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Anthropology<ref>'''Etymology:''' The word "anthropology" is formed by combining two [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words "anthropos" ("human") and "logia" ("study").</ref> is the holistic study of humankind. It studies all human life in all geographic regions of all time periods, from its evolution as ''Homo sapiens'' to its diverse manifestations within [[culture]]s and [[society|societies]] both past and present.  Since recorded history, people have sought answers to such probing questions as ''Who are we?  How have we come to be as we are?  How can diverse peoples peaceably co-exist?'' and ''What might the past and present tell us about our future?'' Anthropology seeks to answer these and many other fundamentally humanistic questions.  
Anthropology<ref>'''Etymology:''' The word "anthropology" is formed by combining two [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words "anthropos" ("human") and "logia" ("study").</ref> is the holistic study of humankind. It studies all human life in all geographic regions of all time periods, from its evolution as ''Homo sapiens'' to its diverse manifestations within [[culture]]s and [[society|societies]] both past and present.  Since recorded history, people have sought answers to such probing questions as ''Who are we?  How have we come to be as we are?  How can diverse peoples peaceably co-exist?'' and ''What might the past and present tell us about our future?'' Anthropology seeks to answer these and many other fundamentally humanistic questions.  


Anthropology employs both [[qualitative research|qualitative]] and [[quantitative research|quantitative]] research methods within its numerous sub-disciplines. Common to all anthropologists is the method of ''fieldwork''. A ''physical anthropologist'' may dig pre-historic sites in Central Africa to discover clues about humankind's origins and early migration patterns, while an ''applied anthropologist'' plays games with inner-city Chicago schoolchildren to advise administrators on how to create conflict-reducing after-school programs.  A ''socio-cultural anthropologist'' may live in a hut among Haitian peasants to learn the meanings of their unique rituals and political economy, while a ''linguistic anthropologist'' interacts with modern Chamorro language speakers at a barbecue to discover clues about the people group's most ancient origins.  Within each of these and the myriad of other ways and places in which anthropologists day-by-day research, they seek answers to benefit humankind.  Anthropology has been described as "the reformer's science", and "the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities".
Anthropology employs both [[qualitative research|qualitative]] and [[quantitative research|quantitative]] research methods within its numerous sub-disciplines. Common to all anthropologists is the method of ''fieldwork''. A ''physical anthropologist'' may dig sites in Central Africa to discover clues about humankind's origins and early migration patterns, while an ''applied anthropologist'' plays games with inner-city Chicago schoolchildren to advise administrators on how to create conflict-reducing after-school programs.  A ''socio-cultural anthropologist'' may live among Haitian peasants to learn the meanings of their unique rituals and political economy, while a ''linguistic anthropologist'' learns modern Chamorro language usage for clues about the people group's most ancient origins.  Within each of these and the myriad of other areas in which anthropologists day-to-day research, they seek answers to benefit humankind.  Anthropology has been described as "the reformer's science", and "the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities".


==The development of anthropology==
==The development of anthropology==
Although humans have probably always studied other humans, anthropology as an academic discipline found its roots in the [[Enlightenment]] and largely began as an extension of the work of anatomists and others who studied the human body. They sought to understand humans through measurements of the body such as [[cephalic index]].
Although humans have probably always studied other humans, anthropology as an academic discipline found its roots in the [[Enlightenment]] and began to gain momentum during the first half of the 19th century.
 
Museum anthropology
 
The field began to gain momentum during the second half of the 19th century following publications by [[Herbert Spencer]] and [[Charles Darwin]] that offered a new way to look at the origins of humankind and the many facets of human cultures. (Evolutionism)
 
Franz Boas
 
Functionalism
 
Structuralism


==The many facets of anthropology==
==The many facets of anthropology==


===Sub-disciplines===
===Sub-disciplines===
Anthropology in the United States is traditionally divided according to the four field approach.  The fields include archaeology, physical or biological anthropology, socio-cultural anthropology and linguistic anthropology.  Each sub-discipline approaches the study of humans from a slightly different perspective, and they come together to give a more holistic understanding of ourselves than any one of them could provide individually.
;Archeology
 
;Physical anthropology  
====Archaeology====
;Socio-cultural anthropology
Archaeology has been called "the past tense of anthropology."<ref>Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn. (2004) Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice. ISBN 0-500-28441-5</ref> It studies human remains as a way to understand the people who created those remains.  This includes mapping settlement patterns, economic structures, religious institutions, dietary regimens, art forms, people's interactions with their environments and much more.
;Linguistics anthropology
 
;Applied anthropology
====Physical anthropology====
Physical or biological anthropology studies the human as a biological species.
 
====Socio-cultural anthropology====
Socio-cultural anthropology is the branch of anthropology that is most often associated with the term "anthropology." It studies the abstract structures that help people to better understand the world around them and to interact with each other and their environment.  This branch studies kinship structures, subsistence strategies, religious and cosmological beliefs,
 
====Linguistic anthropology====
Linguistic anthropology studies people through their use of language. This includes studies of oral expression, manual languages such as [[American Sign Language]], and various forms of nonverbal communication like smiles and waves.  Linguistic anthropologists research the meaning that is created by these different types of communication as well as the context in which that meaning is created. They seek to learn what the differences are between the language that different people use in similar situations as well as the variations in the language that a single person uses in different situations.<ref>Nancy Bonvillian. (2003) Language, Culture, and Communication: The Meaning of Messages, Fourth Edition. ISBN 0-13-097953-8.</ref>
 
[[Edward Sapir]] and [[Benjamin Whorf]] are widely cited as the most important figures in this field, due to the theory that became known as the [[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]]. This theory comes in two forms: strong linguistic determinism and weak linguistic determinism.  The "strong" formulation says that the way that a person thinks is completely dependent on the language that the individual speaks.  The "weak" version claims that a person's thoughts are merely influenced (though they may be influenced rather strongly) by the person's language. This second version of linguistic determinism is a major assumption in much of the research that is conducted in the field of linguistic anthropology whereas the "strong" version is more often rejected for being too exacting.
 
Linguistic Anthropology is closely connected to the fields of [[anthropological linguistics]], which studies language through the biological human and [[sociolinguistics]], which studies the ways that societal structures influence language use.
 
====Applied anthropology====
Applied anthropology is not one of the four traditional sub-disciplines of anthropology, but it plays an important part in our study of humans through the unique approach that it takes toward its subject.  This field draws on the knowledge that is gained through other approaches to anthropology and applies the results as a way to expand upon them.


===Successes of anthropology===
===Successes of anthropology===
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==Notes and links==
==Notes and links==
[[Category:Anthropology Workgroup]]

Revision as of 20:46, 24 September 2007

Anthropology[1] is the holistic study of humankind. It studies all human life in all geographic regions of all time periods, from its evolution as Homo sapiens to its diverse manifestations within cultures and societies both past and present. Since recorded history, people have sought answers to such probing questions as Who are we? How have we come to be as we are? How can diverse peoples peaceably co-exist? and What might the past and present tell us about our future? Anthropology seeks to answer these and many other fundamentally humanistic questions.

Anthropology employs both qualitative and quantitative research methods within its numerous sub-disciplines. Common to all anthropologists is the method of fieldwork. A physical anthropologist may dig sites in Central Africa to discover clues about humankind's origins and early migration patterns, while an applied anthropologist plays games with inner-city Chicago schoolchildren to advise administrators on how to create conflict-reducing after-school programs. A socio-cultural anthropologist may live among Haitian peasants to learn the meanings of their unique rituals and political economy, while a linguistic anthropologist learns modern Chamorro language usage for clues about the people group's most ancient origins. Within each of these and the myriad of other areas in which anthropologists day-to-day research, they seek answers to benefit humankind. Anthropology has been described as "the reformer's science", and "the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities".

The development of anthropology

Although humans have probably always studied other humans, anthropology as an academic discipline found its roots in the Enlightenment and began to gain momentum during the first half of the 19th century.

The many facets of anthropology

Sub-disciplines

Archeology
Physical anthropology
Socio-cultural anthropology
Linguistics anthropology
Applied anthropology

Successes of anthropology

Controversy

The continuing story

The postmodern challenge

References

  1. ↑ Etymology: The word "anthropology" is formed by combining two Greek words "anthropos" ("human") and "logia" ("study").

Notes and links

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