Lambert W function

The Lambert W function is used in mathematics to solve equations in which the unknown appears both outside and inside an exponential function or a logarithm, such as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 3x+2=e^x} or $x=\ln(4x)$. Such equations cannot otherwise, except in special cases, be solved explicitly in terms of algebraic operations, exponentials and logarithms.

Definition

The Lambert W function is defined as the multivalued function Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle W} that satisfies

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle z = W(z)e^{W(z)}\;}

for any complex number Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle z} . Equivalently, it may be defined as the inverse function of $f(w)=we^{w}$. Thus, the equation Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle C = we^w} is by definition solved by Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle w = W(C)} . The multivaluedness of the Lambert W function means that there is generally more than one solution. The graph of the Lambert W function in the real numbers looks as follows:

The function has two real branches in the interval Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -1/e < x < 0} which join at $x=-1/e$. Concretely, this means that the equation $x=we^{w}$ has two real solutions if $-1/e<x<0$. For example, if $x=-0.15$ (which is about half way between $-1/e$ and 0), there is one solution $\scriptstyle w_{0}\approx -0.17$ that lies on the blue graph and another solution $\scriptstyle w_{-1}\approx -3.0$ that lies on the dashed red graph.

The single-valued function corresponding to the blue graph for $\scriptstyle -1/e\,\leq \,x\,<\,\infty$ is called the principal branch of the Lambert W function and is denoted by $W_{0}$. The single-valued function corresponding to the dashed red graph for $\scriptstyle -1/e\,\leq \,x\,<\,0$ is called the negative branch, denoted by $W_{-1}$. The negative branch asymptotically approaches $\scriptstyle -\infty$ as $\scriptstyle x\to 0$ while the principal branch grows slowly but unboundedly (asymptotically like $\scriptstyle \ln x$) as $\scriptstyle x\to \infty$.

The behavior of the Lambert W function in the complex numbers is more complicated. Like the complex logarithm, it has infinitely many branches; they are conventionally labeled $W_{k}$ where $k$ runs over all the integers. The details are discussed for instance in Corless et al.

Besides $W(-1/e)=-1$, the Lambert W function has the special values $W_{0}(0)=0$ and $W_{0}(e)=1$. The value $\scriptstyle W_{0}(1)=0.567143\ldots$ is called the omega constant.

Examples of use

The Lambert W function solves any equation of the form $C=xe^{x}$ — we may call this the canonical form. Many other types of equations can be solved in terms of the Lambert W function as well, by using the rules of exponentials and logarithms to rewrite them in the canonical form. For example, the equation $xb^{x}=a$ is solved by $\scriptstyle x=W(a\ln b)/\ln b$ and $a^{x}=x+b$ is solved by

$x={\frac {-b-W(-a^{-b}\ln a)}{\ln a}}.$

Valluri et al. give the following example of an equation from physics that can be solved with the Lambert W function. Planck's law states that the radiation intensity $I$ at wavelength $\lambda$ from a black body at temperature $T$ is given by

$I(\lambda ,T)={\frac {8\pi hc/\lambda ^{5}}{\exp(hc/\lambda kT)-1}},$

where $h$ is Planck's constant, $k$ is Boltzmann's constant and $c$ is the speed of light. Note that $\lambda$ appears both inside and outside an exponential. Next, Wien's displacement law states that the maximum intensity is attained at the wavelength Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda_{max} = b/T} where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle b} is a quantity called Wien's displacement constant. Using the Lambert W function, we can give an explicit formula for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle b} .

To derive Wien's displacement law, we wish to solve Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \partial I / \partial \lambda = 0} . If we calculate the partial derivative, simplify, and perform the substitution $x=hc/\lambda kT$, we obtain the equation Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (x-5)e^x = -5} . To write this in canonical form for application of the Lambert W function, we substitute Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle w = x-5} and multiply both sides of the resulting equation by Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle e^{-5}} . This leaves Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle w e^w = -5e^{-5}} , with the nonzero solution Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle w = W_0(-5e^{-5})} . Substituting back the expression for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x} , we obtain Wien's displacement law with the value for Wien's constant given explicitly by

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle b = \frac{hc/k}{5+W_0(-5e^{-5})} = 2.893 \times 10^{-3} \, \mathrm{m} \, \mathrm{K}.}

Calculus

The principal branch of the Lambert W function has the Taylor series expansion

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle W_0(z) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-n)^{n-1}}{n!}z^n = z - z^2 + \begin{matrix}\frac{3}{2}\end{matrix}z^3 - \begin{matrix}\frac{8}{3}\end{matrix}z^4 + \begin{matrix}\frac{125}{24}\end{matrix}z^5 - \cdots}

around Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle z=0} , which can be obtained the via Lagrange inversion theorem. Due to the singularity at Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle z=-1/e} , and as can be proved with the ratio test, the series converges for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |z|<1/e} . The Lambert W function has the derivative

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle W'(x) = \frac{1}{(1+W(x))\exp(W(x))}}

which is infinite at the branch point Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x = -1/e} . Its antiderivative is given by

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int W(x) \,dx = x\left(W(x)-1+\frac{1}{W(x)}\right)+C.}

It is also possible to find antiderivatives of more complicated expressions containing the Lambert W function. See Corless et al. for an overview.

Numerical calculation

The value of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle W(z)} can be calculated by using a regular root-finding algorithm to solve the equation Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle we^w-z=0} for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle w} . Since the left-hand side has simple derivatives, Newton's method and Halley's method are both good choices. Halley's method amounts to iterating

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle w_{k+1} = w_k - \frac{w_k e^{w_k}-z}{e^{w_k} (w_k+1) - \frac{(w_k+2)(w_k e^{w_k}-z)}{2w_k+2}}}

for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k = 1, 2, \ldots} . The initial value Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle w_0} must be chosen carefully in order to end up on the correct branch. To calculate real values on the principal branch, any real number above Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -1} will work, but faster convergence is obtained by taking the initial value from an interpolating function around 0 for small arguments and an asymptotic formula for large arguments. With a sufficiently accurate initial value, one or two iterations of Halley's method may give a value that is correct to full precision in ordinary floating-point arithmetic.

History and application

Equations of the kind that can be solved analytically with the Lambert W function are common in mathematics and science, yet the utility of such a function was not realized until recently. The Lambert W function was introduced in the 1980's as a function in the Maple computer algebra system, whose interface required an explicit notation for solutions of equations. The function's history highlights the importance of good mathematical notation: due to previously not being recognized as a function in its own right, it had not been studied systematically, despite its most important properties requiring only elementary complex analysis. An account of the function and its history that helped popularize it is given in a 1996 paper by R. M. Corless et al. (with Donald Knuth a notable co-author).

The basic theory behind the Lambert W function was investigated in 1779 by Leonhard Euler. The Maple developers chose the name of Johann Heinrich Lambert instead of Euler's since Euler had referenced work by Lambert in his paper, and possibly because "naming yet another function after Euler would not be useful".

Since its introduction, the Lambert W function has been applied to problems ranging from quantum physics to population dynamics to the complexity of algorithms. Cranmer discusses the application of the Lambert W function in solar wind physics and writes in the conclusion: "The Lambert W function used in these solutions was defined and publicized only about a decade ago, but it has rapidly become a convenient tool for mathematical physicists. The elegance of explicit solutions to equations thought previously to be expressible only implicitly is clear, but there also are many practical benefits to having explicit solutions as well."

See also

• Implicit function
• Elementary functions
• Catalog of special functions