Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723) was an indefatigable scientist, inventor and tradesman from Delft, Netherlands who lived at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. He is commonly known as the "Father of Microbiology"; that title is well deserved, but diminishes his importance in other disciplines. His original thoughts and dedicated actions advanced so many fields that he is considered to be one of the greatest scientists of all time.[1].
By refining the glass buttons that were then used by drapers to magnify their view of cloth, Leeuwenhoek created the first true (single lens) microscopes [2] and was the first person to observe and describe single-celled organisms (microorganisms) that he termed "animcules". He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels), and to advance techniques in the micro-dissection of tissues. This work helped lay the foundations of Medicine, Surgery, and Cell biology, besides Microbiology.
Van Leeuwenhoek's early discoveries in the field of microbiology can be likened to Galileo's early discoveries in the field of astronomy. Both men used the newly available optical technologies of their day to make major discoveries that entirely overturned traditional beliefs and theories in their respective fields, and both men were initially met with strong skepticism and resistance to the inevitable conclusions that their discoveries led to. Ultimately van Leeuwenhoek was more fortunate than Galileo in that his discoveries were widely accepted and applauded in his lifetime, whereas Galileo's were not appreciated until long after his death.
Van Leeuwenhoek was an indefatigable workman, who ground over 500 optical lenses. Nine of the more than 400 different microscopes he built still exist today. These microscopes are made of silver or copper metal frames holding his hand-ground lenses. Those nine that have survived the years are able to magnify up to 270 times, but on the basis of his drawings, van Leeuwenhoek is thought to have made some instruments that could magnify up to 500 times.
He was a remarkably creative abstract thinker who was interested in knowledge for its own sake. His curiosity was legendary, as was his openness to new ideas. Some of that latter quality might have been helped by his lack of any formal science training in his youth. He was never indoctrinated into the strict dogma of his day. Although he considered his technical improvements in optics to be quite proprietary, and closely guarded his inventions from others, he freely shared the findings that he made from them. In doing so, he "opened up the entire world of microscopic life to the scientific community".[3]
Overview life and work
". . my work, which I've done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a craving after knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men. And therewithal, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed thereof." Antony van Leeuwenhoek. Letter of June 12, 1716 Cite error: Closing
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Amongst Van Leeuwenhoek's many discoveries are: in 1674 he discovered infusoria (dated zoölogical category,) in 1676 he discovered bacteria, in 1677 he discovered spermatozoa and in 1682 he discovered the banded pattern of muscular fibers.[4]
He died at the age of 90, on August 30, 1723 at Delft.
Revolutionizing the microscope and microscopy
Leeuwenhoek's interest in microscopes and a familiarity with glass processing led to one of the most significant, and simultaneously well-hidden, technical insights in the history of science. By placing the middle of a small rod of lime glass in a hot flame, Leeuwenhoek could pull the hot section apart like taffy to create two long whiskers of glass. By then reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, he could create a very small, high-quality glass sphere. These spheres became the lenses of his microscopes, with the smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications. An experienced businessman, Leeuwenhoek realized that if his simple method for creating the critically important lens was revealed, the scientific community of his time would likely disregard or even forget his role in microscopy. He therefore allowed others to believe that he was laboriously spending most of his nights and free time grinding increasingly tiny lenses to use in microscopes, even though this belief conflicted both with his construction of hundreds of microscopes and his habit of building a new microscope whenever he chanced upon an interesting specimen that he wanted to preserve.
Religious interpretations of van Leeuwenhoek's discoveries
Van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch Reformed Calvinist. He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small. He believed that his amazing discoveries were further proof of the great wonder of God's creation.[5][6]
Van Leeuwenhoek's discoveries helped to overturn the traditional belief of the time in the spontaneous generation of life. This belief was generally held by the 17th century scientific community, and was tacitly endorsed by the 17th century Church. However, the Church's position on the nature of spontaneous generation was ambivalent.[7] Possibly because van Leeuwenhoek's discoveries of microscopic life appeared to pose no direct challenge to any Church doctrines such as the doctrine of creationism, the Church made no effort to challenge any of van Leeuwenhoek's discoveries. It was only 200 years later when Charles Darwin incorporated van Leeuwenhoek's discoveries of microscopic life as a key element of his theory of evolution that it was recognized that van Leeuwenhoek's findings might lend support to any challenge to traditional Church doctrine on the origins of life.
Footnotes
- ↑ Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. Document Number: K1631003869
- ↑ A Brief History of Medicine, by Paul Strathern, Robinson, London, 2005, p. 129
- ↑ Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Science and Its Times, Vol. 3: 1450 - 1699. Gale Group, 2001. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. Document Number: K2643410763
- ↑ A disease in the city of Kampen (1736, The Netherlands ) which originated (caused) by "little animals". These 'bloedloze dieren' (bloodless animals, the Invertebrata) are - most likely - the little animals described in the work of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Evert Valk, a physician about an epidemic in the city of Kampen {The Netherlands} during the year 1736)
- ↑ The Religion of Antony van Leeuwenhoek (2006). Retrieved on 2006-23-04.
- ↑ A. Schierbeek, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of the Collected Letters of A. v. Leeuwenhoek, Formerly Lecturer in the History of Biology in the University of Leyden, Measuring the Invisible World: The Life and Works of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek F R S, Abelard-Schuman (London and New York, 1959), QH 31 L55 S3, LC 59-13233 . This book (223 pp.) contains excerpts of Leeuwenhoek’s letters and focuses on his priority in several new branches of science, but makes several important references to his spiritual life and motivation.
- ↑ Catholic Apologetics International/ Robert Sungenis (2006). Retrieved on 2006-23-04.