One-way encryption

FIGURE 1. Storing a new password

FIGURE 2. Authenticating via an existing password

When passwords are stored on a computer, it is essential that they be kept secret. To do so, programmers apply one-way encryption to a password before storing it on disk. When a user later enters their password to authenticate with the site, the plain-text password typed by the user must be rescrambled and then compared to the stored, encrypted string.

For password scrambling, programmers use a hash digest, where the result for any input string is always a fixed-size, large integer. An example of a hash digest is SHA-1, which dates from 1994; the SHA-1 algorithm takes a string as input and always outputs a 160-bit number (20 bytes of storage). Because 48 decimal digits would be required to express this number, it is usually displayed to humans as a 28-character, base-64 encoded string. Here are some examples:

Hello World   z7R8yBtZz0+eqead7UEYzPvVFjw=
VB            L1SHP0uzuGbMUpT4z0zlAdEzfPE=
vb            eOcnhoZRmuoC/Ed5iRrW7IxlCDw=
Vb            e3PaiF6tMmhPGUfGg1nrfdV3I+I=
vB            gzt6my3YIrzJiTiucvqBTgM6LtM=

In the examples above, even very similar strings produce quite different hash digests; the resultant hash string does not give any hint about the length of source string, or its starting character, or anything else about it. SHA-1 is useful because it produces collision-free results. Below is C# (v2.0) code for producing an SHA-1 hash digest from a string:

Byte[] bytSource; // byte array for plain text string Byte[] bytHash; // byte array for cipher string

System.Text.UnicodeEncoding uEncode = new System.Text.UnicodeEncoding();

System.Security.Cryptography.SHA1CryptoServiceProvider sha1 = new System.Security.Cryptography.SHA1CryptoServiceProvider();

// fill byte array with Unicode chars from plain text source string bytSource = uEncode.GetBytes(strSource);

// encrypt the source byte array into the result array bytHash = sha1.ComputeHash(bytSource);

// return a displayable base64-encoded string return Convert.ToBase64String(bytHash);

Salting passwords

When implementing password security, it is best to use a tried and true software library which has already been developed and debugged, because the process of handling passwords is a little more complicated than merely creating a hash digest of a password. It turns out, that to minimize the likelihood of a dictionary attack on a password, it is necessary to salt the password by either prepending or appending a unique, randomly created string to it before it hashing and storage (new password) or hashing and comparison (existing password). There is a very good tutorial on salting passwords in the OAuth blog ("Adding Salt to Hashing: A Better Way to Store Passwords").

Verification of file integrity

Because hash digests are unique signatures, one-way encryption via hash digests can be used to verify that a file has not changed. The hash digest of a file can be taken before transmitting it and appended to the file transmission, and the receiving computer can also hash the file, compare its computed hash with the transmitted hash, and if they are identical, presume that the file was not corrupted by accidental signal noise on the transmission channel.