Hamas: Difference between revisions
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==Origins== | ==Origins== | ||
Its leadership, including founder Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]] came from the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]; Article Two of the Charter says "The Islamic Resistance Movement is one of the wings of the Muslim Brothers in Palestine." He created, in 1973, al-Mujamma' al-Islami (the Islamic Center) to coordinate the Muslim Brotherhood's political activities in Gaza. Yassin founded Hamas as the Muslim Brotherhood's local political arm in December 1987, following the eruption of the first intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli control of the West Bank and Gaza. Hamas published its official charter in 1988, moving decidedly away from the Muslim Brotherhood's ethos of nonviolence.<ref name=CFR-Back /> | Its leadership, including founder Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]] came from the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]; Article Two of the Charter says "The Islamic Resistance Movement is one of the wings of the Muslim Brothers in Palestine." He created, in 1973, al-Mujamma' al-Islami (the Islamic Center) to coordinate the Muslim Brotherhood's political activities in Gaza. Yassin founded Hamas as the Muslim Brotherhood's local political arm in December 1987, following the eruption of the first intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli control of the West Bank and Gaza. Hamas published its official charter in 1988, moving decidedly away from the Muslim Brotherhood's ethos of nonviolence. The first Hamas suicide bombing took place in April 1993. Five months later, Arafat, and [[Yitzhak Rabin]], then-prime minister of Israel, sealed the Oslo peace accords.<ref name=CFR-Back /> | ||
==Palestinian politics== | ==Palestinian politics== | ||
After defeating Fatah, the party of the PA's president, Mahmoud Abbas, by winning 74 of 132 parliamentary seats in the 2006 election, there has been a struggle for political dominance. | After defeating Fatah, the party of the PA's president, Mahmoud Abbas, by winning 74 of 132 parliamentary seats in the 2006 election, there has been a struggle for political dominance. |
Revision as of 16:34, 20 October 2009
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Hamas, Arabic for "zeal" and also an acronym "Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya," or Islamic Resistance Movement, is the largest and most influential Palestinian militant movement. It won the January 2006 Palestinian Authority's (PA) general legislative elections.[1] Its greatest strength has been in Gaza, but it also has a significant following in the West Bank.
Like Hezbollah, it traditionally has had both a social services and a military wing. Hamas refuses to recognize the State of Israel, which has responded with economic sanction, and, in response to attacks on Israel, with military action.
The Hamas Charter calls for destruction of Israel, although Hamas has never had the physical capability to do so. It is unclear if this is still really the view of its leadership, but the preamble to the document states, "Israel will rise and will remain erect until Islam eliminates it as it had eliminated its predecessors." Article Eleven states that Hamas "believes that the land of Palestine has been an Islamic Waqf[2] throughout the generations and until the Day of Resurrection, no one can renounce it or part of it, or abandon it or part of it. [3] Some, but certainly not all, Hamas leaders have suggested that if Palestine were recognized by Israel, a theologically acceptable way for coexistence would be under the principle of renewable hudna, or truce. [4]
Origins
Its leadership, including founder Sheikh Ahmed Yassin came from the Muslim Brotherhood; Article Two of the Charter says "The Islamic Resistance Movement is one of the wings of the Muslim Brothers in Palestine." He created, in 1973, al-Mujamma' al-Islami (the Islamic Center) to coordinate the Muslim Brotherhood's political activities in Gaza. Yassin founded Hamas as the Muslim Brotherhood's local political arm in December 1987, following the eruption of the first intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli control of the West Bank and Gaza. Hamas published its official charter in 1988, moving decidedly away from the Muslim Brotherhood's ethos of nonviolence. The first Hamas suicide bombing took place in April 1993. Five months later, Arafat, and Yitzhak Rabin, then-prime minister of Israel, sealed the Oslo peace accords.[1]
Palestinian politics
After defeating Fatah, the party of the PA's president, Mahmoud Abbas, by winning 74 of 132 parliamentary seats in the 2006 election, there has been a struggle for political dominance.
Fatah sent a unity proposal to Hamas in October 2009, which is being mediated by Egypt. One difficult point is that Hamas wants a clause that allows it to resist Israel.[5]
Hamas, once viewed as the more radical Islamist party, is now pressed by more extreme groups. In August 2009, its security forces attacked the Ibn-Taymiyah mosque in the Gaza town of Rafah, killing a number of members of an insurgent Islamic sect called Jund Ansar Allah (JAA), along with the group's leader, Abdel-Latif Moussa. "Hamas had accused the group of bombing Internet cafés, music stores, foreign schools, and weddings -- allegations the group denied. In turn, JAA complained that Hamas had persecuted its members, confiscated money and equipment worth $120,000, and even tried to kidnap its Syrian military commander, Abu Abdallah al-Muhajir. At the mosque, Moussa and his followers refused to surrender to the Hamas forces gathered outside, and ensuing fighting left 22 dead.[6] Hamas, which had presented itself as an Islamist alternative to Fatah, has had difficulty in maintaining its religious image, and has been more aggressive than Fatah in suppressing challenges. Increasingly subject to the same criticisms it had offered when opposition, it was challenged by Salafist organizations including al-Qaeda. "In distress, al-Qaeda is seeking to use the Palestinian question to improve its image by presenting itself as the true defender of the Palestinian people."[7] when, after taking control of Gaza, it declined to impose Shar'ia law. JAA apparently triggered armed response when it announced it was establishing an Islamic emirate in Gaza, and put out a call for Palestinian to come to its mosque, armed.
Hamas lost international support and faced local opposition when it approved some Islamic law, but lost credibility as well when the tight Israeli border controls continued and settlements were not evacuated.
Organization
It has three major components, called wings or bureaus, although the divisions are not operationally significant; missions, personnel and resources flow between the sections with the military component ultimately garnering the most attention and funding.
- social services/welfare section
- political bureau
- military wing.
The political bureau, led by Khalad Mashal, is located in Damascus, Syria. Mashal’s deputy, Mousa Abu Marzouk, operates in the Gaza Strip. It has of 8-12 members and oversees the combat elements (Qassam Brigades) and social services section.[8]
Relations with Israel
The Guardian reported Israel has a goal of removing Hamas from control of Gaza, and preferably destroying it as an organization. [9] Both candidates for the leadership of Israel, Tzipi Livni and Benjamin Netanyahu, had declared the elimination of Hamas as a strategic goal for Israel. They differed only in terms of urgency, with Netanyahu calling for [an] "active policy of attack", accusing the current government of being too "passive"; Livni called it a strategic objective. [10]
Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni, in an interview with Der SPIEGEL, said "The operation was never about destroying Hamas -- rather our aim was to restore our deterrence capability. We took their leaders by surprise with our operation. They will think twice before they dare to fire the next rocket at Israel."[11]
International relations
Other nations have had limited interaction with Hamas. Stephen Walt described dealing with Hamas as "odious", given the antisemitism in its charter and its invoking of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, but he considers them part of the political landscape, and a Fatah-Hamas rapprochement is one of the only ways to establish peace in Palestine. Further, he believes that reaching out to the more moderate members of Hamas is the only way to move them toward accepting a two-state solution. [12] While Walt is not sure if they will accept it, Jimmy Carter has had discussions, not representing the U.S., with them in April 2008. Carter told the Israeli Council on Foreign Relations "We do not believe that peace is likely, and we are certain that peace is not sustainable, unless a way is found to bring Hamas into the discussions in some way. The present strategy of excluding Hamas and excluding Syria is just not working." Israeli officials did not speak with Carter, and Foreign Ministry spokesman Arye Mekel said "It was sad to see how Hamas is using former president Carter to try to get legitimization it does not deserve." [13]
Nathan Stock, of the Carter Center, urged the Obama administration to engage Hamas in the interest of preventing its replacement by even more radical organizations.[14]
Military and terror operations
Its military wing, the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades, has carried out suicide attacks and rocket and mortar strikes against Israeli civilian and military targets. In the early 1990s, they also targeted suspected Palestinian collaborators and Fatah rivals. Geographically, its operations focus on Israel and the Occupied Territories. [15]
Hamas and some small affiliated organizations are estimated to have 6 to 10 thousand full-time fighters, and several thousand researvists. However, only a few hundred can be categorized as highly proficient compared to [[Hezbollah; these have trained with Hezbollah in Lebanon, or with Syria or Iran. Hamas divides Gaza into four operational sectors: northern (primary launch site for rockets), central, Gaza City and southern. They are capable of suicide bombings, mortar and rocket fire, and light infantry tactics. They also have a highly competent internet presence and information operations (IO) capability.
Hamas is reported to various mortar and rockets (ranging from homemade Qassam rockets to the more advanced long-range 122-mm Katyusha rockets acquired from Iran). Hamas has reportedly obtained “air defense missiles and weapons—. including the 9K32M Strela-2/SA-7 GRAIL and upgraded Chinese HN-5 derivative.[16] They may have had antitank guided missiles but did not use them effectively; rocket-propelled grenades were their major weapon against armor.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Backgrounder: Hamas, Council on Foreign Relations
- ↑ Holding in perpetuity
- ↑ The Charter of the Hamas, Ariel Center for Policy Research
- ↑ Paul Scham and Osama Abu-Irshaid (June 2009), Hamas: Ideological Rigidity and Political Flexibility, United States Institute of Peace
- ↑ "Hamas seeking changes to Palestine unity accord", Brisbane Times, 16 October 2009
- ↑ Barak Mendelsohn (9 September 2009), Hamas and Its Discontents: The Battle Over Islamic Rule in Gaza, Council on Foreign Relations
- ↑ Barak Mendelsohn (August–September 2009), "Al-Qaeda's Palestinian Problem", Survival (International Institute for Strategic Studies): 71–86
- ↑ Penny L. Mellies, Chapter 2--Hamas and Hezbollah: A Comparison of Tactics, in Scott C. Farquhar, Back to Basics: A Study of the Second Lebanon War and Operation CAST LEAD, Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, p. 47
- ↑ "Israel looks to drive out Hamas", Guardian, 6th January 2009
- ↑ "Israel's Livni, Netanyahu vow to topple Hamas rule", Reuters, 21 December 2008
- ↑ "SPIEGEL Interview with Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni: 'No Negotiations' with Hamas", Der SPIEGEL, 13 Janueary 2009
- ↑ Stephen Walt (10 March 2009), "Talking to Hamas?", Foreign Policy
- ↑ Griff Witte (22 April 2008), "Carter: Hamas Ready To Live Beside Israel; Group Says Palestinians Must Back Any Deal", Washington Post
- ↑ Nathan Stock (9 October 2009), "Talk to Hamas now or fight new radicals indefinitely; Obama can't afford to let history repeat itself in the Middle East", Christian Science Monitor
- ↑ Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), Federation of American Scientists
- ↑ Mellies, p. 51