Daniel David Palmer

Daniel David Palmer (March 7 1845–October 20 1913) was the founder of chiropractic.

Palmer was born in Port Perry, near Toronto, Canada, and at the age of twenty moved to the United States with his family. Palmer held various jobs as a beekeeper, school teacher, and grocery store owner, and had an interest in the various health philosophies of his day, such as magnetic healing, osteopathy, and spiritualism. Palmer practiced magnetic healing beginning in the mid-1880s in Burlington and Davenport, Iowa.

Palmer read medical journals of his time, and followed developments throughout the world regarding anatomy and physiology. While working as a magnetic healer, he decided to find the cause of all disease, and his work led to the foundation of chiropractic. His theories revolved around the concept that altered nerve flow was the cause of all disease, and that misaligned spinal vertebrae had an effect on the nerve flow. He postulated that restoring these vertebra to their proper alignment would restore health.

Palmer founded a school based on his work that would become the Palmer School of Chiropractic (PSC) (now Palmer Chiropractic College) in 1897. By 1902 the school had graduated fifteen chiropractors. At that point, Palmer was prosecuted under the new medical arts law in Iowa for practicing medicine without a license, and spent part of a six-month sentence in jail as a result. Shortly after being prosecuted, he sold the school of chiropractic to his son, B.J. Palmer. As soon as the sale of the school was finalized, DD Palmer went the the west coast where he helped to found chiropractic schools in Oklahoma, California and Oregon.

The relationship with his son was tenuous and often bitter, especially after the sale of his school. Their subsequent disagreements for the direction of the emerging field of chiropractic were evident in Palmer's writings. Even the circumstances surrounding his death were postulated to be attributable to his son. Court records reflect that during a founder's day parade in Davenport in August 1913, Palmer was marching on foot and was allegedly struck from behind by a car driven by his son, though others denied this. He died later in Los Angeles, California, on October 20 1913. The official cause of death was typhoid fever, though some believe it was the consequence of his injuries. The courts exonerated his son of any responsibility for Palmer's death.

Palmer's fundamental idea

Palmer opened his office of magnetic healing in Davenport, Iowa in 1886. Nine years later, on September 18 1895, he gave the first chiropractic adjustment to a deaf janitor, Harvey Lillard. Palmer and Lillard subsequently gave different accounts of this first experiment with spinal manipulation. According to Palmer, Lillard had told him that, while working in a cramped area seventeen years earlier, he had felt a "pop" in his back, and had since been virtually deaf. Palmer found a sore lump that indicated spinal misalignment; he corrected the misalignment, after which Lillard could then "hear the wheels of the horse-drawn carts" in the street below. However, Lillard's daughter, Valdeenia Lillard Simons, said that her father told her that he was joking with a friend in the hall outside Palmer's office when Palmer joined them. As Lillard reached the punchline, Palmer, laughing heartily, slapped Lillard on the back with the heavy book he had been reading. A few days later, Lillard's hearing seemed better, and Palmer decided to explore manipulation as an expansion of his magnetic healing practice. Simons said "the compact was that if they can make [something of] it, then they both would share. But, it didn't happen."

After the event, Palmer said: "I had a case of heart trouble which was not improving. I examined the spine and found a displaced vertebra pressing against the nerves which innervate the heart. I adjusted the vertebra and gave immediate relief — nothing 'accidental' or 'crude' about this. Then I began to reason if two diseases, so dissimilar as deafness and heart trouble, came from impingement, a pressure on nerves, were not other disease due to a similar cause? Thus the science (knowledge) and art (adjusting) of Chiropractic were formed at that time."

Palmer asked a friend, the Reverend Samuel Weed, to help him name his discovery; he suggested combining the words cheiros and praktikos (meaning 'done by hand'). In 1896, Palmer added a school to his magnetic healing infirmary and began to teach others the new "chiropractic"; it would become the Palmer School (now College) of Chiropractic. Among the first graduates were his son, Solon Langworthy, John Howard, and Shegataro Morikubo. Langworthy moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa and opened in 1903, the American School of Chiropractic & Nature Cure, combining chiropractic with osteopathy and other natural cures from the newly developing field of naturapathy. DPalmer, who was not interested in mixing chiropractic with other cures, refused the offer of a partnership.

DD Palmer's effort to find a single cause for all disease led him to say:

A subluxated vertebra… is the cause of 95 percent of all diseases. …The other five percent is caused by displaced joints other than those of the vertebral column.

Palmer's mysticism

During the battle for licensure in California, in a letter of May 4, 1911 D.D. Palmer displayed his plan for the legal defense of chiropractic:

"You ask, what I think will be the final outcome of our law getting. It will be that we will have to build a boat similar to Christian Science and hoist a religious flag. I have received chiropractic from the other world, similar as did Mrs. Eddy. No other one has laid claim to that, NOT EVEN B.J. Exemption clauses instead of chiro laws by all means, and LET THAT EXEMPTION BE THE RIGHT TO PRACTICE OUR RELIGION. But we must have a religious head, one who is the founder, as did Christ, Mohamed, Jo. Smith, Mrs. Eddy, Martin Luther and other who have founded religions. I am the fountain head. I am the founder of chiropractic in its science, in its art, in its philosophy and in its religious phase."

Historical quotes

The following quotes are from DD Palmer's book, The Chiropractor's Adjuster (also called The Text-Book of the Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic). The book was published in 1910 by the Portland Printing House Company of Portland, Oregon, and reprinted in 1966 by his grandson, David D. Palmer.

• Disease: “The kind of disease depends upon what nerves are too tense or too slack.”

• Chiropractic for intellectual abnormalities: “Chiropractors correct abnormalities of the intellect as well as those of the body.”

• Life and Religion: "I have answered the time-worn question — what is life?”: “The dualistic system — spirit and body — united by intellectual life — the soul — is the basis of this science of biology”

Chiropractors do not manipulate; they do not use the process of manipulating; they adjust.“

“Any person can learn to hit the high spots, replace and displace vertebrae, relieve one disease and cause another. Let us as chiropractors, show the world that chiro practic is a science...Why not be specific...Why not combine the science of chiropractic with the ART of adjusting?”

“Science is knowledge reduced to law and embodied in a system. Art relates to something being done. Science teaches us to know and art to do.”

Further reading

• The Chiropractor's Adjuster (also called The Text-Book of the Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic), Daniel David Palmer, Portland Printing House, 1910 (reprint: 1966).

External links

• Chiropractic History Archives: D.D. Palmer (registration required)
• Textbook of the Art, Science and Philosophy of Chiropractic — D.D. Palmer (1910) [[[PDF]] file)
• Bay-Mall.net — "Chiropractic History"
• Palmer Chiropractic College