DNA/Timelines

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A timeline (or several) relating to DNA.
1866: Gregor Mendel identifies inheritance "factors" in pea plants.
1869: Friedrich Miescher isolates “nuclein” (DNA) from infected wounds.
1900: Karl Correns, Hugo de Vries and Erich von Tschermak independently rediscover Mendel's laws.
1910: Thomas Hunt Morgan proposed a theory of sex-linked inheritance for the first mutation discovered in the fruit fly, Drosophila, white eye.
1913: Morgan and Alfred Sturtevant propose principle of gene linkage leading to the first genetic map.
1927: Hermann J. Muller Used x-rays to cause artificial gene mutations in Drosophila.
1928: Frederick Griffith demonstrates a "transforming factor" that can transmit the ability of bacteria to cause pneumonia in mice.
1929: Phoebus Levene describes building blocks of DNA, including four types of base A,C, T, and G.
1931: Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock Demonstrated the cytological proof for crossing-over in maize.
1941: George Beadle and Edward Tatum prove that a gene can produce its effect by regulating particular enzymes.
1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty purified the transforming factor proposed in Griffith's experiment and show it is not protein, but DNA.
Late 1940s: Barbara McClintock developed the hypothesis of transposable elements.
1950:
1951: Rosalind Franklin created a high quality X-ray diffraction photograph to reveal more detail of the repeating structure of DNA.
1953: Francis Crick and James Watson deduce the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule using a combination of experimental data and model building.
1958
1966: Marshall Nirenberg and Gobind Khorana crack the genetic code linking the DNA sequence of nucleotides to the protein sequence of amino acid residues.
1967: Discovery of DNA ligase.
1969: FISH
1970:
1972: Paul Berg creates the first recombinant DNA molecules, using restriction enzymes. This technology will be the beginning of the biotechnology industry.
1973:
1975:
1976: Herbert Boyer cofounds Genentech, the first firm founded in the United States to apply recombinant DNA technology
1977: Frederick Sanger, Allan Maxam, and Walter Gilbert developed the chain termination (dideoxy) method for sequencing DNA.
1978: Somatostatin, which regulates human growth hormones, is the first human protein made using recombinant technology.
1981: Three independent research teams announced the discovery of human oncogenes (cancer genes).
1983: James Gusella demonstrate that the Huntington's disease gene is on chromosome 4.
1985:
  • Kary Mullis published a paper describing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technique to amplify specific DNA sequences from minutes quantities of starting material.
  • Alec Jeffreys devised a technique that uses DNA polymorphisms to distinguish between different individuals. He later coined the term DNA fingerprinting and this is now impotant for many paternity, immigration, and murder cases.
1986: Leroy Hood and Lloyd Smith automate DNA sequencing with the goal of sequencing whole genomes.
1987: US DOE officially begins human genome project.
1990:
  • BLAST algorithm developed to align DNA sequences and is the key to comparative genomics.
  • The first occurance of gene replacement therapy to repair a defective ADA gene in a four year old girls T-cells.
1993: FlavrSavr tomatoes are the first genetically modified organisms to be marketed. They were engineered to ripen more slowly for longer shelf life.
1995:
1998: NIH begins the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) project to reveal human genetic variation.
1999: First human chromosome sequence published.
2000: Fruit fly genome sequenced using Celera’s whole-genome shotgun method.
2001: Science and Nature publish annotations and analyses of human genome.
2005: HapMap published giving a huge resource of SNP's and information relating to human variation.