Henry's law

Henry's law is one of the gas laws, formulated by the British chemist, William Henry, in 1803. It states that:

At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.

Formula and Henry constant

A formula for Henry's Law is:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle e^{p\,} = e^{kc\,} \,}

where:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle e\,} is approximately 2.7182818, the base of the natural logarithm (also called Euler's number)

$p\,$ is the partial pressure of the solute above the solution

$c\,$ is the concentration of the solute in the solution (in one of its many units)

$k\,$ is the Henry's Law constant, which has units such as L·atm/mol, atm/(mol fraction) or Pa·m³/mol.

Taking the natural logarithm of the formula, gives us the more commonly used formula:

$p=kc\,$

Some values for k include:

oxygen (O₂) : 769.2 L·atm/mol      

carbon dioxide (CO₂) : 29.4 L·atm/mol      

hydrogen (H₂) : 1282.1 L·atm/mol    

when these gases are dissolved in water at 298 kelvins.

As shown in Table 1 below, there are other forms of Henry's Law each of which defines the constant k differently and requires different dimensional units. The form of the equation presented above is consistent with the example numerical values presented for oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen and with their corresponding dimensional units.

Note that the unit of concentration was chosen to be molarity. Hence the dimensional units: L is liters of solution, atm is the partial pressure of the gaseous solute above the solution (in atmospheres of absolute pressure), and mol is the moles of the gaseous solute in the solution. Also note that the Henry's Law constant, k, varies with the solvent and the temperature.

Other forms of Henry's law

There are various other forms Henry's Law which are discussed in the technical literature.

Table 1: Some forms of Henry's law and constants (gases in water at 298 K), derived from

equation:	$k_{H,pc}={\frac {p_{gas}}{c_{aq}}}$	$k_{H,cp}={\frac {c_{aq}}{p_{gas}}}$	$k_{H,px}={\frac {p_{gas}}{x_{aq}}}$	$k_{H,cc}={\frac {c_{aq}}{c_{gas}}}$
dimension:	$\left[{\frac {\mathrm {L} _{soln}\cdot \mathrm {atm} }{\mathrm {mol} _{gas}}}\right]$	$\left[{\frac {\mathrm {mol} _{gas}}{\mathrm {L} _{soln}\cdot \mathrm {atm} }}\right]$	$\left[{\frac {\mathrm {atm} \cdot (\mathrm {mol} _{water}+\mathrm {mol} _{gas})}{\mathrm {mol} _{gas}}}\right]$	$\left[{\text{dimensionless}}\right]$
O2	769.23	1.3 E-3	4.259 E4	3.180 E-2
H2	1282.05	7.8 E-4	7.099 E4	1.907 E-2
CO2	29.41	3.4 E-2	0.163 E4	0.8317
N2	1639.34	6.1 E-4	9.077 E4	1.492 E-2
He	2702.7	3.7 E-4	14.97 E4	9.051 E-3
Ne	2222.22	4.5 E-4	12.30 E4	1.101 E-2
Ar	714.28	1.4 E-3	3.955 E4	3.425 E-2
CO	1052.63	9.5 E-4	5.828 E4	2.324 E-2

where:

$c_{aq}\,$ = moles of gas per liter of solution

$\mathrm {L} _{soln}\,$ = liters of solution

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p_{gas}\,} = partial pressure of gas above the solution, in atmospheres of absolute pressure

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_{aq}\,} = mole fraction of gas in solution = moles of gas per total moles ≈ moles of gas per mole of water

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{atm}\,} = atmospheres of absolute pressure

As can be seen by comparing the equations in the above table, the Henry's Law constant Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{H,pc}} is simply the inverse of the constant Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{H,cp}} . Since all Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{H}} may be referred to as the Henry's Law constant, readers of the technical literature must be quite careful to note which version of the Henry's Law equation is being used.

It should also be noted the Henry's Law is a limiting law that only applies for dilute solutions. The range of concentrations in which it applies becomes narrower the more the system diverges from non-ideal behavior. Roughly speaking, that is the more chemically different the solute is from the solvent.

It also only applies for solutions where the solvent does not react chemically with the gas being dissolved. A common example of a gas that does react with the solvent is carbon dioxide, which rapidly forms hydrated carbon dioxide and then carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) with water.

Temperature dependence of the Henry constant

When the temperature of a system changes, the Henry constant will also change. This is why some people prefer to name it Henry coefficient. There are multiple equations assessing the effect of temperature on the constant. A simple example is , which is a form of the van 't Hoff equation:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k(T) = k(T_\Theta) \cdot e^{ \left[ -C \cdot \left( \frac{1}{T}-\frac{1}{T_\Theta}\right)\right]}\, }

where

k for a given temperature is the Henry's Law constant (as defined in the first section of this article), identical with k_H,pc defined in Table 1,

T is in kelvins,

the index Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Theta} (theta) refers to the standard temperature (298 K).

The above equation is an approximation only and should be used only when no better experimentally derived formula for a given gas exists.

The following table lists some values for constant C (dimension of kelvins) in the equation above:

Table 2: Values of C

Gas	O2	H2	CO2	N2	He	Ne	Ar	CO
C	1700	500	2400	1300	230	490	1300	1300

Because solubility of gases is decreasing with increasing temperature, the partial pressure a given gas concentration has in liquid must increase. While heating water (saturated with nitrogen) from 25 °C to 95 °C the solubility will decrease to about 43% of its initial value. Partial pressure of CO₂ in seawater doubles with every 16 K increase in temperature.

The constant C may be regarded as:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle C = \frac{\Delta_{solv}H}{R} = \frac{-d \ln\left(k(T)\right)}{d(1/T)}}

where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta_{solv}H \,} is the enthalpy of solution

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R} is the universal gas constant.

Henry's law in geophysics

In geophysics a version of Henry's law applies to the solubility of a noble gas in contact with silicate melt. One equation used is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \rho_m/\rho_g=e^{-\beta(\mu_{{\rm ex},m}-\mu_{{\rm ex},g})}\,}

where:

subscript m = melt

subscript g = gas phase

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \rho} = the densities of the solute gas in the melt and gas phase

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta=1/k_BT} an inverse temperature scale

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_B} = the Boltzmann constant

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu_{{\rm ex},m}} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu_{{\rm ex},g}} = the excess chemical potential of the solute in the two phases.

Henry's law versus Raoult's law

Both Henry's law and Raoult's law state that the vapor pressure of a component, p, is proportional to its concentration.

Henry's law: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p = k \,x}

Raoult's law: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p = p^\star\,x}

where:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \,x} is the mole fraction of the component

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \,k} is the Henry constant   (Note that the numerical value and dimensions of this constant change when mole fractions are used rather than molarity, as seen in Table 1)

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p^\star} is the equilibrium vapor pressure of the pure component.

A nearly pure component (i.e., either the solvent or the solute gas) approximatly obeys Raoult's law and a dilute component approximately obeys Henry's law. In other words, in a dilute solution, the solute gas approximately obey's Henry's law and the solvent approximately obeys Raoult's law.