User:Milton Beychok/Sandbox: Difference between revisions
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The following is a partial list of the major commercial petrochemicals and their derivatives: | |||
* [[ethylene]] - the simplest olefin; used as a ripening hormone, a monomer and a chemical feedstock | |||
** [[polyethylene]]s - [[Polymerization|polymerized]] ethylene | |||
**[[ethanol]] - made by [[hydration]] ([[chemical reaction]] adding [[water]]) of ethylene | |||
** [[ethylene oxide]] - sometimes called oxirane; can be made by [[oxidation]] of ethylene | |||
*** [[ethylene glycol]] - from hydration of ethylene oxide or oxidation of ethylene | |||
**** [[antifreeze (coolant)|engine coolant]] - contains [[ethylene glycol]] | |||
* | **** [[polyester]]s - any of several polymers with ester linkages in the backbone chain | ||
** | *** [[glycol ether]]s - from condensation of glycols | ||
** | *** [[ethoxylates]] | ||
** | ** [[vinyl acetate]] | ||
** | ** [[1,2-Dichloroethane|1,2-dichloroethane]] | ||
* | *** [[trichloroethylene]] | ||
** | *** [[tetrachloroethylene]] - also called perchloroethylene; used as a dry cleaning solvent and degreaser | ||
** | *** [[vinyl chloride]] - monomer for [[polyvinyl chloride]] | ||
** | **** [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) - type of plastic used for piping, tubing, other things | ||
* | * [[propylene]] - used as a monomer and a chemical feedstock | ||
* | ** [[isopropyl alcohol]] - 2-propanol; often used as a solvent or rubbing alcohol | ||
* | ** [[acrylonitrile]] - useful as a monomer in forming [[Orlon]], [[Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene|ABS]] | ||
* | ** [[polypropylene]] - [[Polymerization|polymerized]] propylene | ||
** [[propylene oxide]] | |||
*** [[propylene glycol]] - sometimes used in engine coolant | |||
*** [[glycol ether]]s - from condensation of glycols | |||
** [[acrylic acid]] | |||
*** [[acrylic polymer]]s | |||
* | ** [[allyl chloride]] - | ||
* | *** [[epichlorohydrin]] - chloro-oxirane; used in epoxy resin formation | ||
* | **** [[epoxy resin]]s - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some [[amine]] | ||
* C4 hydrocarbons - a mixture consisting of butanes, butylenes and butadienes | |||
** [[isomers of butylene]] - useful as monomers or co-monomers | |||
*** isobutylene - feed for making [[Methyl tert-butyl ether|methyl ''tert''-butyl ether]] (MTBE) or monomer for copolymerization with a low percentage of [[isoprene]] to make [[butyl rubber]] | |||
** [[1,3-butadiene]] - a [[diene]] often used as a monomer or co-monomer for polymerization to elastomers such as [[polybutadiene]] or a plastic such as [[acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene]] (ABS) | |||
*** [[synthetic rubber]]s - synthetic elastomers made of any one or more of several petrochemical (usually) monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isobutylene, isoprene, chloroprene; elastomeric polymers are often made with a high percentage of conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, or chloroprene | |||
* [[higher olefins]] | |||
** [[polyolefin]]s such poly-alpha-olefins which are used as lubricants | |||
** [[alpha-olefin]]s - used as monomers, co-monomers, and other chemical precursors. For example, a small amount of 1-hexene can be copolymerized with ethylene into a more flexible form of polyethylene. | |||
** other higher olefins | |||
** [[detergent alcohol]]s | |||
* [[benzene]] - the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon | |||
** [[ethylbenzene]] - made from benzene and ethylene | |||
*** [[styrene]] made by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene; used as a monomer | |||
**** [[polystyrene]]s - polymers with styrene as a monomer | |||
** [[cumene]] - isopropylbenzene; a feedstock in the [[cumene process]] | |||
*** [[phenol]] - hydroxybenzene; of dassdcten made by the cumene process | |||
*** [[acetone]] - dimethyl ketone; also often made by the cumene process | |||
*** [[bisphenol A]] - a type of "double" phenol used in polymerization in epoxy resins and making a common type of polycarbonate | |||
**** [[epoxy resin]]s - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some [[amine]] | |||
**** [[polycarbonate]] - a plastic polymer made from bisphenol A and [[phosgene]] (carbonyl dichloride) | |||
*** [[solvents]] - liquids used for dissolving materials; examples often made from petrochemicals include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, toluene, xylenes | |||
** [[cyclohexane]] - a 6-carbon aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon sometimes used as a non-polar solvent | |||
*** [[adipic acid]] - a 6-carbon di[[carboxylic acid]] which can be a precursor used as a co-monomer together with a di[[amine]] to form an alternating copolymer form of nylon. | |||
**** [[nylon]]s - types of [[polyamide]]s, some are alternating copolymers formed from copolymerizing dicarboxylic acid or derivatives with diamines | |||
*** [[caprolactam]] - a 6-carbon cyclic [[amide]] | |||
**** [[nylons]] - types of [[polyamide]]s, some are from polymerizing caprolactam | |||
** [[nitrobenzene]] - can be made by single nitration of benzene | |||
*** [[aniline]] - aminobenzene | |||
**** [[methylene diphenyl diisocyanate]] (MDI) - used as a co-monomer with [[diol]]s or polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or poly[[amine]]s to form [[polyurea]]s | |||
***** [[polyurethane]]s | |||
** [[alkylbenzene]] - a general type of aromatic hydrocarbon which can be used as a presursor for a [[sulfonate]] [[surfactant]] (detergent) | |||
*** [[detergent]]s - often include [[surfactant]]s types such as alkylbenzenesulfonates and nonylphenol ethoxylates | |||
** [[chlorobenzene]] | |||
* [[toluene]] - methylbenzene; can be a solvent or precursor for other chemicals | |||
** [[benzene]] | |||
** [[toluene diisocyanate]] (TDI) - used as co-monomers with [[diol]]s or polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or poly[[amine]]s to form [[polyurea]]s | |||
*** [[polyurethane]]s - a polymer formed from diisocyanates and diols or polyols | |||
** [[benzoic acid]] - carboxybenzene | |||
*** [[caprolactam]] | |||
**** [[nylon]] | |||
* [[xylene|mixed xylenes]] - any of three dimethylbenzene isomers, could be a solvent but more often precursor chemicals | |||
** ''ortho''-[[xylene]] - both [[methyl group]]s can be oxidized to form (''ortho-'')phthalic acid | |||
*** [[phthalic anhydride]] | |||
** ''para''-[[xylene]] - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form terephthalic acid | |||
*** [[dimethyl terephthalate]] - can be copolymerized to form certain polyesters | |||
**** [[polyester]]s - although there can be many types, [[polyethylene terephthalate]] is made from petrochemical products and is very widely used. | |||
*** purified [[terephthalic acid]] - often copolymerized to form [[polyethylene terephthalate]] | |||
**** [[polyester]]s | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
Revision as of 13:52, 28 June 2009
The following is a partial list of the major commercial petrochemicals and their derivatives:
- ethylene - the simplest olefin; used as a ripening hormone, a monomer and a chemical feedstock
- polyethylenes - polymerized ethylene
- ethanol - made by hydration (chemical reaction adding water) of ethylene
- ethylene oxide - sometimes called oxirane; can be made by oxidation of ethylene
- ethylene glycol - from hydration of ethylene oxide or oxidation of ethylene
- engine coolant - contains ethylene glycol
- polyesters - any of several polymers with ester linkages in the backbone chain
- glycol ethers - from condensation of glycols
- ethoxylates
- ethylene glycol - from hydration of ethylene oxide or oxidation of ethylene
- vinyl acetate
- 1,2-dichloroethane
- trichloroethylene
- tetrachloroethylene - also called perchloroethylene; used as a dry cleaning solvent and degreaser
- vinyl chloride - monomer for polyvinyl chloride
- polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - type of plastic used for piping, tubing, other things
- propylene - used as a monomer and a chemical feedstock
- isopropyl alcohol - 2-propanol; often used as a solvent or rubbing alcohol
- acrylonitrile - useful as a monomer in forming Orlon, ABS
- polypropylene - polymerized propylene
- propylene oxide
- propylene glycol - sometimes used in engine coolant
- glycol ethers - from condensation of glycols
- acrylic acid
- allyl chloride -
- epichlorohydrin - chloro-oxirane; used in epoxy resin formation
- epoxy resins - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some amine
- epichlorohydrin - chloro-oxirane; used in epoxy resin formation
- C4 hydrocarbons - a mixture consisting of butanes, butylenes and butadienes
- isomers of butylene - useful as monomers or co-monomers
- isobutylene - feed for making methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or monomer for copolymerization with a low percentage of isoprene to make butyl rubber
- 1,3-butadiene - a diene often used as a monomer or co-monomer for polymerization to elastomers such as polybutadiene or a plastic such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
- synthetic rubbers - synthetic elastomers made of any one or more of several petrochemical (usually) monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isobutylene, isoprene, chloroprene; elastomeric polymers are often made with a high percentage of conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, or chloroprene
- isomers of butylene - useful as monomers or co-monomers
- higher olefins
- polyolefins such poly-alpha-olefins which are used as lubricants
- alpha-olefins - used as monomers, co-monomers, and other chemical precursors. For example, a small amount of 1-hexene can be copolymerized with ethylene into a more flexible form of polyethylene.
- other higher olefins
- detergent alcohols
- benzene - the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon
- ethylbenzene - made from benzene and ethylene
- styrene made by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene; used as a monomer
- polystyrenes - polymers with styrene as a monomer
- styrene made by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene; used as a monomer
- cumene - isopropylbenzene; a feedstock in the cumene process
- phenol - hydroxybenzene; of dassdcten made by the cumene process
- acetone - dimethyl ketone; also often made by the cumene process
- bisphenol A - a type of "double" phenol used in polymerization in epoxy resins and making a common type of polycarbonate
- epoxy resins - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some amine
- polycarbonate - a plastic polymer made from bisphenol A and phosgene (carbonyl dichloride)
- solvents - liquids used for dissolving materials; examples often made from petrochemicals include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, toluene, xylenes
- cyclohexane - a 6-carbon aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon sometimes used as a non-polar solvent
- adipic acid - a 6-carbon dicarboxylic acid which can be a precursor used as a co-monomer together with a diamine to form an alternating copolymer form of nylon.
- nylons - types of polyamides, some are alternating copolymers formed from copolymerizing dicarboxylic acid or derivatives with diamines
- caprolactam - a 6-carbon cyclic amide
- nylons - types of polyamides, some are from polymerizing caprolactam
- adipic acid - a 6-carbon dicarboxylic acid which can be a precursor used as a co-monomer together with a diamine to form an alternating copolymer form of nylon.
- nitrobenzene - can be made by single nitration of benzene
- aniline - aminobenzene
- methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) - used as a co-monomer with diols or polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or polyamines to form polyureas
- aniline - aminobenzene
- alkylbenzene - a general type of aromatic hydrocarbon which can be used as a presursor for a sulfonate surfactant (detergent)
- detergents - often include surfactants types such as alkylbenzenesulfonates and nonylphenol ethoxylates
- chlorobenzene
- ethylbenzene - made from benzene and ethylene
- toluene - methylbenzene; can be a solvent or precursor for other chemicals
- benzene
- toluene diisocyanate (TDI) - used as co-monomers with diols or polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or polyamines to form polyureas
- polyurethanes - a polymer formed from diisocyanates and diols or polyols
- benzoic acid - carboxybenzene
- mixed xylenes - any of three dimethylbenzene isomers, could be a solvent but more often precursor chemicals
- ortho-xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form (ortho-)phthalic acid
- para-xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form terephthalic acid
- dimethyl terephthalate - can be copolymerized to form certain polyesters
- polyesters - although there can be many types, polyethylene terephthalate is made from petrochemical products and is very widely used.
- purified terephthalic acid - often copolymerized to form polyethylene terephthalate
- dimethyl terephthalate - can be copolymerized to form certain polyesters