Smart home
The phrase smart home refers to a hodge-podge of home automation products for voice recognition, lighting, keyless door entry, security cameras, sensors (for temperature, motion, water, etc.), on/off switches, thermostats, TV's and streaming devices, smoke detectors, robotic vacuum cleaners, lawn watering systems, and many more. What makes such devices "smart" in this case means there is wireless control and monitoring, whether the device is powered by the electrical grid or by battery. Smart devices contain tiny microprocessors and some kind of radio for wireless communications. Collectively, all the smart devices in one home make up what is called the Internet of Things (IoT) for a given consumer. Today, homes may contain dozens or even hundreds of such small devices, and consumers may enjoy their benefits while knowing little about how these devices work, or even realizing that they are present.
See also Smart car and Car hacking.
Requires Wi-Fi and a smartphone or tablet
Home Wi-Fi and a smartphone or tablet are required for use of most smart home technology. At present, consumers must make sure that the smart device they wish to use is specified to be compatible whichever phone/tablet operating system they use (Apple vs. Android). Note that there are many examples of wireless and automated devices in the home which do NOT require either Wi-Fi or a smart phone and thus are not considered to be "smart home" devices. Examples of non-smart-home devices are a wireless doorbell, a battery-operated wildlife camera with Bluetooth file transfer to a computer, or a programmable thermostat that is programmed on the device itself and does not require Wi-Fi. Such devices may have microprocessors in them but have no internet connections, no need for a logon account, and do not present the same sort of target for possible hacking that smart home devices do.
A jungle of incompatible and competing products
Since there were no standards originally, by 2015 a jungle of competing methods for networking, control and monitoring had grown up. Consumers often had to buy special hubs specific to one vendor to use that vendor's products, and products were not often interoperable. Most vendors did make sure there products could be reached by smart speakers by Amazon, Google, Apple or Samsung, but consumers usually also need to open a different app on their smart phone or tablet in order to control devices by each manufacturer. This meant that a consumer would become "locked in" to one company, making it expensive and awkward to add similar devices from another company.
Serious security concerns have arisen
Security for smart home products has, in the past, been uneven and sometimes non-existent. Smart thermostats which can monitor whether a home's occupants are present or not, locks which open front or back doors, garage door openers, and many other smart home devices can present very real dangers if hackers can access them. The emerging standards seek to assure that compliant products provide a minimum level of privacy and security.
Matter, emerging standard as of 2023: Secure, reliable, and interoperable
About ten years ago, industry consortiums formed to work on standards for smart home device communications, and their underlying wireless communications, which would make it possible for products from all vendors to work together seamlessly and provide fast performance, privacy, and security and would work even if there is not connection to the outside internet (i.e., no connection to "the cloud" or to servers). This resulted in a new standard, called Matter whose first version was finalized in Sept. 2022 and emerging in the marketplace during 2023. Most major vendors have committed to adhering to the basics of the emerging standard within a few years. Another important, emerging standard for smart home devices is Thread, which specifies how the wireless communications among smart home devices will work when using the Matter standard.