Japan

Japan's capital, Tokyo, is a city of packed streets, neon logos and the ancient tucked away alongside the modern.
Photo © by Sonny Santos, used by permission.

Japan is a country on an island chain, east of but generally considered to be in East Asia; its closest neighbours are North and South Korea, which share with Japan deep cultural roots. The Japanese trace their origins as a unified culture back thousands of years, mingling their own distinct identity with ideas and influence brought mainly from China. Having chosen isolation for hundreds of years, Japan awoke with a new, international outlook in the nineteenth century, bringing significant influence to cultures worldwide. Despite a long period of nationalism in the twentieth century that eventually brought the country ruin, Japanese culture continues to make inroads into the lives of distant peoples - from crazes for kimonos, manga comics and toys to an increasingly international military role, emerging via an economy which produces the newest and most innovative technology.

Japan and its neighbours.

Geography

Japan is a country of over 3,000 islands, tapering down alongside the Pacific coast of the Asian continent. The four largest islands, nestled together, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Northerly Hokkaidō experiences Siberian-style conditions in winter, while the extreme south is tropical. The country often experiences typhoons, with Kyushu regularly receiving a particular battering; two in 2007 killed three people and drove thousands from their homes. In addition, the islands experience tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic activity, tornados, heat waves and avalanches; sophisticated technology helps the population cope. See Japan - Tables for a recent list of natural disasters.

Demographics

Japan's population peaked in 2006; the following year saw the second consecutive decline, with an official population of 127,053,471. The birth rate has now increased from 2006's record low, but this has been offset by an all-time-high in the death rate. 51% of the population are female, and over-65s now make up 21% of the country. None of these figures take into account non-Japanese citizens, including 'special residents' comprising mainly ethnic Koreans, who have in most cases lived in Japan for more than one generation, following Japan's defeat and withdrawal from Korea at the end of World War II.

Japan's cities, particularly on the main island of Honshu, are densely populated. Of Japan's eleven cities with a population exceeding one million, nine are on Honshu, and four of these - Tokyo, Yokohama, Saitama and Kawasaki - lie within the Greater Tokyo Area, the most populous urban region in the world. Tokyo itself includes 12,361,736 people as of 2007 within its municipal borders, making it the top city in Japan for population. Honshu is also host to other large urban regions centred around Nagoya and Osaka; with Tokyo, these three areas now include half the country's population for the first time ever.

Culture

See also: Culture of Japan

Chinese characters are written almost everywhere in Japan, but this does not mean that this nation is little more than a Chinese outpost. Though much of Japanese culture historically has its roots in early China, it also developed separate ideas - the native Shinto religion, for example, has never been established to have originated in China, though accounts of its development remain controversial. Likewise, Japan's status as an island country has meant that its infrastructure emerged with some degree of - often self-imposed - isolation.

The Japanese may occasionally declare themselves one race, one culture and one people, but in fact Japan has always been multicultural, in the sense that many immigrants, mainly from East Asia, have made Japan their home, and also because the different regions were not unified until well into the nineteenth century. This meant that only the spread of a formal spoken variety of the Tokyo dialect as the standard language (標準語 Hyōjungo) led to linguistic unification as the twentieth century dawned. Even today, most Japanese dialects are not readily understood by other speakers.

Traditional tengu-geta shoes can be seen in traditional festivals.
Photo © by Sonny Santos, used by permission.

Traditional and modern meet on the streets of Harajuku, Tokyo.
Photo © by Sonny Santos, used by permission.

Traditional Japanese culture tends to promote a deep regard for accuracy, a sense of both complexity and simplicity, and a goal of producing a work of great beauty; for example, origami, or paper-folding, requires a series of intricate steps to be carefully followed to produce a final masterpiece from a single sheet. Similarly, the tea ceremony (茶道, chadō or sadō) remains a popular way of simply drinking tea in tranquil surroundings - where not a cup must be out of place.

Painting, calligraphy and pottery are just a few further examples of Japanese artistry. Two famous examples are Ukiyoe (浮世絵), or woodblock prints, which have been produced for centuries, and nowadays manga (漫画) comics fill bookshops and news stands inside and outside the country. Manga is just one manifestation of a highly literate society which first adapted Chinese characters to a relatively different language, produced its own highly regarded literature, and ultimately bestowed hundreds of words on other tongues, such as karate and karaoke to name but a few in English. Similarly, Japanese has absorbed a large amount of vocabulary from English and other languages.

Young Japanese in particular follow fashion trends from overseas, but at the same time have developed their own trendy subcultures that to outsiders may border on the bizarre - teenagers dressed in maid outfits or in cute Victorian-style 'Lolita' costumes are more common a sight in Tokyo than traditionally-dressed maiko (妓) girls in historic Kyoto.

History

See also: History of Japan

In 1603, the Tokugawa shogunate (military dictatorship) ushered in a long period of isolation from foreign influence in order to secure its power. For 250 years this policy enabled Japan to enjoy stability and a flowering of its indigenous culture. Following the Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States of America in 1854, Japan opened its ports and began to intensively modernise and industrialise.

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Japan became a regional power that was able to defeat the forces of both China and Russia. It occupied Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), and southern Sakhalin Island. In 1931-1932. Japan occupied the Chinese province of Manchuria (Dongbei), and in 1937 it launched a full-scale invasion of China. Japan attacked U.S. forces in 1941 - triggering America's entry into World War II - and soon occupied much of East and Southeast Asia.

After its defeat in World War II, Japan was occupied by the U.S. until 1952, and recovered from the effects of the warto become an economic power, staunch American ally and a democracy. While the emperor retains his throne as a symbol of national unity, actual power rests in networks of powerful politicians, bureaucrats, and business executives. The economy experienced a major slowdown starting in the 1990s following three decades of unprecedented growth, but Japan still remains a major economic power, both in Asia and globally.

See also

• Culture of Japan
• Japanese language
• Japanese English
• Life expectancy - Japan