H (letter)
H, h is a letter of the Latin alphabet. It is the eighth letter of most variants, being placed after G and before I, as is the case for instance in the English alphabet. Its English name is pronounced [ˈeɪtʃ], aitch, as in 'he drops his aitches', referring to the habit of some speakers, notably cockneys, not to sound initial aspirated h in words like house and head.
Use in English
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h between vowels, and usually initially, is a breath outwards, an aspirate. But it also combines with a number of consonants to form other consonants, is a schwa in two Cambodian words, and in many words is silent.
The aspirated h is much more common initially than medially (and final h is never aspirated): hòuse, héad, hêed, háppy, hôme, hélp, hínder, húrry, hurrây, hêave, héavy, héaven, héll, hŷpe (the accents show stress and pronunciation: see English spellings).
When not initial, it sometimes looks misleadingly like a combination with another consonant, as in adhêre and dishàrmony, but this is accidental and the h is sounded separately from the preceding consonant; h is also found between vowels as in rehëarse, mahógany, ahŏy, ahéad and ahém; and in some names, like Mahôney.
Silent h occurs initially in hónest, hónour, hóur time (= our we), héir fortune (= ãir breathe) and in their derivatives: hónourable, hòurly &c; and also in nìhilist (or nîhilist), exhåust, in the suffix -ham (in British English) in names of towns or surnames: Béckenham, Péckham, Twíckenham, Tóttenham, and in Jóhn (= the less common Jón).
A silent h is also used to lengthen vowels, usually in interjections: àh! ôh! èh? or words from German: Kôhl, Kûhn, àùtobàhn (*òutobàn) and unstressed in Méndelssohn (*Méndəlsən) and unstressed finally in Sãrah, parîah and verándah - all pronouncing ah as schwa (as with a in Sàra, Marìa and Miránda).
In vêhicle, silent h separates the i from the preceding ê, making the í a syllable: *vê-í-kle – or as a schwa: *vêəkle, *víəkle. And in names like Mêehan and Côhen the h is not naturally pronounced as such: *Mêeyən and *Côwən (cf. Còwan, where the w is written).
h combining with preceding letters
h is silent after vowels and before consonants and thus does not begin clusters; instead, it shows great versatility in combining with preceding letters:
àh, with silent h, is used in interjections and the like: àh! - bàh! - blàh blàh blàh! -pàh! - yàh bôo!
- In German words, it shows the long à sound: Màhler, Stàhl, Bràhms, àutobàhn (òwt-), and in Bahrèin the h can be pronounced.
ch as in choôse, bêach, chéck verify = BrE chéque money, chàr, cóckroach, chát, chêek, chín, côach.
- Very often it is preceded by a redundant t: ẁatch, wrétch, cátch, bátch, kétchup, ítching, wítch (for many speakers = whích).
- But in some words taken from French, it is pronounced like sh: chìc, machìne, AmE moústáche, BrE moustàche.
- Elsewhere, the h is redundant: ch as 'k': Bucharést (Bùka-), chŏrd, psychólogy, schoôner - while in chémist, àrchive, schême it prevents the following e or i from making the c sound like an 's'.
- The optional sound of IPA χ occurs in words from Scottish Gaelic (as also in German Bàch): lóch, Sássenach - optional because these are often, by non-Scots, pronounced with a final 'k' sound.
dh represents the voiced th sound in Rìyadh.
èh occurs in names from German, like Lèhmann (although compare Lêhman) and in èh? (h silent, showing vowel length).
hh occurs accidentally in withhôld, withhéld and hítchhîke, where in each case the second h is aspirated as if beginning a new word. witch-hunt, too, may appear without a hyphen.
ih occurs in nìhilist (or nîhilist) where the h is usually silent or has the consonantal y sound, *nêeyilist.
kh appears in words from Arabic, Persian, Urdu and so on. The pronunciation is the same as that of ch in lóch (a rasping in the back of the throat, [χ]) - and thus many speakers do not distinguish it from k alone: Khàlid, Khàn, shèikh. But in Khmér (*Kəmãir) h is a vowel, schwa.
ôh! oôh! poôh! are interjections (also: Winnie the Poôh) and, from German, ôhm: silent h.
ph = f as in fâce: nýmph, phrâse, phâse, Dáphnê, phoênix, grāph (but Stêphen = Stêven). But in Phnóm Pénh (*Pənóm Pén) h is a vowel, schwa.
rh = r: Rhôdes, rhôdium, rhodedéndron, rhêsus, rhêtoric.
sh is the normal way of showing the very common sound spelt ch in machìne: shoòt, frésh, cásh, shêet, fâstish, Bangladésh, ásh, pólish, Pôlish, áshen, díshwasher, shùsh! sssssh!
th represents two sounds, one the voiced version of the other.
- Voiced th is used in certain functional, and therefore in many cases very common, words: thís, thát, thére, thén, thôugh, althôugh, thús, thérefore, thòu, the/thê article = thêe you, and in òther, mòther, fàther, bròther, rāther, lāther.
- Unvoiced th is not uncommon either, especially at the beginning and end of words: thínk, thŏught, throûgh, thòrough (AmE thúrrôw, BrE *thúrrə), thrôw, móth, bôth, ẁrath (-ó-), fífth (*fíth - though some pronounce the second f), fílthy. But the h is redundant in Thaîland (*Tŷland).
úh (h silent after schwa) is used as in húh? úh? with the same interrogative meaning as èh?, and (mostly AmE) úh-húh yes, and in other improvised interjections; otherwise it appears in German names as ûh: Kûhn.
wh = w in British English but pronounced hw in American and some other varieties: what, whére, why, whén, whéther (cf. wéather), sòmewhat, sòmewhere, anywhere (én-), nôwhere, whísky, whîte, Whítsun, wháck, whám.
zh has the sound of -si- in vision or -su- in pléasure, which are the usual spellings for the sound. As zh it occurs only in words from Arabic, Russian and other languages, as in Brézhnev.