 |doi=10.1186/1475-2891-7-23 |url=http://www.nutritionj.com/content/7/1/23 |issn=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
<references/>
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 11:52, 2 February 2023

This article is developing and not approved.
 Main Article
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https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Diet_(weight_loss)&printable=yes
This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

Diets may be used in the treatment of obesity.

Descriptions of common diets

Descriptions of common diets
Diet Description
American Heart Association diet[1] low fat
Dr Atkins' diet Carbohydrate-restricted
initially < 20 g of carbohydrate daily, subsequently 50 g/day
LEARN diet low fat
Mediterranean diet[2] moderate-fat (<35% of calories) emphasizing monounsaturated fats
Ornish diet vegetarian, low fat
Rosemary Conley low-fat and social support
Slim-Fast plan low glycemic index
SouthBeach diet plan Carbohydrate-restricted; meal replacement
Weight Watchers balanced diet with social support
Zone diet low-carbohydrate diet
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in 40:30:30 ratio

The United States of America Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Agriculture jointly recommend:[3]

  • "Keep total fat intake between 20 to 35 percent of calories."
    • "Consume less than 10 percent of calories from saturated fatty acids"
    • "Less than 300 mg/day of cholesterol"
    • "Keep trans fatty acid consumption as low as possible"
  • "The Average Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is 45 to 65 percent of total calories."
    • "The recommended dietary fiber intake is 14 grams per 1,000 calories consumed."

MyPyramid.gov offer online dietary support at http://www.mypyramidtracker.gov/.

Evidence for effectiveness

In a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials that compared low fat versus low carbohydrate diets, low fat diets achieved greater reduction in low density lipoprotein but less weight loss and less increase in high density lipoprotein.[4]

Major randomized controlled trials of commercial weight loss programs with outcomes at one year* using BOCF†[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
Study Intervention Results (kg) Comments
Intervention Control
Heshka et al[5]
2003		 Weight Watchers 4.3 1.3  
Dansinger et al[6]
2005		 Weight Watchers
Others		 3.0 NA
(no control group)		  
A to Z Weight Loss Study
Gardner et al[7]
2007		 Atkins
Others
• 2 months		 4.7 2.2
(Zone)		  
Rock et al[8]
2010		 Jenny Craig plus center-based counseling 10.1 2.4 7.4 kg in intervention group after two years
Lighten Up
Jolly et al[9]
2011		 Weight Watchers
Others
• 3 months		 3.5 2.0  
Jebb et al[10]
2011		 Weight Watchers
Others
• 12 months		 4.1 1.8  
* Excluded BBC diet trials which only lasted six months.[11] However, BBC noted, "higher discontinuation rates for the Atkins and Ornish diet groups."
† BOCF. Baseline observation carried forward.
Randomized controlled trials by the Practice-based Opportunities for Weight Reduction (POWER) Trials Collaborative Research Group. Results at two years using BOCF†.[12] [13] [14]
Study Intervention Results at two years (kg) Comments
Intervention Control
POWER-UP
Appel et al[13]
2011		 In person support: 5.1
Remote support: 4.6		 0.8  
POWER-Hopkins
Wadden et al[14]
2010		 Brief Lifestyle Counseling plus either meal replacements or weight loss medication (enhanced) Enhanced Brief Lifestyle Counseling: 4.6
Brief Lifestyle Counseling: 2.9		 1.7  
The Be Fit, Be Well (BFBW)
Colditz et al
NCT00661817 Not published		 Lifestyle Modification Program      
* BOCF. Baseline observation carried forward.


Various alternative dietary approaches have been proposed, some of which have been compared by randomized controlled trials:

  • A comparison of varying fat and protein levels found no difference on weight loss.[15] The lowest-carbohydrate group had a slightly better improvement in the HDL.

Carbohydrate-restricted (low carbohydrate) versus fat-restricted (low fat) diets

Many studies have focused on diets that reduce calories via a low-carbohydrate (Atkins diet, South Beach diet, Zone diet) diet (< 20-30 grams/day of carbohydrate) versus a low-fat diet (LEARN diet, Ornish diet). The Nurses' Health Study, an observational cohort study, found that low carbohydrate diets based on vegetable sources of fat and protein are associated with less coronary heart disease.[16]

A comparison of three diets: 1) low-fat, restricted-calorie; 2) Mediterranean, restricted-calorie; or 3) low-carbohydrate, non-restricted-calorie found:[17]

  • Least weight loss occurred in the low-fat, restricted-calorie group
  • More favorable effects on lipids with the low-carbohydrate diet
  • More favorable effects on glycemic control with the Mediterranean diet

A meta-analysis that included older randomized controlled trials[18][19][6] (but not the two more recent studies above) found:[20]

"low-carbohydrate, non-energy-restricted diets appear to be at least as effective as low-fat, energy-restricted diets in inducing weight loss for up to 1 year. However, potential favorable changes in triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values should be weighed against potential unfavorable changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values when low-carbohydrate diets to induce weight loss are considered."

An older meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration in 2002 concluded[21] that fat-restricted diets are no better than calorie restricted diets in achieving long term weight loss in overweight or obese people.

The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial[22] found that a diet of total fat to 20% of energy and increasing consumption of vegetables and fruit to at least 5 servings daily and grains to at least 6 servings daily:

  • no reduction in cardiovascular disease[23]
  • an insignificant reduction in invasive breast cancer[24]
  • no reductions in colorectal cancer[25]

In other randomized controlled trials, a comparison of Atkins, Zone diet, Ornish diet, and LEARN diet in premenopausal women found the greatest benefit from the Atkins diet.[7]

The choice of diet for a specific person may be influenced by measuring the individual's insulin secretion:

In young adults "Reducing glycemic [carbohydrate] load may be especially important to achieve weight loss among individuals with high insulin secretion."[26] This is consistent with prior studies of diabetic patients in which low carbohydrate diets were more beneficial.[27][28]

Low glycemic index and low glycemic load diets

For more information, see: glycemic index.

A meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that low glycemic index or low glycemic load diets led to more weight loss and better lipid profiles. However, the Cochrane Collaboration grouped low glycemic index and low glycemic load diets together and did not try to separate the effects of the load versus the index.[29]

A randomized controlled trial that compared four diets that varied in carbohydrate amount and glycemic index found complicated results[30]:

  • Diet 1 and 2 were high carbohydrate (55% of total energy intake)
    • Diet 1 was high-glycemic index
    • Diet 2 was low-glycemic index
  • Diet 3 and 4 were high protein (25% of total energy intake)
    • Diet 3 was high-glycemic index
    • Diet 4 was low-glycemic index

Diets 2 and 3 lost the most weight and fat mass; however, low density lipoprotein fell in Diet 2 and rose in Diet 3. Thus the authors concluded that the high-carbohydrate, low-glycemic index diet was the most favorable.

High versus standard protein

There was no difference from amount of protein according to a randomized controlled trial.[31]

References

  1. ↑ Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al (October 2000). "AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association". Circulation 102 (18): 2284–99. PMID 11056107. [e]
  2. ↑ (2005) Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy : The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. New York: Free Press. LCC RA784 .W635. ISBN 0-7432-6642-0. 
  3. ↑ Key Recommendations for the General Population, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. United States Department of Agriculture (2005). Retrieved on 2008-07-01.
  4. ↑ Mansoor N, Vinknes KJ, Veierød MB, Retterstøl K (2016). "Effects of low-carbohydrate diets v. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.". Br J Nutr 115 (3): 466-79. DOI:10.1017/S0007114515004699. PMID 26768850. Research Blogging.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Greenway FL, Hill JO, Phinney SD et al. (2003). "Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial.". JAMA 289 (14): 1792-8. DOI:10.1001/jama.289.14.1792. PMID 12684357. Research Blogging.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ (2005). "Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial.". JAMA 293 (1): 43-53. DOI:10.1001/jama.293.1.43. PMID 15632335. Research Blogging. Review in: J Fam Pract. 2005 Apr;54(4):306
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR et al. (2007). "Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial.". JAMA 297 (9): 969-77. DOI:10.1001/jama.297.9.969. PMID 17341711. Research Blogging. Review in: J Fam Pract. 2007 Jun;56(6):434 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2007 Oct;12(5):138 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2007 Oct;10(4):111 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid17341711" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, Karanja N, Pakiz B, Thomson CA (2010). "Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial.". JAMA 304 (16): 1803-10. DOI:10.1001/jama.2010.1503. PMID 20935338. Research Blogging.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jolly K, Lewis A, Beach J, Denley J, Adab P, Deeks JJ et al. (2011). "Comparison of range of commercial or primary care led weight reduction programmes with minimal intervention control for weight loss in obesity: Lighten Up randomised controlled trial.". BMJ 343: d6500. DOI:10.1136/bmj.d6500. PMID 22053315. PMC PMC3208022. Research Blogging.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Jebb SA, Ahern AL, Olson AD, Aston LM, Holzapfel C, Stoll J et al. (2011). "Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomised controlled trial.". Lancet 378 (9801): 1485-92. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61344-5. PMID 21906798. Research Blogging.
  11. ↑ Truby H et al. (2006). "Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC "diet trials"". BMJ 332: 1309-14. DOI:10.1136/bmj.38833.411204.80. PMID 16720619. Research Blogging.
  12. ↑ Yeh HC, Clark JM, Emmons KE, Moore RH, Bennett GG, Warner ET et al. (2010). "Independent but coordinated trials: insights from the practice-based Opportunities for Weight Reduction Trials Collaborative Research Group.". Clin Trials 7 (4): 322-32. DOI:10.1177/1740774510374213. PMID 20573639. Research Blogging.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Appel LJ, Clark JM, Yeh HC, Wang NY, Coughlin JW, Daumit G et al. (2011). "Comparative Effectiveness of Weight-Loss Interventions in Clinical Practice.". N Engl J Med. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1108660. PMID 22085317. Research Blogging.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Wadden TA, Volger S, Sarwer DB, Vetter ML, Tsai AG, Berkowitz RI et al. (2011). "A Two-Year Randomized Trial of Obesity Treatment in Primary Care Practice.". N Engl J Med. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1109220. PMID 22082239. Research Blogging.
  15. ↑ Sacks et al. Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 2009. PMID 19246357
  16. ↑ Halton TL et al. (2006). "Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women". N Engl J Med 355: 1991-2002. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa055317. PMID 17093250. Research Blogging.
  17. ↑ Shai I et al. (2008). "Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet". N Engl J Med 359: 229–41. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0708681. PMID 18635428. Research Blogging.
  18. ↑ Samaha FF et al. (2003). "A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity". N Engl J Med 348: 2074–81. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa022637. PMID 12761364. Research Blogging.
  19. ↑ Foster GD et al. (2003). "A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity". N Engl J Med 348: 2082–90. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa022207. PMID 12761365. Research Blogging.
  20. ↑ Nordmann AJ et al. (2006). "Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Arch Intern Med 166: 285-93. DOI:10.1001/archinte.166.3.285. PMID 16476868. Research Blogging.
  21. ↑ Pirozzo S et al. (2002). "Advice on low-fat diets for obesity". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online): CD003640. PMID 12076496. [e]
  22. ↑ Howard BV et al. (2006). "Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial". JAMA 295: 39-49. DOI:10.1001/jama.295.1.39. PMID 16391215. Research Blogging.
  23. ↑ Howard BV et al. (2006). "Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial". JAMA 295: 655-66. DOI:10.1001/jama.295.6.655. PMID 16467234. Research Blogging.
  24. ↑ Prentice RL et al. (2006). "Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial". JAMA 295 (6): 629-42. DOI:10.1001/jama.295.6.629. PMID 16467232. Research Blogging.
  25. ↑ Beresford SA et al. (2006). "Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial". JAMA 295: 643-54. DOI:10.1001/jama.295.6.643. PMID 16467233. Research Blogging.
  26. ↑ Ebbeling CB et al. (2007). "Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial". JAMA 297: 2092-102. DOI:10.1001/jama.297.19.2092. PMID 17507345. Research Blogging.
  27. ↑ Stern et al. (2004). "The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial". Ann Intern Med 140: 778–85. PMID 15148064. [e]
  28. ↑ Garg A et al. (1994). "Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus". JAMA 271: 1421–8. PMID 7848401. [e]
  29. ↑ Thomas DE, Elliott E, Baur L (2007). "Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online): CD005105. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2. PMID 17636786. Research Blogging.
  30. ↑ McMillan-Price J et al. (2006). "Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial". Arch Intern Med 166: 1466-75. DOI:10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466. PMID 16864756. Research Blogging.
  31. ↑ Treyzon L, Chen S, Hong K, et al (August 2008). "A controlled trial of protein enrichment of meal replacements for weight reduction with retention of lean body mass". Nutr J 7 (1): 23. DOI:10.1186/1475-2891-7-23. PMID 18752682. Research Blogging.
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