Circadian rhythms and appetite/Bibliography

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Mendoza J. & Challet E. (2009) Brain Clocks: From the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei to a Cerebral Network. The Neuroscientist 15: 5 (“The daily variations of physiology and behavior are controlled by a highly complex system comprising of a master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, extra-SCN cerebral clocks, and peripheral oscillators…. pathophysiological alterations of internal timing that are deleterious for health may result from internal desynchronization within the network of cerebral clocks.”)

Escobar C. et. al (2009) Peripheral oscillators: the driving force for food-anticipatory Activity. European Journal of Neuroscience, 30: 1665–1675 (“In this review, which is aimed especially at discussing the contribution of the peripheral oscillators, we have put together the accumulating evidence that the clock gene machinery as we know it today is not sufficient to explain food entrainment… food entrainment is initiated by a repeated metabolic state of scarcity that drives an oscillating network of brain nuclei in interaction with peripheral oscillators.”)

Mistleberger E. & Marchant E. (1999) Enhanced Food-Anticipatory Circadian Rhythms in the Genetically obese Zucker Rat. Physiology & Behaviour 66(2): 329-335 (“…the central actions of leptin may mediate the inhibitory effects of obesity on the expression of food-anticipatory rhythms in rats, but do not mediate the inhibitory effects of ad lib food access, and do not serve as necessary internal entrainment cues or clock components for the food entrainable circadian system.”)

Mendoza J. (2006) Circadian Clocks: Setting Time by Food. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 19: 127-137 (“…the reward and motivational value of food can also be a potent synchroniser for the SCN clock. This suggests that energy metabolism and motivational properties of food can influence the clock mechanism of the SCN.")

Gimble J.M. et. al (2009) Circadian biology and sleep: missing links in obesity and metabolism? Obesity Reviews, 10(suppl 2):1-5 (This is a good review, highlighting “…circadian biology at the basic and clinical levels in the context of nutrition, obesity and sleep medicine… questions presented by the changing interface between technology, lifestyle and biological rhythms.”)

Rennie K.L. & Jebb S.A. (2005) Prevalence of obesity in Great Britain. Obesity Reviews, 6:11-12 (“Since 1980 the prevalence of obesity in Great Britain in adults has almost trebled.”)

Spiegel K. et. al (2004) Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141:846-50. (“Sleep restriction was associated with average reductions in the anorexigenic hormone leptin (decrease, 18%; P = 0.04), elevations in the orexigenic factor ghrelin (increase, 28%; P < 0.04), and increased hunger (increase, 24%; P < 0.01) and appetite (increase, 23%; P = 0.01)… Short sleep duration in young, healthy men is associated with decreased leptin levels, increased ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite.”)

Taheri S. et. al (2004) Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Medicine, 1(3):e62. (“…Participants underwent nocturnal polysomnography and reported on their sleep habits through questionnaires and sleep diaries. Following polysomnography, morning, fasted blood samples were evaluated for serum leptin and ghrelin, two key opposing hormones in appetite regulation… Relationships among these measures, BMI, and sleep duration (habitual and immediately prior to blood sampling) were examined… A U-shaped curvilinear association between sleep duration and BMI was observed… Participants with short sleep had reduced leptin and elevated ghrelin. These differences in leptin and ghrelin are likely to increase appetite, possibly explaining the increased BMI observed with short sleep duration…”)