Treaty of Union (1707)
The Treaty of Union, which led to the Acts of Union, refers to the joint actions of the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707 which brought about the union of the two previously independent countries to form what is now known as Great Britain.
The Treaty itself consisted of 25 articles which were considered and passed in succession by the Scottish Parliament in 1706-07, the final overall Act being passed on January 16, 1707 by a vote of 110 - 67. The Treaty went into effect on May 1 of that same year.
Background
England and Scotland had been ruled under one monarch, while maintaining separate, sovereign parliaments, since 1603 when James VI, King of Scots, assumed control of the English throne in an event known as the Union of the Crowns. Several attempts at a union of governments occurred after 1603, but were not successful.
Following the Glorious Revolution, there began to be concerns about the line of royal succession, due to the lack of surviving children by William and Mary and Queen Anne. The English parliament passed the Acts of Settlement in 1701, which named James VI's granddaughter Sophia of Hanover as the heir to the throne. The Scottish parliament was upset that they were not consulted, and in 1704 passed the Act of Security, which stated that parliament would choose a successor upon Anne's death.
Another factor that influenced the union was the economic decline brought on by the Darien scheme. The Darien scheme was an attempt to establish a Scottish colony in the New World, which brought them into competition with the East India Company. The Company refused to sell supplies to the new colony, which ultimately doomed it, and Scotland took a large financial loss.
The idea of a formal union of governments benefited both countries by solidifying the monarchy and creating economic prosperity between the two countries.
Provisions of the Treaty
Among the major provisions which the Treaty provided for were:
- an "incorporating" Union of the two countries, Scotland and England, into a single political entity, Great Britain;
- a settlement of the royal succession question involving an endorsement of the Hanoverian succession;
- free trade between the two countries and access to English colonies in the America's by Scotland for trade purposes;
- the payment of a sum of money to Scotland, called the Equivalent, which was a method of reimbursing investors in the failed Darien scheme; and
- religious freedom, guaranteeing the independence of the Church of Scotland.
Further reading
- Christopher A. Whatley and Derek J. Patrick, The Scots and the Union
- Michael Fry, The Union: England, Scotland, and the Treaty of 1707
- Neil Davidson, Discovering the Scottish Revolution, 1692-1746
- Scotland in the Age of Improvement, edited by N.T. Phillipson and Rosalind Mitchison