Staphylococcus aureus: Difference between revisions

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'''Staphylococcus aureus''' are "potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications."<ref name="title">{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2008/MB_cgi?term=Staphylococcus+aureus |title=Staphylococcus aureus |accessdate=2008-01-03 |author=National Library of Medicine |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref>
'''Staphylococcus aureus''' are "potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications."<ref name="title">{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2008/MB_cgi?term=Staphylococcus+aureus |title=Staphylococcus aureus |accessdate=2008-01-03 |author=National Library of Medicine |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref>


==Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus==
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a variety of staphylococcus that is resistant to commonly used [[antibiotic]]s such as methicillin. MRSA has become an important public health problem.<ref name="pmid17940231">{{cite journal |author=Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, ''et al'' |title=Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=15 |pages=1763–71 |year=2007 |pmid=17940231 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.15.1763}}</ref><ref name="NY Times MRSA">{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/health/17infect.html |title=Deadly Bacteria Found to Be More Common |author=Sack K|date=2007|accessdate=2008-01-03 |format= |work=}}</ref>
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a variety of staphylococcus that is resistant to commonly used [[antibiotic]]s such as methicillin. MRSA has become an important public health problem.<ref name="pmid17940231">{{cite journal |author=Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, ''et al'' |title=Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=15 |pages=1763–71 |year=2007 |pmid=17940231 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.15.1763}}</ref><ref name="NY Times MRSA">{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/health/17infect.html |title=Deadly Bacteria Found to Be More Common |author=Sack K|date=2007|accessdate=2008-01-03 |format= |work=}}</ref>
Numerous studies have looked at the role of decolonization to stop carriage.<ref name="pmid8585642">{{cite journal |author=Watanakunakorn C, Axelson C, Bota B, Stahl C |title=Mupirocin ointment with and without chlorhexidine baths in the eradication of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in nursing home residents |journal=Am J Infect Control |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=306–9 |year=1995 |pmid=8585642 |doi= |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17173213">{{cite journal |author=Simor AE, Phillips E, McGeer A, ''et al'' |title=Randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine gluconate for washing, intranasal mupirocin, and rifampin and doxycycline versus no treatment for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=178–85 |year=2007 |pmid=17173213 |doi=10.1086/510392 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12919762">{{cite journal |author=Rohr U, Mueller C, Wilhelm M, Muhr G, Gatermann S |title=Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus whole-body decolonization among hospitalized patients with variable site colonization by using mupirocin in combination with octenidine dihydrochloride |journal=J. Hosp. Infect. |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=305–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12919762 |doi= |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16465636">{{cite journal |author=Sandri AM, Dalarosa MG, Ruschel de Alcantara L, da Silva Elias L, Zavascki AP |title=Reduction in incidence of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in an intensive care unit: role of treatment with mupirocin ointment and chlorhexidine baths for nasal carriers of MRSA |journal=Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=185–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16465636 |doi=10.1086/500625 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12473473">{{cite journal |author=Dupeyron C, Campillo B, Bordes M, Faubert E, Richardet JP, Mangeney N |title=A clinical trial of mupirocin in the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a digestive disease unit |journal=J. Hosp. Infect. |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=281–7 |year=2002 |pmid=12473473 |doi= |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8328783">{{cite journal |author=Walsh TJ, Standiford HC, Reboli AC, ''et al'' |title=Randomized double-blinded trial of rifampin with either novobiocin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization: prevention of antimicrobial resistance and effect of host factors on outcome |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1334–42 |year=1993 |pmid=8328783 |doi= |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17828692">{{cite journal |author=Ridenour G, Lampen R, Federspiel J, Kritchevsky S, Wong E, Climo M |title=Selective use of intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine bathing and the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection among intensive care unit patients |journal=Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1155–61 |year=2007 |pmid=17828692 |doi=10.1086/520102 |issn=}}</ref>
Whole body washing alone does not seem sufficient to reduce carriage.<ref name="pmid17932823">{{cite journal |author=Wendt C, Schinke S, Württemberger M, Oberdorfer K, Bock-Hensley O, von Baum H |title=Value of whole-body washing with chlorhexidine for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial |journal=Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1036–43 |year=2007 |pmid=17932823 |doi=10.1086/519929 |issn=}}</ref> Intranasal mupirocin with chlorhexidine soap body washing does not always suffice.mupirocin (group M) or placebo (group P) applied to the anterior nares for 5 days; both groups used chlorhexidine soap for body washing. Mupirocin alone may not work, especially in long-term care facilities<ref name="pmid8475930">{{cite journal |author=Kauffman CA, Terpenning MS, He X, ''et al'' |title=Attempts to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a long-term-care facility with the use of mupirocin ointment |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=371–8 |year=1993 |pmid=8475930 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> or military recruits<ref name="pmid17682105">{{cite journal |author=Ellis MW, Griffith ME, Dooley DP, ''et al'' |title=Targeted intranasal mupirocin to prevent colonization and infection by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in soldiers: a cluster randomized controlled trial |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=3591–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17682105 |doi=10.1128/AAC.01086-06 |issn=}}</ref>.
A [[meta-analysis]] by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] was inconclusive.<ref name="pmid14583969">{{cite journal |author=Loeb M, Main C, Walker-Dilks C, Eady A |title=Antimicrobial drugs for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=4 |pages=CD003340 |year=2003 |pmid=14583969 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003340 |issn=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>

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Staphylococcus aureus are "potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications."[1]

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a variety of staphylococcus that is resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as methicillin. MRSA has become an important public health problem.[2][3]

Numerous studies have looked at the role of decolonization to stop carriage.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Whole body washing alone does not seem sufficient to reduce carriage.[11] Intranasal mupirocin with chlorhexidine soap body washing does not always suffice.mupirocin (group M) or placebo (group P) applied to the anterior nares for 5 days; both groups used chlorhexidine soap for body washing. Mupirocin alone may not work, especially in long-term care facilities[12] or military recruits[13].

A meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration was inconclusive.[14]


References

  1. ↑ National Library of Medicine. Staphylococcus aureus. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  2. ↑ Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al (2007). "Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States". JAMA 298 (15): 1763–71. DOI:10.1001/jama.298.15.1763. PMID 17940231. Research Blogging.
  3. ↑ Sack K (2007). Deadly Bacteria Found to Be More Common. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  4. ↑ Watanakunakorn C, Axelson C, Bota B, Stahl C (1995). "Mupirocin ointment with and without chlorhexidine baths in the eradication of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in nursing home residents". Am J Infect Control 23 (5): 306–9. PMID 8585642. [e]
  5. ↑ Simor AE, Phillips E, McGeer A, et al (2007). "Randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine gluconate for washing, intranasal mupirocin, and rifampin and doxycycline versus no treatment for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization". Clin. Infect. Dis. 44 (2): 178–85. DOI:10.1086/510392. PMID 17173213. Research Blogging.
  6. ↑ Rohr U, Mueller C, Wilhelm M, Muhr G, Gatermann S (2003). "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus whole-body decolonization among hospitalized patients with variable site colonization by using mupirocin in combination with octenidine dihydrochloride". J. Hosp. Infect. 54 (4): 305–9. PMID 12919762. [e]
  7. ↑ Sandri AM, Dalarosa MG, Ruschel de Alcantara L, da Silva Elias L, Zavascki AP (2006). "Reduction in incidence of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in an intensive care unit: role of treatment with mupirocin ointment and chlorhexidine baths for nasal carriers of MRSA". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27 (2): 185–7. DOI:10.1086/500625. PMID 16465636. Research Blogging.
  8. ↑ Dupeyron C, Campillo B, Bordes M, Faubert E, Richardet JP, Mangeney N (2002). "A clinical trial of mupirocin in the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a digestive disease unit". J. Hosp. Infect. 52 (4): 281–7. PMID 12473473. [e]
  9. ↑ Walsh TJ, Standiford HC, Reboli AC, et al (1993). "Randomized double-blinded trial of rifampin with either novobiocin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization: prevention of antimicrobial resistance and effect of host factors on outcome". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37 (6): 1334–42. PMID 8328783. [e]
  10. ↑ Ridenour G, Lampen R, Federspiel J, Kritchevsky S, Wong E, Climo M (2007). "Selective use of intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine bathing and the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection among intensive care unit patients". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 28 (10): 1155–61. DOI:10.1086/520102. PMID 17828692. Research Blogging.
  11. ↑ Wendt C, Schinke S, Württemberger M, Oberdorfer K, Bock-Hensley O, von Baum H (2007). "Value of whole-body washing with chlorhexidine for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 28 (9): 1036–43. DOI:10.1086/519929. PMID 17932823. Research Blogging.
  12. ↑ Kauffman CA, Terpenning MS, He X, et al (1993). "Attempts to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a long-term-care facility with the use of mupirocin ointment". Am. J. Med. 94 (4): 371–8. PMID 8475930. [e]
  13. ↑ Ellis MW, Griffith ME, Dooley DP, et al (2007). "Targeted intranasal mupirocin to prevent colonization and infection by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in soldiers: a cluster randomized controlled trial". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51 (10): 3591–8. DOI:10.1128/AAC.01086-06. PMID 17682105. Research Blogging.
  14. ↑ Loeb M, Main C, Walker-Dilks C, Eady A (2003). "Antimicrobial drugs for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD003340. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003340. PMID 14583969. Research Blogging.
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