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Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was established on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township, both of which are now defunct. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 30,681,[1] an increase of 2,109 (+7.4%) from the 2010 census combined count of 28,572.[2]

Princeton was founded before the American Revolutionary War. The borough is the home of Princeton University, which bears its name and moved to the community in 1756 from the educational institution's previous location in Newark. Although its association with the university is primarily what makes Princeton a college town, other important institutions in the area include the Institute for Advanced Study, Westminster Choir College, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton Theological Seminary, Opinion Research Corporation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Siemens Corporate Research, SRI International, FMC Corporation, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Amrep, Church and Dwight, Berlitz International, and Dow Jones & Company.

Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia. It is close to many major highways that serve both cities (e.g., Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1), and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each. It is also close to Trenton, New Jersey's capital city, New Brunswick and Edison.

The New Jersey governor's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in what was then Princeton Borough became the first Governor's mansion. In 1982, it was replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a colonial mansion located in the former Township, but not all have actually lived in these houses. Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society.[3]

Princeton was ranked 15th of the top 100 towns in the United States to Live In by Money magazine in 2005.[4]

Throughout much of its history, the community was composed of two separate municipalities: a township and a borough. The central borough was completely surrounded by the township. The borough seceded from the township in 1894 in a dispute over school taxes; the two municipalities later formed the Princeton Public Schools, and some other public services were conducted together before they were reunited into a single Princeton in January 2013. Princeton Borough contained Nassau Street, the main commercial street, most of the university campus, and incorporated most of the urban area until the postwar suburbanization. The borough and township had roughly equal populations.

History

Early history

A battlefield map for the Battle of Princeton, 1777
Nassau Hall, which briefly served as the U.S. capitol in 1783[5]
Princeton University's campus, December 2016
Nassau Street at night, 2016
Princeton University's campus was used as one of the sets for the 2004 film Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle.

The Lenape Native Americans were the earliest identifiable inhabitants of the Princeton area.

Europeans settled into the area in the late part of the 17th century, arriving from Delaware to settle West Jersey, and from New York to settle East Jersey, with the site destined to become Princeton being amid the wilderness between these two boroughs.[6] The first European to find his home in the boundaries of the future municipality was Henry Greenland. He built his house in 1683 along with a tavern, where representatives of West and East Jersey met to set the boundaries between the two provinces.[7] Greenland's son-in-law Daniel Brimson inhabited the area by 1690, and left property in a will dated 1696.[6]

Then, Princeton was known only as part of nearby Stony Brook.[8][9] Nathaniel Fitz Randolph, a native of the town, attested in his private journal on December 28, 1758, that Princeton was named in 1724 upon the making/construction of the first house in the area by James Leonard,[10] who first referred to the community as Princetown when describing the location of his large estate in his diary.[11] The community was later known by a variety of names, including: Princetown, Prince's Town and finally Princeton.[10] The name Princeton was first used in 1724 and became common within the subsequent decade.[7] Although there is no official documentary backing, the municipality is said to be named after King William III, Prince William of Orange of the House of Nassau.[12] Another theory suggests that the name came from a large land-owner named Henry Prince, the son-in-law of a well-known English merchant, but no evidence backs this contention.[10] A royal prince seems a more likely eponym for the settlement, as three nearby towns had names for royalty: Kingston, Queenstown (in the vicinity of the intersection of Nassau and Harrison Streets) and Princessville (Lawrence Township).[11]

Princeton was described by William Edward Schenck in 1850 as having attained "no very considerable size" until the establishment of the College of New Jersey in the town.[6] When Richard Stockton, one of the founders of the township, died in 1709 he left his estate to his sons, who helped to expand property and the population. Based on the 1880 United States Census, the population of Princeton comprised 3,209 persons (not including students).[11] Local population has expanded from the nineteenth century. According to the 2010 Census, Princeton Borough had 12,307 inhabitants, while Princeton Township had 16,265.[13][14] The numbers have become stagnant; since the arrival of the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University, in 1756, the town's population spikes every year during the fall and winter and drops significantly over the course of the summer.[11]

Revolution

In the pivotal Battle of Princeton in January 1777, George Washington forced the British to evacuate southern New Jersey.[7] After the victory, Princeton hosted the first Legislature under the State Constitution to decide the State's seal, Governor and organization of its government. In addition, two of the original signers of the Declaration of Independence—Richard Stockton and John Witherspoon lived in Princeton.[11] Princetonians honored their citizens' legacy by naming two streets in the downtown area after them.

On January 10, 1938, Henry Ewing Hale called for a group of citizens to establish a "Historical Society of Princeton." Later the Bainbridge House, constructed in 1766 by Job Stockton, would be dedicated for this purpose. Previously the house was used once for a meeting of Continental Congress in 1783, a general office, and as the Princeton Public Library. The House is owned by Princeton University and is leased to the Princeton Historical Society for one dollar per year.[15] The house has kept its original staircase, flooring and paneled walls. Around 70% of the house has been unaltered. Aside from safety features such as wheelchair access and electrical work, the house has been restored to its original look.

Government history

During the most stirring events in its history, Princeton was a wide spot in the road; the boundary between Somerset County and Middlesex County ran right through Princeton, along the high road between New York and Philadelphia, now Nassau Street. When Mercer County was formed in 1838, part of West Windsor Township was added to the portion of Montgomery Township which was included in the new county, and made into Princeton Township; the area between the southern boundary of the former Borough and the Delaware and Raritan Canal was added to Princeton Township in 1853. Princeton Borough became a separate municipality in 1894.[16]

In the early nineteenth century, New Jersey boroughs had been quasi-independent subdivisions chartered within existing townships that did not have full autonomy. Princeton Borough received such a charter in 1813, as part of Montgomery and West Windsor Townships; it continued to be part of Princeton Township until the Borough Act of 1894, which required each township to form a single school district; rather than do so, Princeton Borough petitioned to be separated. (The two Princetons combined their public school systems in the decades before municipal consolidation.) Two minor boundary changes united the then site of the Princeton Hospital and of the Princeton Regional High School inside the Borough, in 1928 and 1951 respectively.[16]

Geography

The town is located just south of a long, curving ridge, called Princeton Ridge, that reaches runs from the Hopewell Quarry over to the Rocky Hill Quarry.[17] This means the town and its suburbs are mostly located in a low-lying area which, for many years, had very bad cell phone signals, although since around 2010 that has been alleviated by small, local cell towers right in the town. The ridge is still wooded, and a portion of it contains protected habitat including wetlands, but the remaining part that is privately controlled is under considerable development pressure.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town of Princeton had a total area of 18.41 square miles (47.69 km2), including 17.95 square miles (46.48 km2) of land and 0.47 square miles (1.21 km2) of water (2.53%).[18][19]

Cedar Grove,[20] Port Mercer, Princeton Basin, and Jugtown are unincorporated communities that have been absorbed into Greater Princeton over the years, but still maintain their own community identity.[21]

Princeton borders the municipalities of Hopewell Township, Lawrence and West Windsor Townships in Mercer County; Plainsboro Township and South Brunswick Township in Middlesex County; and Franklin Township and Montgomery Township in Somerset County.[22][23][24]

United States Postal ZIP codes for Princeton include 08540, 08541 (Educational Testing Service), 08542 (largely the old Borough), 08543 (PO boxes), and 08544 (the University).

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Princeton falls within either a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) if the 0 °C (Expression error: Missing operand for round. {{{3}}}) isotherm is used or a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) if the -3 °C (Expression error: Missing operand for round. {{{3}}}) isotherm is used. During the summer months, episodes of extreme heat and humidity can occur with heat index values ≥ 100 °F (≥ 38 °C). On average, the wettest month of the year is July which corresponds with the annual peak in thunderstorm activity. During the winter months, episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < 0 °F (< −18 °C). The plant hardiness zone at the Princeton Municipal Court is 6b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −0.9 °F (−18.3 °C).[25] The average seasonal (November–April) snowfall total is 24 to (Expression error: Unrecognized word "in". 30) and the average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in nor'easter activity.

Template:Weather box

Ecology

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Princeton, New Jersey, would have an Appalachian Oak (104) vegetation type with an Eastern Hardwood Forest (25) vegetation form.[26]

Demographics

Template:US Census population

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States census, the borough and township had a combined population of 28,572.[27][28]

According to the website Data USA, Princeton has a population of 30,168 people, of which 85% are US citizens. The ethnic composition of the population is 20,393 White residents (67.6%), 4,636 Asian residents (15.4%), 2,533 Hispanic residents (8.4%), 1,819 Black residents (6.03%), and 618 Two+ residents (2.05%). The most common foreign languages are Chinese (1,800 speakers), Spanish (1,429 speakers), and French (618 speakers), but compared to other places, Princeton has a relatively high number of speakers of Scandinavian languages (425 speakers), Italian (465 speakers), and German (1,000 speakers).Template:Citation needed

Government and politics

Local government

Princeton is governed under the borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey.[29] The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Princeton is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.[30][31][32]

The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office, serves as Princeton's chief executive officer and nominates appointees to various boards and commissions subject to approval of the council. The Mayor presides at Council meetings and votes in the case of a tie or a few other specific cases.[32] The Council consists of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The council has administrative powers and is the policy-making body for Princeton. The Council approves appointments made by the Mayor. Council Members serve on various boards and committees and act as liaisons to certain Departments, Committees or Boards.[32]

Template:As of, the mayor of Princeton is Democrat Mark Freda, who is serving a four-year term expiring on December 31, 2023.[33] Members of the Princeton Council are Council President Leticia Fraga (D, 2023), David F. Cohen (D, 2023), Eve Niedergang (D, 2024), Michelle Pirone Lambros (D, 2022), Leighton Newlin (D, 2024) and Mia Sacks (D, 2022).[34][35][36][37][38][39]

In 2018, Princeton had an average property tax bill of $19,388, the highest in the county, compared to an average bill of $8,767 statewide.[40]

Merger of borough and township (2011)

People in the township tried unsuccessfully to merge borough and township in a struggle that lasted nearly fifty years. The first failed attempt to consolidate borough and township was made in 1953, with 63% of township voters in favor of a merger and 57% of borough voters opposed.[41] Subsequent attempts were voted down by borough residents, in large part due to different zoning needs of the densely populated borough versus the more widely-spaced properties of the township (surrounding the borough). An attempt to consolidate in 1979 passed with 70% support in the township but failed in the borough by 33 votes, a result that was upheld after a recount.[42][43][44] Although township voters again supported a 1996 merger referendum by an almost 3-1 margin, about 57% of borough voters rejected the consolidation proposal, marking the sixth such failure.[45]

The election which resulted in a merger occurred in 2011. During the campaign, proponents of the merger asserted that when the merger is completed the new municipality of Princeton would save $3.2 million as a result of some scaled down services including layoffs of 15 government workers including 9 police officers (however the measure itself does not mandate such layoffs). Opponents of the measure challenged the findings of a report citing a cost savings as unsubstantiated, expressed concerns about differing zoning needs between borough and township, and noted that voter representation would be reduced in a smaller government structure. Nevertheless, the election held on November 8, 2011 led to the merger and was heavily pro-merger for the first time. The success of this last merger attempt was a result college-age students being allowed to vote locally in Princeton during their period of study there. Township proponents of the merger harnessed the energy and interest of college students, who mostly did not own property locally and were uninvolved with zoning concerns but whose imagination was ignited at the thought of cost savings, to push the measure through. This time in borough, 1,385 voted for and 902 voted against, and in the township. 3,542 voted for and 604 voted against.

The merger was the first in the state since 1997, when Pahaquarry Township voted to consolidate with Hardwick Township[46] The consolidation took effect on January 1, 2013.[47]

Federal, state and county representation

Princeton is located in the 12th Congressional District[48] and is part of New Jersey's 16th state legislative district.[49][50][51] Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, the former Princeton Borough and Princeton Township had both been in the 15th state legislative district.[52]

Template:NJ Congress 12 Template:NJ Senate

Template:NJ Legislative 16

Template:NJ Mercer County Freeholders

Politics

As of March 2011, there were a total of 18,049 registered voters in Princeton (a sum of the former borough and township's voters), of which 9,184 (50.9%) were registered as Democrats, 2,140 (11.9%) were registered as Republicans and 6,703 (37.1%) were registered as unaffiliated. There were 22 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens.[53]

Presidential Elections Results*
Year Republican Democratic Third Parties
style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|2020[54] style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Republican|14.1% 1,981 style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|84.3% 11,858 1.6% 235
style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|2016[55] style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Republican|14.1% 1,817 style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|81.8% 10,548 4.1% 527
style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|2012[56] style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Republican|23.0% 2,882 style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|75.4% 9,461 1.6% 205

In both the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections, the Democratic nommiee received over 80% of the vote. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 75.4% of the vote (9,461 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 23.0% (2,882 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (205 votes), among the 14,752 ballots cast by the municipality's 20,328 registered voters (2,204 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 72.6%.[57][58]

Gubernatorial Elections Results
Year Republican Democratic Third Parties
style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|2021[59] style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Republican|18.6% 1,553 style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|80.5% 6,721 1.0% 79
style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|2017[60] style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Republican|17.9% 1,491 style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|80.0% 6,648 2.0% 169
style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|2013[61] style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Republican|39.2% 2,780 style="text-align:center; Template:Party shading/Democratic|58.8% 4,172 2.7% 145

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 58.8% of the vote (4,172 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 39.2% (2,780 votes), and other candidates with 2.0% (145 votes), among the 7,279 ballots cast by the municipality's 18,374 registered voters (182 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.6%.[62][63]

Education

Colleges and universities

Princeton University's Cuyler and Walker Halls are dormitories with Collegiate Gothic architecture
Princeton University's Fine Hall, home of its Department of Mathematics
Fuld Hall, home of the Institute for Advanced Study
Princeton University's campus. The university is one of eight Ivy League universities and once had Albert Einstein as a lecturer.

Princeton University, one of the world's most prominent research universities, is a dominant feature of the community. Established in 1746 as the College of New Jersey and relocated to Princeton ten years later, Princeton University's main campus has its historic center on Nassau Street and stretches south from there. Its James Forrestal satellite campus is located in Plainsboro Township, and some playing fields lie within adjacent West Windsor Township.[64] Princeton University is often featured at or near the top of various national and global university rankings, topping the 2019 list of U.S. News & World Report.[65]

Westminster Choir College, a school of music presently owned by Rider University, was established in Princeton in 1932. Before relocating to Princeton, the school resided in Dayton, Ohio, and then briefly in Ithaca, New York.[66]

Princeton Theological Seminary, the first and oldest seminary in America of the Presbyterian Church (USA), has its main academic campus in Princeton, with residential housing located just outside of Princeton in West Windsor Township.[67]

The Institute for Advanced Study maintains extensive land holdings (the "Institute Woods") there covering 800 acres (Expression error: Missing operand for round. {{{3}}}).[68]

Mercer County Community College in West Windsor is a two-year public college serving Princeton residents and all those from Mercer County.[69]

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools

Princeton High School

The Princeton Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade.[70] Students from Cranbury Township attend the district's high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship.[71] As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 3,740 students and 341.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.0:1.[72] Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics[73]) are Community Park School[74] with 332 students in grades K-5, Johnson Park School[75] with 329 students in grades PreK-5, Littlebrook School[76] with 342 students in grades K-5, Riverside School[77] with 289 students in grades PreK-5, Princeton Middle School [78] with 803 students in grades 6-8 and Princeton High School[79] with 1,555 students in grades 9-12.[80][81][82][83][84]

New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Princeton High School as the 20th best high school in New Jersey in its 2018 rankings of the "Top Public High Schools" in New Jersey.[85] The school was also ranked as the 10th best school in New Jersey by U.S. News & World Report. [86] Niche ranked Princeton High School as the 47th best public high school in America in its "2021 Best Public High Schools in America" rankings.[87]

In the early 1990s, redistricting occurred between the Community Park and Johnson Park School districts, as the population within both districts had increased due to residential development. Concerns were also raised about the largely white, wealthy student population attending Johnson Park (JP) and the more racially and economically diverse population at Community Park (CP). As a result of the redistricting, portions of the affluent Western Section neighborhood were redistricted to CP, and portions of the racially and economically diverse John Witherspoon neighborhood were redistricted to JP.

The Princeton Charter School (grades K–8) operates under a charter granted by the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Education. The school is a public school that operates independently of the Princeton Regional Schools, and is funded on a per student basis by locally raised tax revenues.[88]

Eighth grade students from all of Mercer County are eligible to apply to attend the high school programs offered by the Mercer County Technical Schools, a county-wide vocational school district that offers full-time career and technical education at its Health Sciences Academy, STEM Academy and Academy of Culinary Arts, with no tuition charged to students for attendance.[89][90]

Private schools

Private schools located in Princeton include The Lewis School of Princeton, Princeton Day School, Princeton Friends School, Hun School of Princeton, and Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science (PRISMS).

St. Paul's Catholic School (pre-school to 8th grade) founded in 1878, is the oldest and only coeducational Catholic school, joining Princeton Academy of the Sacred Heart (K–8, all male) and Stuart Country Day School of the Sacred Heart (coed for Pre-K, and all-female K–12), which operate under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton.[91]

Schools that are outside of Princeton but have Princeton addresses include the Wilberforce School, Chapin School in Lawrence Township, Princeton Junior School in Lawrence Township, the French-American School of Princeton, the Laurel School of Princeton, the Waldorf School of Princeton, YingHua International School, Princeton Latin Academy in Hopewell, Princeton Montessori School in Montgomery Township, Eden Institute in West Windsor Township, and the now-defunct American Boychoir School in Plainsboro Township.

Public libraries

The Princeton Public Library's current facility on Witherspoon Street was opened in April 2004 as part of the ongoing downtown redevelopment project and replaced a building dating from 1966. The library itself was founded in 1909.[92]

Miscellaneous education

The Princeton Community Japanese Language School teaches weekend Japanese classes for Japanese citizen children abroad to the standard of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and it also has classes for people with Japanese as a second language. The main office of the school is in Princeton although the office used on Sundays is in Memorial Hall at Rider University in Lawrence Township in Mercer County.[93] Courses are taught at Memorial Hall at Rider University.[94]

The Princeton Learning Cooperative provides support for student-directed learning as "a hybrid of homeschooling and school" for teens.[95][96]

Sister cities

For more information, see: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United States.


Princeton in popular culture

See also: Princeton University#In fiction

Film

Princeton was the setting of the Academy Award-winning A Beautiful Mind about the schizophrenic mathematician John Nash. It was largely filmed in central New Jersey, including some Princeton locations. However, many scenes of "Princeton" were actually filmed at Fordham University's Rose Hill campus in the Bronx.Template:Citation needed

The 1994 film I.Q., featuring Meg Ryan, Tim Robbins, and Walter Matthau as Albert Einstein, was also set in Princeton and was filmed in the area. It includes some geographic stretches, including Matthau looking through a telescope from the roof of "Princeton Hospital" to see Ryan and Robbins' characters kissing on the Princeton Battlefield.[100]

Historical films which used Princeton as a setting but were not filmed there include Wilson, a 1944 biographical film about Woodrow Wilson.

In his 1989 independent feature film Stage Fright, independent filmmaker Brad Mays shot a drama class scene in the Princeton High School auditorium, using PHS students as extras. On October 18, 2013, Mays' feature documentary I Grew Up in Princeton had its premiere showing at Princeton High School. The film, described in one Princeton newspaper as a "deeply personal 'coming-of-age story' that yields perspective on the role of perception in a town that was split racially, economically and sociologically",[101] is a portrayal of life in the venerable university town during the tumultuous period of the late sixties through the early seventies.

Scenes from the beginning of Across the Universe (2007) were filmed on the Princeton University campus.

Parts of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen were filmed in Princeton. Megan Fox and Shia LaBeouf were filming on Princeton University campus for two days during the summer of 2008.

Scenes from the 2008 movie The Happening were filmed in Princeton.

TV and radio

The 1938 Orson Welles radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds, is set partly in nearby Grover's Mill, and includes a fictional professor from Princeton University as a main character, but the action never moves directly into Princeton.

The TV show House was set in Princeton, at the fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital, and establishing shots for the hospital display the Frist Campus Center of Princeton University. The actual University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro opened on May 22, 2012, exactly one day after the finale of House aired.[102]

The 1980 television miniseries Oppenheimer is partly set in Princeton.

Literature

F. Scott Fitzgerald's literary debut, This Side of Paradise, is a loosely autobiographical story of his years at Princeton University.

Princeton University's Creative Writing program includes several nationally and internationally prominent writers, making the community a hub of contemporary literature.

Many of Richard Ford's novels are set in Haddam, New Jersey, a fictionalized Princeton.[103]

Joyce Carol Oates' 2004 novel Take Me, Take Me With You (written pseudonymously as Lauren Kelly) is set in Princeton.[104]

New Jersey author Judy Blume set her novel Superfudge in Princeton.[105]

Music

All of the members of Blues Traveler, as well as Chris Barron, lead singer of the Spin Doctors, are from Princeton and were high school friends.[106]

Points of interest

Kingston Mill Historic District on the Millstone River

Educational institutions

Museums

Historic sites

Parks

Local media

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Census2020
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LWD2020
  3. ↑ Janson, Donald. "A Tour of Princeton Landmarks", The New York Times, April 30, 1989. Accessed June 25, 2020. "In 1945 the Stockton family sold Morven to Gov. Walter E. Edge. Six years later, while still in office, the Governor donated the mansion to the state with the requirement that it be used as the gubernatorial mansion or a state museum. From 1953 to 1982 Morven was home to the families of four Governors: Robert B. Meyner, Richard J. Hughes, William T. Cahill and Brendan T. Byrne. The National Park Service designated the house a National Historic Landmark in 1972.... After the Byrne family moved out, work began to transform Morven into a state museum. Drumthwacket became the official address of New Jersey governors."
  4. ↑ Best Places to Live 2005: No. 15 – Princeton, NJ, Money, accessed November 2, 2006.
  5. ↑ The Nine Capitals of the United States. United States Senate Historical Office. Accessed June 9, 2005. Based on Fortenbaugh, Robert, The Nine Capitals of the United States, York, PA: Maple Press, 1948.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Schenck, William Edward (1850). An historical account of the First Presbyterian Church of Princeton, N.J. : being a sermon preached on Thanksgiving Day, December 12, 1850. Printed by John T. Robinson, Princeton, N.J.. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 A Brief History of Princeton Template:Webarchive, Princeton, New Jersey. Accessed November 29, 2019. "In 1683 a New Englander named Henry Greenland built a house on the highway which is believed to be the first by a European within the present municipal boundaries. He opened it as a 'house of accommodation' or tavern.... East Jersey and West Jersey representatives met in 1683 at Greenland's tavern to establish their common boundary."
  8. ↑ Hageman, John Frelinghuysen (1879). History of Princeton and its institutions, etc. Vol. I. J.B. Lippincott & co., Philadelphia. 
  9. ↑ Hageman, John Frelinghuysen (1879). History of Princeton and its institutions, etc. Vol. II. J.B. Lippincott & co., Philadelphia. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hageman, John Frelinghuysen. History of Princeton and its Institutions, vol. 1 of 2, J.B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, 1879.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 History of Burlington and Mercer counties. New Jersey with Biographical Sketches of their Pioneers and Prominent Men, Everts & Peck, Philadelphia, 1883.
  12. ↑ Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed September 21, 2015.
  13. ↑ DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 from the 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Princeton Borough, New Jersey Template:Webarchive, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 21, 2015.
  14. ↑ DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 from the 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Princeton Township, New Jersey Template:Webarchive, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 21, 2015.
  15. ↑ "New Life for Historic Bainbridge House", Princeton University Art Museum, June 2019. Accessed November 29, 2019. "The origins of Bainbridge House date to 1766, when Job Stockton (1734–1771)—a wealthy tanner, grandson of an early English settler to the area, and cousin to one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, Richard Stockton—built it along the primary thoroughfare of the young village."
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. See p. 23 and 164, which cites the Acts of the NJ Legislature 1843, p. 67; 1853, p. 361, for the changes of those years.
  17. ↑ Princeton Ridge is visible in Google Maps with the right settings.
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CensusArea
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GR1
  20. ↑ Locality Search, State of New Jersey. Accessed May 17, 2015.
  21. ↑ (1939) Old Princeton's Neighbors. Princeton: Graphic Arts Press. 
  22. ↑ Areas touching Princeton Township, MapIt. Accessed May 17, 2015.
  23. ↑ Municipalities within Mercer County, NJ, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. Accessed November 15, 2019.
  24. ↑ New Jersey Municipal Boundaries, New Jersey Department of Transportation. Accessed November 15, 2019.
  25. ↑ USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map Template:Webarchive, United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 26, 2019.
  26. ↑ U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions), Data Basin. Accessed November 26, 2019.
  27. ↑ DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Princeton township, Mercer County, New Jersey Template:Webarchive, United States Census Bureau. Accessed August 20, 2012.
  28. ↑ DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Princeton borough, Mercer County, New Jersey Template:Webarchive, United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 20, 2012.
  29. ↑ Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey Template:Webarchive, Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011. Accessed November 18, 2019.
  30. ↑ Cerra, Michael F. "Forms of Government: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask" Template:Webarchive, New Jersey State League of Municipalities. Accessed November 30, 2014.
  31. ↑ "Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey" Template:Webarchive, p. 6. Rutgers University Center for Government Studies. Accessed June 3, 2015.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Governing Body Template:Webarchive, Princeton, New Jersey. Accessed January 1, 2013.
  33. ↑ Mayor Mark Freda, Princeton, New Jersey. Accessed April 28, 2022.
  34. ↑ Council, Municipality of Princeton. Accessed April 28, 2022.
  35. ↑ 2022 Municipal Data Sheet, Municipality of Princeton. Accessed April 28, 2022.
  36. ↑ Mercer County Elected Officials, Mercer County, New Jersey, as of January 6, 2021. Accessed April 28, 2022.
  37. ↑ General Election November 2, 2021 Official Results, Mercer County, New Jersey, updated November 20, 2021. Accessed January 1, 2022.
  38. ↑ General Election November 3, 2020 Official Results, Mercer County, New Jersey, updated November 20, 2020. Accessed January 1, 2021.
  39. ↑ General Election November 2019 Official Results (Amended November 25, 2019), Mercer County, New Jersey, updated December 9, 2019. Accessed January 1, 2020.
  40. ↑ Marcus, Samantha. "These are the towns with the highest property taxes in each of N.J.’s 21 counties", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, April 22, 2019. Accessed November 5, 2019. "The average property tax bill in New Jersey was $8,767 last year. But there can be big swings from town to town and county to county.... The average property tax bill in Princeton was $19,388 in 2018, the highest in Mercer County."
  41. ↑ "Bingo For Charity Is Voted In Jersey; Margin Exceeds 2-1 -- Newark Approves Shift to a Mayor and Nine Councilmen", The New York Times, November 4, 1953. Accessed March 8, 2023. "In Princeton, a heated battle over a proposal to consolidate Princeton Borough and Princeton Township into a municipality ended in the plan's defeat. The final vote was 3,463 to 2,312. The borough, a heavily populated area of 1.76 square miles in the center of the 16.25 square-mile township, voted 1,965 to 1,450 against the consolidation. The township registered 1,498 votes against it. and 862 in favor."
  42. ↑ via Associated Press. "Princeton merger dead", The Daily Register, November 7, 1979. Accessed March 8, 2023, via Newspapers.com. "Although voters in Princeton Township endorsed a proposal to consolidate the township with Princeton Borough nearly 2-to-l, the measure was defeated in the borough by a mere 33 votes. The proposal needed majority approval in both municipalities to be instituted. Borough results showed 1,508 votes opposed to the merger with 1,475 in favor. Township voters overwhelmingly approved consolidation, with 3,432 yes votes and 1,444 against."
  43. ↑ Fisher, Marc. "Princetons: No again on merger", The Philadelphia Inquirer, November 8, 1979. Accessed March 8, 2023, via Newspapers.com. "The fourth attempt in 30 years to consolidate Princeton Borough and Princeton Township failed Tuesday, this time by 33 votes. A proposal to merge was overwhelmingly approved in the township and defeated by 33 votes in the borough."
  44. ↑ "Recount Upholds Consolidation's Defeat By 33 Votes as First Reported on Nov. 6", Town Topics, November 21, 1979, p. 3.
  45. ↑ Pristin, Terry. "Princeton Will Stay Split", The New York Times, November 6, 1996. Accessed March 8, 2023. "Since 1952, Princeton Borough has voted six times against a proposal to merge with Princeton Township. Yesterday, despite speculation that a heavy voter turnout among Princeton University students might reverse that trend, the borough rejected the measure by a vote of 1,878 to 1,418. As it has in the past, the township voted in favor of the proposal; the vote was 4,354 to 1,522. But to be approved, the measure had to be accepted by both municipalities."
  46. ↑ Clerkin, Bridget. "Princeton voters approve consolidation of borough, township into one municipality", The Times, November 9, 2011, updated March 30, 2019. Accessed November 29, 2019. "Voters in Princeton Borough and Princeton Township approved today a consolidation of the two towns into a single municipality to be known as Princeton.... The referendum passed by a landslide in the township with 3,542 in favor and 604 against. In the borough, 1,385 voted for consolidation and 802 voted against.... This is the fifth time residents of both Princetons have been presented with the question of consolidation at the ballot. If approved by a majority in both municipalities, the merger will be the first in 14 years for New Jersey, since Pahaquarry’s seven residents merged into adjacent Hardwick Township in Warren County in 1997. "
  47. ↑ 2 Princetons vote to merge into 1 town, Asbury Park Press, November 8, 2011. Template:Dead link
  48. ↑ Plan Components Report, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2011. Accessed February 1, 2020.
  49. ↑ Municipalities Sorted by 2011-2020 Legislative District, New Jersey Department of State. Accessed February 1, 2020.
  50. ↑ 2019 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed October 30, 2019.
  51. ↑ Districts by Number for 2011-2020, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 9, 2013.
  52. ↑ 2011 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government Template:Webarchive, p. 63, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed January 9, 2013.
  53. ↑ Voter Registration Summary - Mercer, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 23, 2011. Accessed November 21, 2012.
  54. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified.
  55. ↑ Presidential General Election Results - November 8, 2016 - Mercer County. New Jersey Department of Elections.Template:Dead link
  56. ↑ Presidential General Election Results - November 6, 2012 - Mercer County. New Jersey Department of Elections (March 15, 2013).
  57. ↑ Presidential General Election Results - November 6, 2012 - Mercer County. New Jersey Department of Elections (March 15, 2013).
  58. ↑ Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 6, 2012 - General Election Results - Mercer County. New Jersey Department of Elections (March 15, 2013).
  59. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified.
  60. ↑ Governor - Mercer County. New Jersey Department of Elections.
  61. ↑ Governor - Mercer County. New Jersey Department of Elections (January 29, 2014).
  62. ↑ Governor - Mercer County. New Jersey Department of Elections (January 31, 2014).
  63. ↑ Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Mercer County. New Jersey Department of Elections (January 31, 2014).
  64. ↑ Campus Maps, Princeton University. Accessed January 30, 2018.
  65. ↑ "National University Rankings", U.S. News & World Report. Accessed November 29, 2019.
  66. ↑ Historic Westminster Template:Webarchive, Westminster Choir College. Accessed August 29, 2014. "Relocated in Princeton, N.J., in 1932, it added a master's program in 1934 and became known as Westminster Choir College in 1939."
  67. ↑ Princeton Seminary Main Campus Map, Princeton Theological Seminary. Accessed January 30, 2018.
  68. ↑ Directions to IAS, Institute for Advanced Study. Accessed January 30, 2018. "The Institute for Advanced Study is located at 1 Einstein Drive in Princeton Township in central New Jersey. The Institute and its 800-acre grounds are approximately one mile from the center of the town of Princeton and are easily accessible by car, train, or taxi from major cities along the Eastern seaboard."
  69. ↑ Overview & Facts, Mercer County Community College. Accessed January 30, 2018.
  70. ↑ District Policy 9110 - Number of Members and Term of Office, Princeton Public Schools. Accessed September 3, 2020. "The Princeton Public Schools District is comprised of all the area within the municipal boundaries of the Municipality of Princeton and receives high school students from the Cranbury Public School District.... The Princeton Board of Education shall consist of ten members, nine of which are elected for three year terms and one from the Cranbury Board of Education."
  71. ↑ Princeton Public Schools 2016 Report Card Narrative Template:Webarchive, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed August 2, 2017. "As we strive to serve the more than 3700 students from the Princeton and Cranbury communities, we do so knowing that our work with them in the classroom, on the athletic field, and on the stage matters deeply to each one and to the larger society into which they will graduate."
  72. ↑ District information for Princeton Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed February 15, 2022.
  73. ↑ School Data for the Princeton Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed November 1, 2019.
  74. ↑ Community Park Elementary School, Princeton Public Schools. Accessed December 17, 2022.
  75. ↑ Johnson Park Elementary School, Princeton Public Schools. Accessed December 17, 2022.
  76. ↑ Littlebrook Elementary School, Princeton Public Schools. Accessed December 17, 2022.
  77. ↑ Riverside Elementary School, Princeton Public Schools. Accessed December 17, 2022.
  78. ↑ Princeton Middle School, Princeton Public Schools. Accessed December 17, 2022.
  79. ↑ Princeton High School, Princeton Public Schools. Accessed December 17, 2022.
  80. ↑ Schools Menu, Princeton Public Schools. Accessed November 29, 2019.
  81. ↑ Who We Are, Princeton Public Schools. Accessed December 17, 2022. "Elementary Schools (Grades K-5): Community Park, Johnson Park, Littlebrook, and Riverside.... Middle School (Grades 6-8): Princeton Middle School... High School (Grades 9-12): Princeton High School"
  82. ↑ 2021-2022 Mercer County Charter and Public Schools Directory, Mercer County, New Jersey. Accessed December 17, 2022.
  83. ↑ School Performance Reports for the Princeton Public School DistrictTemplate:Dead link, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed December 1, 2022.
  84. ↑ New Jersey School Directory for the Princeton Public Schools, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed December 29, 2016.
  85. ↑ The Top New Jersey Public High Schools 2018 (2018-09-04).
  86. ↑ "Princeton High School Overview", U.S. News & World Report. Accessed March 28, 2015.
  87. ↑ 2021 Best Public High Schools in America (en).
  88. ↑ School Highlights, Princeton Charter School. Accessed August 21, 2013.
  89. ↑ Heyboer, Kelly. "How to get your kid a seat in one of N.J.'s hardest-to-get-into high schools", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, May 2017. Accessed November 18, 2019. "Mercer County has a stand-alone specialized high school for top students: a Health Sciences Academy at the district's Assunpink Center campus. The district also offers a STEM Academy at Mercer County Community College. How to apply: Students can apply online in the fall of their 8th grade year."
  90. ↑ High School Programs, Mercer County Technical Schools. Accessed November 18, 2019.
  91. ↑ School Finder, Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton. Accessed November 29, 2019.
  92. ↑ Offredo, Tom. "Princeton University donates $100K to public library", The Times, November 21, 2013. Accessed August 29, 2014. "The Stewardship Fund, launched with a $1 million challenge grant from library supporter Betty Wold Johnson in 2012, is designed to establish an endowment that would renew and refresh the Sands Library Building, the library's home on Witherspoon Street since 2004.... Newly installed Princeton University President Christopher Eisgruber said in a letter to Burger announcing the gift that the university was pleased to continue its long partnership with the library, which dates back to the library's formation in 1909."
  93. ↑ "Home" (Archive). Princeton Community Japanese Language School. Accessed May 9, 2014. "PCJLS Office 14 Moore Street, Princeton, NJ 08542" and "Sunday Office Rider University, Memorial Hall, Rm301"
  94. ↑ Direction & Map. Princeton Community Japanese Language School. Accessed May 9, 2014.
  95. ↑ An alternative to school for teens. Princeton Learning Cooperative. Retrieved on 2022-03-16.
  96. ↑ How a Newspaper Helped Fuel an Educational Movement.
  97. ↑ Curran, Philip Sean. "Princeton: Delegation from sister city Colmar greeted at reception"Template:Dead link, centraljersey.com, June 12, 2015. Accessed November 21, 2016. "A 24-member delegation from Princeton's sister city Colmar and surrounding area in Alsace, France, stopped in Princeton Thursday during a trip in America.... Prior to consolidation, Colmar was the sister city of the then-Princeton Borough, a relationship started 28 years ago by then-Mayor Barbara Boggs Sigmund.... Today, Princeton has two sister cities. The other, Pettoranello, in Italy, had been the sister city of the former township."
  98. ↑ "Student orchestra to perform Italian music in Princeton", The Star-Ledger, June 4, 2010. Accessed November 21, 2016. "In addition, when he and the orchestra give a concert to celebrate their anniversary as part of the Princeton Festival on Saturday, he will be passing on the traditions he grew up with in Pettoranello del Molise, Italy. The town is between Rome and Naples, and its sister city is Princeton."
  99. ↑ About Us, Princeton/Pettoranello Sister City Foundation. Accessed November 21, 2016.
  100. ↑ Longsdorf, Amy. "Picking Princeton As Setting For I.Q. Was A No-brainer" Template:Webarchive, The Morning Call, December 24, 1994. Accessed August 29, 2014. "You don't have to be a genius to figure out why Princeton was selected to be the setting for "I.Q.," a romantic comedy about the efforts of Albert Einstein (Walter Matthau) to nudge his niece (Meg Ryan) into the arms of a neighborhood mechanic (Tim Robbins)."
  101. ↑ Arntzenius, Linda. "PHS Grad, Filmmaker Back in Town For Premier of Princeton Documentary", Town Topics. Accessed November 22, 2014.
  102. ↑ PHCS News.
  103. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Haddam
  104. ↑ Altmann, Jennifer Greenstein. "Oates chooses fresh identity but familiar setting for novel", Princeton Weekly Bulletin, October 11, 2004. Accessed August 29, 2014. "Princeton is the setting for the novel Take Me, Take Me With You (Ecco) published under the name Lauren Kelly, who is described on the book jacket as 'the pseudonym of a bestselling and award-winning author.'"
  105. ↑ Superfudge by Judy Blume, Scholastic. Accessed August 29, 2014. "Well, Peter soon finds out that his mom is pregnant and the family is going to move to Princeton, New Jersey."
  106. ↑ Rein, Richard K. "How John Popper and Blues Traveler blew their way to stardom", Community News, May 31, 2016. Accessed June 25, 2020.
  107. ↑ Albert Einstein House, Princeton, NJ Template:Webarchive, National Register of Historic Places. Accessed May 17, 2015. "In 1936 he purchased 112 Mercer Street. The house remained his home until his death in 1955."
  108. ↑ The History of Drumthwacket Template:Webarchive, Drumthwacket Foundation. Accessed May 17, 2015.
  109. ↑ Historic Preservation in Princeton Borough Template:Webarchive, Princeton. Accessed May 17, 2015.
  110. ↑ Template:NHLS url, National Park Service. Accessed May 17, 2015.
  111. ↑ Planet Princeton.

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