Georgia (country)
Georgia[1] (Template:Lang-ka transliterated as Sakartvelo) is a country in the Caucasus to the southeast of Continental Europe at the east coast of the Black Sea. Georgia shares borders with Russia in the north and Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan in the south.
Georgia is a unitary, emerging liberal democratic[2][3] nation-state with an ancient historical and cultural heritage. Georgian civilization stretches back for more than three thousand years of history with a unique literary and artistic heritage.[4] Culturally, historically, and politically Georgia is considered part of Europe; however, the official geographic classification of the country varies according to different sources. Sometimes Georgia is considered a transcontinental nation.[5]
The English name Georgia is a transliteration of the classical term (Template:Lang-el) according to archaeological research, the Greek and Aramaic alphabets were used for the purposes of commerce before officially adopting the Georgian alphabet during the reign of King Pharnavaz I of Iberia.[6] In 327, Christianity was declared the official state religion in the ancient Georgian Kingdom of Iberia, making Georgia the second oldest[7][8][9] country after Armenia (301) to declare Christianity as her official state religion. The Bible was translated into Georgian in the 5th century.[10]
Geographically, Georgia is diverse and its natural resources are abundant. The mixture of Alpine zone in the Caucasus mountains and the subtropical Black Sea coast of western Georgia attracts many tourists, because the country is considered both an excellent ski resort and an excellent sea resort. Georgia has one of the oldest wine-making traditions in the world. Georgian wine is characterized as naturally semi-sweet and very competitive with French, Spanish and other Western European wines and is well-known around the world, especially in Eastern Europe. Georgia has been called the birthplace of wine, due to archaeological findings which indicate wine production back to 5000 BC.[11][12][13][14][15]
Economy
Archaeological research demonstrates that Georgia has been involved in commerce with the majority of the world's historical empires.[16] Throughout Georgia's history agriculture and tourism have been principal economic sectors, due to the country's climate and topography.[17] For much of the 20th century, Georgia's economy was governed by the Soviet command model. Since the fall of the USSR in 1991, Georgia has seen major structural reform designed to transition to a free market economy. In 2006 Georgia's real GDP growth rate reached 8.8%, making Georgia one of the fastest growing economies in Eastern Europe.[17] The World Bank dubbed Georgia "the number one economic reformer in the world" because it has in one year improved from rank 112th to 37th in terms of ease of doing business.[18]
2006 estimates place Georgia's GDP (adjusted for purchasing power parity) at US$17.79 billion. Georgia's economy is becoming more dependent on services (now representing 54.8% of GDP), moving away from agricultural sector (17.7%).[17] After the Kremlin banned imports of Georgian wine to Russia, one of Georgia's biggest trading partners, and severed financial links, the Georgian lari's rate of inflation spiked to 10% in 2006.[19] However, the high inflation rate was offset in part by a high investment rate (30% of 2006 GDP) and the country maintained a solid credit in international market securities.
According to Ilia Chavchavadze, the founder of the National Bank, in order to increase wealth of the country, there must be economic freedom.[20] Georgia is becoming more integrated into the global trading network: its 2006 imports and exports account for 10% and 18% of GDP respectively.[17] Georgia's main imports are natural gas, oil products, machinery and parts, and transport equipment. However, the country also has sizable internal energy hydropower resources. In 2004, the Georgian Parliament voted to introduce a flat income tax pegged at 12%, which significantly increased tax collection, thereby reducing the government's formerly large budget deficits. Experts estimate that Georgia has in the past few years significantly reduced corruption, because Transparency International places Georgia at joint number 99th in the world in its 2006 Corruption Perceptions Index (with number 1 being considered the least corrupt nation).[21] This is a significant improvement on Georgia's 2005 Corruption Perceptions Index, where Georgia was rated joint 130th.
Culture
Georgian culture evolved over thousands of years with its foundations in Iberian and Colchian civilizations[22] , continuing into the rise of the unified Georgian Kingdom under the single monarchy of the Bagrationi which has reached its golden age and renaissance of classical literature, arts, philosophy, architecture and science in 11th century. [23] The powerful Georgian language with its own unique alphabet, and the Classical Georgian literature of the legendary epic poet Shota Rustaveli was revived in the 19th century after long period of turmoil, laying the foundations of the great literary achievements of romantics and novelists of modern era such as Grigol Orbeliani, Nikoloz Baratashvili, Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Vaza Pshavela, and many others. [24] Georgian culture with its distinctively own unique civilizations was also influenced by the Classical Greece, Roman and Byzantine Empire, and later by the Russian Empire which has contributed in the European identity of the Georgian culture.
Georgia is well-known for its rich folklore, unique traditional music, theatre, cinema, arts, etc. Georgians are renowned for their love of music, dance, theatre and cinema which has been demonstrated in the 20th century by greately contributing to the world of arts thanks to the legendary representatives of the Georgian culture such as legendary painters (Niko Pirosmani, Lado Gudiashvili, Elene Akhvlediani, etc), ballet choreographers (George Balanchine, Vakhtang Chabukiani, Nino Ananiashvili) poets (Galaktion Tabidze, Lado Asatiani, Mukhran Machavariani, etc) and theatre/film directors (Robert Sturua, Tengiz Abuladze, Otar Ioseliani, etc.). [25]
Architecture
Georgian architecture is one of the most distinguished architectures in the world. However, it has been enriched by many civilizations during history. There are several different architectural styles for castles, towers and fortifications throughout the country and Upper Svaneti fortifications along with the castle town of Shatili in Khevsureti are one of the finest examples of Georgian castles.
Georgian ecclesiastic art is one of the most fascinating aspects of Georgian architecture, which combines classical dome style with original basilica style forming unique Georgian cross-dome style. Cross-dome style of architecture developed in Georgia during the 9th century and before that, most of the Georgian churches were basilicas. Georgian culture places high emphases on individualism and this is expressed thought the allocation of space inside the churches.
Other architectural aspects of Georgia include Hausmannized Rustaveli avenue of Tbilisi and the Old Town District.
References
- ↑ Georgia” shall be the name of the state of Georgia. Article 1, Constitution of Georgia Retrieved from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Website [1]
- ↑ Mitchell, Lincoln. "Georgia's Rose Revolution. (Brief Article) (Author Abstract)." Current History 103.675 (Oct 2004)
- ↑ Saakashvili, Mikheil. "The way forward: Georgia's democratic vision for the future. (after empire: Soviet Legacies)." Harvard International Review 28.1 (Spring 2006): 68(6)
- ↑ David Marshal Lang, History of Modern Georgia, London, 1962
- ↑ The Geographic Web Site www.worldatlas.com places Georgia in Europe as do many European sources, such as the BBC. The UN classification of world regions places Georgia in Western Asia as does the CIA World Factbook.
- ↑ David Marshall Lang, The Georgians, 1965
- ↑ Alasania, g. Twenty centuries of Christianity in Georgia. Library of Congress. Washington, DC
- ↑ Meyer, Karl E. Icebergs in the caucasus. 07-01-2001 World Policy Journal
- ↑ Theodor Dowling, Sketches of Georgian Church History, New York, 1912
- ↑ T. Dowling, The Scetches of History of the Georgian Church, 1912
- ↑ Republic of Georgian Wines, Select Wines LLC
- ↑ History of Wine I: The Ancients, Tynan Szvetecz, SavorEachGlass.com
- ↑ [2], New York Times
- ↑ Georgia on my mind, From Our Own Correspondent , BBC News Online, 30 December, 2000
- ↑ In Georgia, a Pilgrimage to the Cradle of Wine, CJ Chivers, New York Times Travel, October 8 2006
- ↑ National Museum of Georgia - [3]
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 CIA World Factbook - [4]
- ↑ World Bank Economy Rankings.
- ↑ See 2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines
- ↑ Chavchavadze, Ilia. "Novels and Poetry". Ch. IV
- ↑ Corruption Perceptions Index 2006
- ↑ Georgia : in the mountains of poetry 3rd rev. ed., Nasmyth, Peter
- ↑ Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and European contexts, Rapp, Stephen
- ↑ Lang David, Georgians
- ↑ Lang David, Georgians