imported>Ro Thorpe |
imported>Ro Thorpe |
Line 15: |
Line 15: |
|
| |
|
| '''êa''': '''sêa''' ''water'', '''lêave, hêat, sêat, bêat''' ''hit'', '''nêat, êasy, mêal, drêam, têam, hêath | | '''êa''': '''sêa''' ''water'', '''lêave, hêat, sêat, bêat''' ''hit'', '''nêat, êasy, mêal, drêam, têam, hêath |
|
| |
| '''êe: sêe''' ''vision'' '''frêe, trêe, fêel, whêel, grêed, fêed, spêed, bêet''' ''sugar'' '''êel, rêel
| |
|
| |
| '''ê●e''': '''Pêter, scêne, êven, fêver, mêter''' ''all AmE, BrE machine only'' '''complête, compête
| |
|
| |
| '''êi''': after '''c''': '''percêive, recêive, recêipt''' (-êit), '''concêit, concêive, cêiling'''; after '''w''': '''wêird, wêir''' (but: '''wìêld'''); '''sêize, Shêila, Nêil, Nêill, O´Nêill
| |
|
| |
| '''ìê''': before '''v''': '''belìêve, relìêve, grìêve
| |
|
| |
| '''aê''': stressed, from Greek (BrE; AmE has '''ê''' alone): '''Aêschylus, encyclopaêdia''';
| |
| unstressed in Latin plurals: '''nébulae, nôvae, fŏrmulae'''
| |
|
| |
| '''oê''': BrE (AmE has '''ê''' alone) from Greek: '''Oêdipus, amoêba, foêtus, oêstrogen, oenólogy, subpoêna'''
| |
|
| |
| '''ì''': from French: '''machìne, Christìne, magazìne, nìche, elìte
| |
|
| |
| '''ỳ''': normally unstressed: '''fúnny, sílly, crâzy, lâzy, êasy, wítty, dextérity, Yvétte, Yvónne'''; rarely stressed: '''Lỳón, Lỳse, Mervỳna
| |
|
| |
| '''êỳ''': unstressed: '''nôsey, pôsey, láckey, jóckey, balôney, álley, Hàrvey
| |
|
| |
| '''êo''': '''pêople
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ɪ/ '''sít: í, ý, u, o, e, ’, eí, íe===
| |
|
| |
| This is one of the six short vowel sounds, '''á''', '''é''', '''í''', '''ó''', '''ú''' and '''ù''', that never occur finally.
| |
|
| |
| '''í''': '''sít, fít, sítter, fítter, fítting, bít, líd, híd, bíd, stíll, bíll''' = '''Bíll, Wílliam, fíll, línt, tínt, wríst, pín, tílt, míddle, ínch, fíg, bíg
| |
|
| |
| '''ý''': '''týpical, sýnthesis, sýnagogue, sýmptom, cýst, mýstic, mýth, trýst, Dýlan
| |
|
| |
| '''u''': '''business, busy
| |
|
| |
| '''o''': '''women
| |
|
| |
| '''e''': unstressed, after 'z' sound: '''Jôneses, Bíggses''', after 'ss' sound: '''Báxes, táxes, cópses, fléxes
| |
|
| |
| '''’''': unstressed, after 'z' sound: '''jázz's, Jônes’s, Bíggs’s''', after 'ss' sound: '''Báx’s, Bíx's, Díx's, Éssex's, Grāss's
| |
|
| |
| '''eí''': unstressed '''-feít''': '''còunterfeít, fŏrfeít, sürfeít
| |
|
| |
| '''íe''': unstressed: '''pàrtíes, fámilíes, lórríes, cárríes, cárríed, márríed, pólicíes
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /e/ '''béd: é, éa, ai, u===
| |
|
| |
| This is one of the six short vowel sounds, '''á''', '''é''', '''í''', '''ó''', '''ú''' and '''ù''', that never occur finally.
| |
|
| |
| '''é''': '''béd, Néd, wét, sét, pén, hén, méss, dréss, pép, séven, eléven, Dévon, Édward, Téd, bréd''' ''breed'', '''cléver, éver, évery, néver, tén, ténth, dén, crést
| |
|
| |
| '''éa''': '''déath, bréath, bréast, déad, héad, bréad''' ''food'', '''héaven, thréat, thréaten
| |
|
| |
| '''ai''': '''said''' (*séd)
| |
|
| |
| '''u''': '''bury''' ''ground'' (= '''bérry''' ''fruit'')
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /æ/ '''cát: á'''===
| |
| This is one of the six short vowel sounds, '''á''', '''é''', '''í''', '''ó''', '''ú''' and '''ù''', that never occur finally.
| |
|
| |
| '''fát, cát, sát, mát, Ánthony, ánt, bág, dágger, fán, pán, áttic, spásm, cáttle, brásh, ásh, válve, válue, Sálly
| |
|
| |
| redundant '''i''' in: '''pláit
| |
|
| |
| redundant '''e''' in '''Gáelic''' ''Scotland'' = '''Gállic''' ''France'' (cf. '''Gâelic''' ''Ireland'')
| |
|
| |
| American English uses a long version of '''á''' instead of BrE '''à''', except in '''fàther, Coloràdo, Chicàgo, pajàmas''' (BrE '''pyjàmas'''), '''càlm, quàlm, bàlm, àlms''' or when an '''r''' follows.
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ɑ/ '''càr: à, àr, àl, ó'''===
| |
|
| |
| This sound replaces '''ó''' in American English. Words with '''à''' in both British and American are:
| |
|
| |
| '''à''': '''fàther, Chicàgo, Coloràdo''', AmE '''pajàmas''', BrE '''pyjàmas, Tuvàlu''',
| |
| '''Baràck Obàma''' (where, however, some BrE speakers instead say '''bárrack''' ''army'')
| |
|
| |
| '''al''': (silent '''l''') '''càlm, bàlm, quàlm, àlms
| |
|
| |
| and whenever an '''r''' (always heard in AmE, silent final or before a consonant in BrE) follows:
| |
|
| |
| '''àr''': '''màr''' = '''Màrr, bàr, càr, vàrnish, pàrk, màrvel, stàr, scàr, bizàrre, hàrm, àrm, fàr, càrt, fàrmer, scàr, pàrt, màrk, stàrch, pàrch, màrch, hàrd, gàrden, làrge
| |
|
| |
| ===/ɑ/ ('''à''') versus /æ/ ('''á'''), as in '''dānce''' ===
| |
| The following are pronounced '''á''' in AmE but '''à''' in BrE (some Northern BrE has a shorter '''á''', however):
| |
|
| |
| '''ā''': '''Irān, Irāq, cān’t, grānt, āfter, crāft, lāugh, grāph, āunt, dānce
| |
|
| |
| before '''s''': '''pāst, fāst, cāstle, māster, clāss, ghāstly, nāsty, grāss, lāst, plāster, cāst, pāss, tāsk, blāst, āsk
| |
|
| |
| before '''th''': '''rāther, pāth, bāth, rāther, lāther
| |
|
| |
| '''āl''', with silent '''l''': '''hālf, cālf, hālve
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ɒ/ '''dóg: ó'''===
| |
|
| |
| This is one of the six short vowel sounds, '''á''', '''é''', '''í''', '''ó''', '''ú''' and '''ù''', that never occur finally. It is BrE only: AmE replaces this sound with '''à'''.
| |
|
| |
| (Thus AmE pronounces the first words of '''Lós Ángeles''' and '''Làs Vègas''' the same: this is confusing for BrE speakers, who are as likely to say '''Lás Vègas''', like '''láss''' ''girl'', or, perhaps more commonly, "Lós Vègas", like the BrE '''lóss''' ''lose''. Also, in AmE, '''Stefón''' is a variant spelling of '''Stefàn'''.)
| |
|
| |
| '''ó''': '''hót, gót, spót, bóther, dóg, dóll, nót, stóp, lóst, óften, slób, slóppy, cróss, nód, ódd, shóne, óff, tóffee
| |
|
| |
| '''ough''' as -óff: '''cóugh, tróugh
| |
|
| |
| '''a''' after '''ẁ''': '''ẁant, ẁas, ẁash, ẁasp, ẁarren, ẁander, ẁarrant
| |
|
| |
| after '''ẁh''': '''ẁhat
| |
|
| |
| after '''sẁ''': '''sẁap, sẁan, sẁab, sẁamp
| |
|
| |
| after '''qù''': '''qùantity, qùantum, qùad, qùash, sqùash, sqùad, sqùabble
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ɔ/ '''såw: å, åw, åu, åugh, ŏr, ŏre, ŏrps, ŏor, ŏa, ŏur, ŏugh'''===
| |
|
| |
| The '''r''' that often occurs after this sound as '''ŏr''' is silent in BrE before a consonant, but sounded in AmE.
| |
|
| |
| '''å''': '''wåter, ålso, Målvern, Sålisbury''' (*Sålzbry), unstressed in '''althôugh
| |
|
| |
| before '''lk''': '''chålk, tålk, stålk, wålk, bålk
| |
|
| |
| before '''ll''': '''åll, fåll, tåll, båll, apåll, påll, cåll
| |
|
| |
| before '''lt''': '''ålter, fålter, Wålter, hålt, sålt, althôugh
| |
|
| |
| '''åw''': '''såw''', ''see, tool'', '''åwful, bråwl, cråwl, fåwn''' ''colour, deer, grovel'', '''bråwn, clåw, påw''' ''animal'', '''swårm, wårm, wårn, wård, jåw, Shåw, måw
| |
|
| |
| '''åu''': '''cåuse, påuse, fåult, exhåust, fåun''' ''god''
| |
|
| |
| '''åugh''': '''cåught, tåught, åught, nåughty, Wåugh, Våughan = Våughn, Måugham
| |
|
| |
| '''ŏr''': '''ŏr''' ''either'', '''fŏr, nŏr, cóndŏr, fŏrt, pŏrt, sŏrt, shŏrt, whŏrl
| |
|
| |
| '''ŏre''': '''ŏre''' ''metal'', '''cŏre''' ''centre'', '''gŏre, pŏre''' ''skin'', '''scŏre, sŏre''' ''pain'', '''bŏre''' ''tedium, hole'', '''ignŏre, deplŏre, restŏre, whŏre''' ('''h'''-), '''mŏre''' ''extra''
| |
|
| |
| '''ŏrps''': '''cŏrps''' ''army''
| |
|
| |
| '''ŏor''': '''dŏor, pŏor''' ''broke, unfortunate'', '''flŏor, bŏor''' ''rude'', '''mŏor''' ''land''
| |
|
| |
| '''ŏa''': '''brŏad, abrŏad, brŏadcast
| |
|
| |
| '''ŏar''': '''ŏar''' ''boat'', '''bŏar''' ''animal'', '''sŏar''' ''fly
| |
|
| |
| '''ŏur''': '''fŏur, pŏur, mŏurn, tŏurnament
| |
|
| |
| '''ŏugh''': '''fŏught, bŏught, sŏught, brŏught
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ʊ/ '''pùt: ù, oò, oùl, où, o'''===
| |
|
| |
| This is one of the six short vowel sounds, '''á''', '''é''', '''í''', '''ó''', '''ú''' and '''ù''', that never occur finally. It is [[British English|BrE]] only: AmE replaces this sound with a stressed [[schwa]], /ə/.
| |
|
| |
| '''ù''': '''pùt, fùll, pùsh, bùsh, bùll, pùll, cùshion
| |
|
| |
| '''oò''': '''goòd, woòd, soòt, foòt, woòl
| |
|
| |
| '''oùl''': '''shoùld, coùld, woùld'''
| |
|
| |
| '''où''': '''poùffe
| |
|
| |
| '''o''': '''woman, wolf
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /(j)u:/ '''trûe: û, ûe, û●e, ûi, oû, oûgh, oô, eŵ, ŵ, o'''===
| |
|
| |
| The long '''û''' grapheme repesents two phonemes, /uː/ and /juː/, with various distributions on either side of the Atlantic. For a full discussion of this, see the article on the letter [[U]].
| |
|
| |
| '''û''': '''gnû, Stû, flû''' ''ill'', '''gùrû, êmû, pûny, Mûnich, jûry, Trûdi, dûbious, rûling, mûtiny, nûtrient, trûth, Rûth
| |
|
| |
| '''ûe''': '''flûe''' ''chimney'', '''trûe, blûe''' ''colour'', '''glûe, cûe''' ''drama, billiards'' = '''queûe''' ''wait'' (*kyû)
| |
|
| |
| '''û•e''': '''Jûne, jûte, flûte, tûne, dûpe, Drûse, fûneral
| |
|
| |
| '''ûi''': '''frûit, jûice, slûice, crûise
| |
|
| |
| '''oû''': '''groûp, soûp, coûp''' ''hit'' (= '''coô''')
| |
|
| |
| '''oûgh''': '''throûgh
| |
|
| |
| '''oô''': '''oôh, shoô, soôn, foôd, broôd, foôl, schoôl, toôl, moôn, troôp, loôp, droôp, loôse, choôse, groôvy, loôt, toô''' ''also, much'', '''coô''' ''bird''
| |
|
| |
| '''eŵ''': '''neŵ, neŵs, vieŵ, cheŵ, revieŵ, Jeŵ, bleŵ''' ''blow''
| |
|
| |
| '''ŵ''': unstressed in '''Rwánda
| |
|
| |
| '''ŵo''': '''tŵo''' ''2''
| |
|
| |
| '''o''': '''do, who''' (*hû) '''shoe, lose, move, prove, to''' ''particle''
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ʌ/ '''cúp: ú, oú, ò, òo''' ===
| |
|
| |
| This is one of the six short vowel sounds, '''á''', '''é''', '''í''', '''ó''', '''ú''' and '''ù''', that never occur finally. It is [[British English|BrE]] only: in [[American English|AmE]], it is replaced by a stressed [[schwa]], /ə/, while in demotic speech in northern England, it is replaced by '''ù''', /ʊ/.
| |
|
| |
| '''ú''': '''nút, cúp, slút, túck, spún, fún, dúst, rúst, búst, sún, múck, súck, dúck''', BrE '''cúrrent
| |
|
| |
| '''oú''': '''doúble, troúble, soúthern'''; (-úff:) '''toúgh, enoúgh, roúgh
| |
|
| |
| '''ò''' after '''w''': '''wònder, wòn''' ''win'', BrE '''wòrry'''
| |
|
| |
| before '''n''': '''frònt, dòne, nòne, òne''' ''1'' (invisible w-: = '''wòn''')
| |
|
| |
| before -'''ve''': '''lòve, shòve, glòve, dòve
| |
|
| |
| before -'''ther''': '''òther, anòther, mòther, bròther, smòther''' (cf. '''bóther''')
| |
|
| |
| '''òo''': before '''d''': '''flòod, blòod
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ɜ:/ '''hër: ër, ëar, ïr, ür, ÿr, ör, öur''' ===
| |
|
| |
| As with the preceding, this sound does not exist in [[American English]], being replaced by a stressed version of [[schwa]], always with -'''r''' sounded. When it occurs before another consonant, the '''r''' is silent in BrE and the schwa lengthened to /ɜː/; when it occurs before a vowel, the (always double) '''r''' is pronounced and the vowel sound is /ʌ/ ('''ú''' or '''ò''').
| |
|
| |
| '''ër''': '''hër, wëre, përson, vërve, vërdant, sërvant, jërk, fërn, hërd, tërn''' ''bird
| |
|
| |
| '''ëar''': '''hëard, lëarn, yëarn, hëarse, rehëarse, ëarl, pëarl, dëarth
| |
|
| |
| '''ïr''': '''fïrst, bïrd, dïrt, gïrl, quïrk, ïrk, stïr, whïrr, dïrt, shïrt, skïrt, flïrt, cïrcus, cïrcle, cïrcuit, bïrth, gïrth, fïrm, fïr
| |
|
| |
| '''ür''': '''bürn, türn''' ''round'', '''absürd, chürch, Türk, fürtive, blürt, spürt, hürt, nürse,''' AmE '''cürrent''' (BrE '''cúrrent'''), '''cürtsey
| |
|
| |
| '''ÿr''': '''mÿrtle, mÿrrh, Bÿrd
| |
|
| |
| '''ör''': only after '''w''': '''wörld, wörk, wörse, wörst, wörm, wörd''', AmE '''wörry''' (BrE '''wòrry''')
| |
|
| |
| '''öur''': in -'''jöurn'''- and '''cöurt'''-: '''jöurney, jöurnal, adjöurn, cöurteous, cöurtesy
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ə/, the [[schwa]] sound===
| |
| An example of schwa (*shwà) is the neutral grunt which begins the word '''abòut''' (*əbòut). A shorter version of /ɜ/, never stressed, it can be spelt '''a''', '''e''', '''o''' or, less often, '''u''', and in Australian and New Zealand English, '''i''', with or without a following '''r''' (which is silent in British and Commonwealth English if not followed by another vowel). It also appears as '''y''' in '''Béryl''', '''Síbyl''' and '''síbyllîne'''—and it can be invisible before [[liquid (phonetics)|liquids]] (i.e. '''r''' and '''l'''). It even appears as '''ough''' in British English: '''thòrough''' (AmE *thörô).
| |
|
| |
| First syllable: '''agô, ahéad, abòut, again''' (-én), '''abòve''', '''upón'''
| |
| and in names beginning '''Mac'''- such as '''MacNêill'''—or with the '''a''' invisible: '''McNêill''' (*Məcnêəl)
| |
|
| |
| Second syllable: '''ígnorance, pébble, doùble, Chîna, sêater, víctor, bürsar, quérulous, lêmur, fêmur, vísion, nâtion''' (-'''sion''' and -'''tion''' always have schwa), '''Cânaan''' (double '''a'''), '''dógs’re''' (informal use of apostrophe)
| |
|
| |
| Third syllable: '''ígnorance, decîder, Éxeter, Pámela, precürsor, exémplar, ridículous, invâsion
| |
|
| |
| Fourth syllable: '''América, Tanzanìa, exécutor, cálculator, álligator, unbelìêver, abnegâtion
| |
|
| |
| Fifth syllable: '''preváricator, prevaricâtion, extërminator
| |
|
| |
| As a word becomes more common, a schwa contained in it may be elided into silence: compare '''nôtional''', which has a schwa for the second '''o''', *nôsh'''ə'''nəl, with the much more common '''nátional''', which is usually heard without it: *náshnəl.
| |
|
| |
| There is an unwritten ("invisible") schwa before the liquid sounds '''r''' (even silent '''r''' as in BrE) and '''l''', as in '''cãre''' (which rhymes with '''prãyer'''), '''lãir''' (which is a one-syllable version of '''lâyer'''), '''ŏil''' (which rhymes with '''lŏyal'''), '''whîle''' (*wîyəl), '''fâil''' (*fâyəl), '''sêal''' (*sêeyəl), '''knêel''' ''down'' = '''Nêil''', '''Nêill''' ''names'' (*Nêəl), '''líttle''' (as -'''le'''), '''céntre''' (as -'''re''', BrE, AmE -'''er''')
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /eɪ/ '''sây: â, âi, ây, â●e, âe, âigh, âu, eâ, èy, èi, èigh, è●e'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''â''': '''grâvy, pâcy, grâcious, nâval, navy, nâvy, ânal, zâny, stâble, crâving, bâgel, potâto, râzor''', BrE '''vâpour''', AmE '''vâpor
| |
|
| |
| '''â●e''': '''sâme, gâme, câme, sâve, bâse, trâce, pâce, crâve, lâser, hâver, râve, nâvel''' ''stomach'' '''Jâmes, hâzel, pâge, nâme, tâme, fâme, flâme, hâte, gâte''' ''open'', '''fâte, lâte, wâde, câve, brâve, stâge, grâde, phâse''' ''time, moon'' = '''fâze''' ''confuse'', '''jâde, fâde, brâke''' ''speed'', '''lâne''' ''road'', '''bâne, mâne''' ''horse'', '''gâte''' ''open'', '''hâte''' ''loathe'', '''wâve''' ''hand
| |
|
| |
| '''âi''' before '''l''': '''nâil, âil, quâil, fâil, wâil, tâil, tâilor, Tâylor
| |
|
| |
| before '''n''': '''pâin, stâin, grâin, trâin, brâin, drâin, lâin''' ''lie'', '''detâin, retâin, remâin, Câin, mâin''' ''chief'', '''Mâine
| |
|
| |
| before '''m''': '''âim, clâim, mâim, clâim
| |
|
| |
| before '''d''': '''âid, mâid, râid
| |
|
| |
| before '''g''': '''Crâig, Hâig, Hâigh''' (= '''Hâgue''')
| |
|
| |
| before '''t''': '''gâit''' ''walk'', '''trâit, trâitor
| |
|
| |
| also: '''wâif, mâize, wâive''' ''dismiss
| |
|
| |
| '''ây''' final: '''dây, sây, plây, jây, delây, wây, trây, brây hây, prây''' ''prayer'', '''slây''' ''kill
| |
|
| |
| before -'''er''': '''lâyer, slâyer, gâinsâyer''' (but not '''prãyer''')
| |
|
| |
| '''âe''': '''Gâelic''' ''Ireland'', '''Ísrâel, mâelstrom, phâeton
| |
|
| |
| '''âigh''': '''strâight, Hâight''' ''Ashbury''
| |
|
| |
| '''âu''': '''gâuge
| |
|
| |
| '''eâ''': '''greât, breâk''' ''pieces, off
| |
|
| |
| '''èy''': '''thèy, grèy, Lèyton, whèy, fèy, prèy''' ''on
| |
|
| |
| '''èi''': '''vèin, vèil, bèige, rèin''' ''ride
| |
|
| |
| '''èigh''' final: '''invèigh, nèigh, slèigh''' ''snow
| |
|
| |
| before '''t''': '''wèight, frèight, èight
| |
|
| |
| '''è●e''': '''crèpe
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /əʊ/ '''gô: ô, ôa, ôe, ô•e, ôu, ôugh, ôw, ew'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''ôe''' final: '''tôe, dôe, Côe, fôe, hôe, Jôe, Pôe, rôe, wôe, Defôe, flôe''' ''ice
| |
|
| |
| '''ô●e''': '''hôme, vôte, nôte, bôde, explôde, nôde, tône, lône, cône, pôle''' ''wood'', '''jôke, dôze, Rôme''' ''city'', '''rôte''' ''routine'' = '''wrôte''' ''write'', '''nôse, expôse, brôke, spôke, brôken, spôken, tôken
| |
|
| |
| plus -'''r''': '''ôver, Dôver, clôver, Grôver, grôcer, vôter
| |
|
| |
| -'''or''' substituted for -'''er''': '''rôtor, môtor, dônor
| |
|
| |
| '''ô''' with [[Latin]]-style suffixes: '''hôkum, fôcus, hôcus-pôcus, côca, Rôma'''
| |
|
| |
| plus '''y''', etc.: '''pôny, hôly, Tôny, dôzy, rôly-pôly, nôsey, bôgey, phôney''' (or '''phony'''), '''Jôdie, Jôdy, Jôni, Jôannie''', BrE '''côsy''', AmE '''côzy
| |
|
| |
| '''ôw''': '''sôw''' ''seed'', '''knôw''' ''knowledge'', '''slôw, grôw, bestôw, flôw''' ''water'', '''Ôwen, môw, lôw''' ''down'', '''crôw, thrôw, glôw
| |
|
| |
| final: '''sô''' ''therefore'', '''nô''' ''not'', '''gô, frô, lô''' ''behold'', '''cô-'''
| |
|
| |
| '''oûgh''': '''dôugh''' ''bread'', '''althôugh, thôugh
| |
|
| |
| also: '''grôss, bôth
| |
|
| |
| '''ôh''': '''ôh, dôh, sôh''' ''music''
| |
|
| |
| before '''l''', -'''ld''' (can be /ɒʊ/): '''pôll''' ''vote'', '''sôul, , ôld, côld, gôld, hôld, sôld
| |
|
| |
| '''ôa''' before '''l''': '''fôal, gôal
| |
|
| |
| before '''t''': '''gôat, côat, ôat, stôat, bôat, flôat
| |
|
| |
| before '''k''': '''clôak, ôak
| |
|
| |
| before '''d''': '''gôad, tôad, rôad
| |
|
| |
| before '''f''': '''ôaf, lôaf
| |
|
| |
| before '''m''': '''rôam''' ''wander'' (= '''Rôme'''), '''glôam
| |
|
| |
| '''ew''': '''sew''' ''needle
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /aɪ/ '''tîe: î, îe, î●e, îgh, îg, ŷ, ŷ●e, ŷe, eî''' ===
| |
| '''î''': '''Î''' ''me'', '''hî''' ''greeting'', '''crîsis, Îsis, Chrîst, fîery, wîry, shîny, tîny, lîme, sublîme
| |
|
| |
| unstressed: '''álibî, nûclêî, fránchîse, mërchandîse
| |
|
| |
| '''îe''' final: '''vîe, lîe, dîe''' ''dead'', '''tîe
| |
|
| |
| '''î●e''': '''îce, nîce, tîme, fîne, lîne, slîme, twîce, lîce, rîpe, swîpe, smîle, stîle''' ''field''
| |
|
| |
| '''îgh''': final: '''hîgh''' ''up'', '''sîgh, nîgh
| |
|
| |
| before '''t''': '''tîght, frîght, brîght, nîght, plîght, sîght
| |
|
| |
| '''îg''' before '''n''': '''sîgn, resîgn, desîgn
| |
|
| |
| '''aî''' in place names: '''Caîro, Thaîland, Dubaî, Sînaî
| |
|
| |
| '''ŷ''': '''flŷ, bŷ, whŷ, trŷ, rhŷme, spŷ, drŷ, sprŷ, relŷ, denŷ, defŷ, stŷ''' ''pig, eye''
| |
|
| |
| from -'''îe''' before -'''íng''': '''vŷing, lŷing, dŷing, tŷing''' (from '''vîe, lîe, dîe, tîe''', cf. '''trŷing, crŷing''')
| |
|
| |
| '''ŷ●ê''': '''tŷpe, stŷle''' ''mode
| |
|
| |
| '''ŷe''': '''stŷe''' ''eye'', '''eŷe''' ''sight'', '''aŷe''' ''yes'', '''dŷe''' ''colour
| |
|
| |
| '''eî''': '''heîght, Fáhrenheît, seîsmic, O’Reîlly, feîsty''', BrE '''eîther''', BrE '''neîther'''
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /aʊ/ '''nòw: òu, òugh, òw, àù, ào'''===
| |
|
| |
| Mostly '''òu''' and '''òw''', contrasting with the other sounds of these spellings, '''oû''' and '''ôw''' ('''yoû''' and '''thrôw'''). '''òu''' has a variation with silent -'''gh''' (as does '''oû''': '''throûgh'''):
| |
|
| |
| '''òu''': '''òut, fòul''' ''bad'', '''blòuse, tròusers, clòud, thòu, clòut, pròud, wòund''' ''wînd'', '''gròund, mòunt, mòuntain, jòust, fòund, dòubt''' (*dòut), '''lòuse''' ''insect
| |
|
| |
| '''òugh''' final: '''bòugh''' ''tree'', '''slòugh''' ''swamp'' = '''Slòugh''' ''town'', BrE '''plòugh'''
| |
|
| |
| '''òw''' final: '''hòw, nòw, còw, vòw, wòw, bòw''' ''down'', '''sòw''' ''pig'', AmE '''plòw
| |
|
| |
| before '''n''': '''bròwn, tòwn, dòwn, fròwn, cròwn, dròwn, renòwn
| |
|
| |
| before '''l''': '''fòwl''' ''bird'', '''òwl, tròwel
| |
|
| |
| before '''y''': '''dòwry, Lòwry, Bòwery, fròwsty
| |
|
| |
| '''àù''', from German, etc.: '''àùtobàhn, sàùerkràùt, Sàùdi, Bíssàù, Nàssàù
| |
|
| |
| '''ào''' from Chinese, etc.: '''Mào, Tào, Jào, Làos''' ''country''
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ɔɪ/ '''bŏy: ŏi, ŏy'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''ŏi''' before '''n''': '''jŏin, cŏin, rejŏin, lŏin
| |
|
| |
| before '''l''': '''fŏil, bŏil, tŏil, spŏil
| |
|
| |
| before '''ce''': '''rejŏice, vŏice
| |
|
| |
| before '''st''': '''clŏister, hŏist, jŏist
| |
|
| |
| before '''t''': '''quŏits''', BrE '''gŏitre''', AmE '''gŏiter
| |
|
| |
| '''ŏy''' final: '''bŏy, jŏy, tŏy, deplŏy, Rŏy, Trŏy, destrŏy
| |
|
| |
| before '''st''': '''ŏyster
| |
|
| |
| before '''l''': '''lŏyal, rŏyal
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ɪə(r)/ '''êar: êar, êer, êre, ìêr, êir'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''êar''': '''êar, hêar''' ''ear'', nêar, têar''' ''cry'', fêar, Pêarson, drêary, wêary, blêary'''
| |
|
| |
| '''êer''': '''bêer, quêer, vêer, lêer, venêer, êerie
| |
|
| |
| '''êre''': '''hêre''' ''there'', '''mêre, revêre, wê’re''' ''we are
| |
|
| |
| '''ìêr''': '''tìêr''' ''seats'', '''frontìêr, piêrce
| |
|
| |
| '''êir''': '''wêird, wêir''' ''water''
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /eə(r)/ '''rãre: ãre, ãir, ãyr, ãyer, éãr, ére'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''ãre''': '''fãre''' ''money, food'', '''spãre, shãre, pãre''' ''cut'', '''bãre''' ''nude'', '''cãre, wãres''' ''goods'',
| |
| '''stãre''' ''look
| |
|
| |
| '''ãr''': before '''y''': '''wãry, vãry, scãry, Mãry
| |
|
| |
| before '''i''': '''vâriable, shãring
| |
|
| |
| '''ãir''': final: '''ãir''' ''breathe'', '''hãir, fãir''' ''reasonable, fun'', '''lãir, stãir''' ''step'', '''flãir
| |
|
| |
| before '''y''': '''fãiry, hãiry
| |
|
| |
| '''ãyr''': '''Ãyrshire
| |
|
| |
| '''ãyer''': '''prãyer, Ãyer, Ãyers'''; this spelling is normally -'''âyer''', however
| |
|
| |
| '''éãr''': '''béãr''' ''animal, tolerate, carry'', '''téãr''' ''rip'', '''wéãr''' ''clothes'', '''péãr''' ''fruit''
| |
|
| |
| '''ére''': '''whére''' ''place'', '''thére''' ''here'', '''ére''' ''before''
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /(j)ʊə(r)/ '''pûre: ûre, ûr, eûr, eŵr'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''ûre''': '''pûre, cûre, abjûre, lûre, Ûre
| |
|
| |
| '''ûr''': '''dûring, dûrable, cûrable, pûrest, fûry, fûrious, jûror, jûry''' ''court'', '''Ûrals, Arctûrus, Epicûrus, mûral
| |
|
| |
| '''eûr''': '''neûron, neurótic, Eûrope
| |
|
| |
| '''eŵr''': '''Jeŵry''' ''Jew'', '''Neŵry
| |
|
| |
| /(j)ʊə(r)/ is absent in some dialects, which pronounce it as /(j)ɔ/.
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /aɪə(r)/ '''fîre: îr, îar, îer, îre, ŷr, ŷre'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''îr''': '''fîry, wîry, îrony, Mîra, Hîram, choîr
| |
|
| |
| '''îre''': '''fîre, wîre, desîre, mîre, spîre, îre, irâte
| |
|
| |
| '''îar''': '''lîar''' ''lie'', '''brîar
| |
|
| |
| '''îer''': '''fîery
| |
|
| |
| '''ŷr''' before '''a''': '''gŷrate, Mŷra, tŷrant
| |
|
| |
| before '''o''': '''gŷroscope, pyromânia, pyrotéchnic, tŷro
| |
|
| |
| '''ŷre''': '''lŷre''' ''music'', '''pŷre
| |
|
| |
| ==Consonants==
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /p/ '''p, pp'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''p''': '''píll, pùt, pâper, hôped, cláp, píp, stóp, úp, soûp, droôp, wêep, peêp, híp
| |
|
| |
| '''pp''': '''pépper, stópped, hópped, clápping, rípper, ápple, rípple, púppy, cópper
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /b/ '''b, bb'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''b''': '''bŏy, bâke, bîcycle, bâsin, mób, bàrber, snób, snúb, húsband, róbin, bíscuit, bénd, bāth, ablâze, âble, troúble, mâybe, ôbôe
| |
|
| |
| '''bb''': '''rúbber, ríbbon, ábbey, ébb, róbber, dúbbed, rábbit, Bóbby, búbble
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /t/ '''t, tt, bt, pt, ed, th'''===
| |
| '''t''': '''tín, tén, toô, trâin, tót, trîte, tríp, tâste, déft, bít, hát, côat, bôat, àrt, tàrt, flïrt, átmosphere
| |
|
| |
| '''tt''': '''bétter, létter, cáttle, báttle, bóttle, ráttle, bétting, sétting, kéttle, néttle, cátty, bátty, tátty, Bétty, pótty, atténtion
| |
|
| |
| '''ed''', inflexion of past tense verbs after unvoiced consonants: '''āsked, slípped, hôped, áxed, hélped, chānced, kícked, stópped, lócked, cáshed, míxed, âped, grôssed
| |
|
| |
| '''bt''': '''dòubt, débt, súbtle
| |
|
| |
| '''pt''': '''recêipt, ptàrmigan, Ptómely, pterodáctyl
| |
|
| |
| '''th''': '''Kathmandû, Ánthony''' (= '''Ántony''', a less common variant, as in '''[[Mark Antony|Màrk Ántony]]''')
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /d/ '''d, dd'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''d''': '''dím, dénse, dîce, dúll, rêad, réad = réd, nêed, stéady, réady, héad, Êden, lâden, rámmed, fílled''' ('''ed''' not 't' after voiced sound, compare above)
| |
|
| |
| '''dd''': '''rúdder, ádder, ládder, rúdder, kídding, ríddance, Éddie, dóddle, gíddy
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /k/ '''k, ck, c, cc, ch, cq, q, g, kk'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''k''': '''kíll, Kenneth, boòk, loòk, dàrk, mêek, pêak, àrk''' ''Noah'', '''ínk, thínk, ránk
| |
|
| |
| '''ck''', not initial: '''báck, néck, síck, déck, píck, wíck, wícked, máckintosh, féckless, réckless, gécko, décker''' ''bus'' = '''Décker''' ''person'', '''tick''' ''correct
| |
|
| |
| '''c''' before back vowels '''a''', '''o''' and '''u''' (and also in '''encephalîtis'''): '''cát''' ''animal'', '''cán, còme, câter, cút, cárry, cãre, crâter, crâne, curve, cómmon, cót, confûse, cóntrary, contémporary''',
| |
| and finally: '''àrc, plástic, tíc''' ''twitch
| |
|
| |
| '''cc''' pronounced 'k' only: '''sóccer, accrûe, occür, áccolade''', and pronounced 'ks': '''áccident, áccess, accêde, cóccyx
| |
|
| |
| '''ch''': '''láchrymose, chŏrd, âche, écho, páchydërm
| |
|
| |
| '''cq''': '''acquîre, acquâint, acquiésce
| |
|
| |
| '''q''': '''Sádiq, Táriq, Qátar, qát''' ''drug''
| |
|
| |
| '''qu''' sounding like 'kw': '''quêen, requîre, quîet, quîte, quést, exquísite, líquid
| |
|
| |
| '''qu''' as 'k' sound alone: '''líquor''' (*líkker), '''unìque''' (-êek), '''Jácqueline''' (*Jácklêen or = '''Jácklín''')
| |
|
| |
| '''g''' (for some speakers): '''léngth
| |
|
| |
| '''kk''': '''púkka, Dékker''' ''person
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /g/ '''g, gg'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''g''': '''dóg, gún, bíg, ángle, fínger, dângle, ôgle, pâgan, flágon, drágon, bôgus
| |
|
| |
| '''gg''': '''égg, bígger, nóggin, dágger, dígging, flágging, nágged, bógged, flógged
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /tʃ/ '''ch, tch, c''' ===
| |
| '''ch''': '''choôse, cheêse, beêch''' ''tree'' = '''bêach''' ''sand'', '''chóp, cheêr, lúnch, châse
| |
|
| |
| final after '''r''': '''lürch, përch, àrch, màrch''' = '''Màrch, besmïrch
| |
|
| |
| '''tch''': '''ítch, ítchy, fétch, pátch, ẁatch, dítch, wítch, scótch, kétchup, nótch''', and from Russian, etc., '''Pétrovi'''('''t''')'''ch, Mikhaîlovi'''('''t''')'''ch''', and other [[patronymics]]
| |
|
| |
| initial only in a few imported names: '''Tchaikóvsky, Tchicaî'''
| |
|
| |
| '''c''' in -'''ic''' ending of names from Serbian, etc.: '''Ivanísevic, Ivánovic, Pílic, Káradjic, Milósevic'''
| |
|
| |
| also: '''céllo
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /dʒ/ '''j, dj, g, dg, gg, du, di''' ===
| |
| '''j''': '''Jâne, jélly, Jáck, jôke, Jóhn, Jônes, Jím''' ''James'', '''jërsey''' = '''Jërsey, jejeûne, jàr, ajàr, jêep, Jûlie, Julŷ, môjo, cajôle, rejéct, jíngle, jángle, júngle, jîbe, jûry
| |
|
| |
| '''dj''': '''adjúst, adjöurn, ádjective, ádjúnct, Djiboûti, Abidján
| |
|
| |
| '''g''' before '''e''': '''géntle, âge, râge, gênius, gërm, Gërmany, pígeon, dúngeon, stürgeon, Nigêria, genétic, géneral, géntle, págeant
| |
|
| |
| before '''i''': '''gîant, gínger, giráffe, gímcrack
| |
|
| |
| before '''y''': '''gyrâte, gŷroscope, gým''' ''gymnasium'', '''gýpsum
| |
|
| |
| '''dg''' before '''e''': '''brídge, édge, hédge, bádger, bádge, búdge, fúdge, cúdgel, dódge, Hódges, lódger, fídget, mídget, dúdgeon, búdgerigar, bádger
| |
|
| |
| before '''i''': '''cádging, lódging, búdgie
| |
|
| |
| before '''y''': '''pódgy, dódgy, édgy, púdgy
| |
|
| |
| '''gg''': '''exággerate
| |
|
| |
| '''du''': '''dûring, duréss, dûal''' ''two'' = '''dûel''' ''fight'' (= '''jeŵel''' ''crown'') '''ŏrdure'''
| |
|
| |
| '''di''': '''sôldier
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /f/ '''f, ff, ph, gh, ft'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''f''': '''fêel, frŷ, frêe, fróg, fâke, fâith, óften, déaf, fít, íf, fŏrce, fåll
| |
|
| |
| '''ff''': '''óff, éffort, búffer, óffal, clíff, stíff, búff, púff, óffer, óffing
| |
|
| |
| '''ph''': '''Phílip, grāph, phâse, élephant, philósopher, hîeroglýph, zéphyr
| |
|
| |
| '''gh''': after '''ou''': '''toúgh, enoúgh, roúgh, cóugh, tróugh
| |
|
| |
| '''ft''': '''óften, sóften
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /v/ '''v, vv, f, ph'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''v''': '''vieŵ, véry, vãry, shâve, háve, drîve, vâgue, vôte, vâcant, vîolent, Stêven, vāst, vãrious, avër, còver, hóver, ôver, léaven, lêave, wêave
| |
|
| |
| '''vv''': '''flívver, révved, bóvver
| |
|
| |
| '''f''': '''óf
| |
|
| |
| '''ph''': '''Stêphen
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /θ/ unvoiced '''th''' ===
| |
|
| |
| '''thíck, thín, trûth, Rûth, rûthless, bréath, ûndernêath, thínk, píthy, ísthmus, bôth, lôth''' or '''lôath, bréath, wrêath, déath, mòuth''' ''noun
| |
|
| |
| This sound is absent from some dialects, which pronounce it as '''f'''.
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ð/ voiced '''th, dh'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''th''': '''thén, thére, thís, thát, thús, thôugh, thêrefore, òther, bròther, mòther, wíth, brêathe, wrêathe, lôathe, clôthe''' BrE '''eîther''' AmE '''êither, wéather''' ''clouds'' = '''whéther''' ''if'', '''mòuth''' ''verb
| |
|
| |
| '''dh''': '''Rìyadh, édh
| |
|
| |
| This sound is absent from some dialects, which pronounce it as '''v'''.
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /s/ '''s, ss, sc, st, c, ps'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''s''': '''sêe, såw, sêen, sôap, séven, séptic, sêrial''' ''drama'', '''sŏurce, spécial, ûse''' ''noun'', '''ûsage, āsk, flāsk, tāsk, bāsk, désk, whísk, dúsk
| |
|
| |
| '''ss''': '''máss, lóss, drôss, grôss, méssy, véssel, hássle, guéss, dréss, kíss, híss
| |
|
| |
| '''sc''' '''scêne, scéptre, coalésce, acquiésce'''
| |
|
| |
| '''st''': '''whístle, lísten, grístle, mústn’t, hâsten, hústle, bústle, fāsten, cāstle
| |
|
| |
| '''c''' before front vowels: '''nîce, îce, fâce, cêreal''' ''breakfast'', '''spâcy, lícit, âce
| |
|
| |
| '''ps''': '''pseûd, psychólogy, psŷche
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /z/ '''z, zz, s'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''z''': '''zoô, zône, zíp, hâzel, prétzel, ôzone, ádze, dôze''', AmE '''côzy, râzor
| |
|
| |
| '''zz''': '''búzz, fízz, dázzle, púzzle, núzzle, jázz, whízz, búzzer
| |
|
| |
| '''s''': '''ûse''' ''verb'', '''êasy, nôse, nâsal, lâser''', BrE '''côsy, pôsy, pôse, lâser
| |
|
| |
| There is an invisible '''z''' sound when the possessives of certain nouns, usually names, are written without the final -'''s''' after an apostrophe itself preceded by '''s''': '''Jônes'''' for '''Jônes's''', '''Kêats'''' instead of '''Kêats's''', '''Wílls'''' = '''Wílls's''', even '''Knóx'''' instead of '''Knóx's'''—though some speakers may adopt a [[spelling pronunciation]] and not sound it either
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ʃ/ '''sh, ssi, sch, s, ch, ce, ci, ti, xi'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''sh''': '''shíp, shóp, shoôt, shín, shîne, blúsh, mésh, dísh, ẁash, ásh, áshen, fáshion, shéd, shélter
| |
|
| |
| '''ssi''': '''pássion, físsion, míssion
| |
|
| |
| '''ss''' before '''u''': '''assůre, préssure
| |
|
| |
| '''sch''': '''schwà, schnápps, schmåltz
| |
|
| |
| '''s''': AmE '''sûre, insûre''', BrE '''sůre, insůre'''
| |
|
| |
| '''Si''' from [[Welsh]] and [[Irish language|Irish]]: '''Siàn, Siobhăn''' *Shivăwn
| |
|
| |
| '''Se''' from Irish: '''Seăn''' (= '''Shăwn''', '''Shăun''')
| |
|
| |
| '''ch''' from French: '''machìne, nîche, pastîche''', BrE '''moustàche''', AmE '''mústáche''', '''gauche''' (ô), '''brôchure''', '''créche''', '''panáche, Míchigan'''
| |
|
| |
| '''ce''': '''ôcean, crustâcean
| |
|
| |
| '''ci''': '''spêcies, spêcious, précious, vícious
| |
|
| |
| '''ti''': '''fíction, áction, nôtion, devôtion, môtion, lôtion, complêtion, fictítious, milítia
| |
|
| |
| '''xi''' includes an initial 'k' sound: '''nóxious''' (*nókshəss), '''ánxious''' (*ánkshəss)
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ʒ/ '''zh, zu, si, su, g'''===
| |
| Though most conveniently descibed as the '''zh''' sound, as this is the spelling used when romanising from Russian, etc., it is not normally spelt thus, '''si''' being the most frequent rendition. In French the sound is common and rendered with a '''j''':
| |
|
| |
| '''j''': '''joie de vivre''' *zhwàdə-vìvrə, '''le mot juste''' *ləmô-zhûst
| |
|
| |
| '''zh''': '''Brézhnev, Solzhenýtzin, Yoûzhny
| |
|
| |
| '''zu''': '''ázure, sêizure
| |
|
| |
| '''si''': '''vísion, télevision, cohêsion, lêsion, Âsian
| |
|
| |
| '''su''' in -'''sure''': '''pléasure, tréasure''', AmE '''lêisure''' BrE '''léisure, clôsure
| |
|
| |
| '''g''' from French: '''Nigér, ágent provocateur''' *ájahmprovoca-tër
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /h/ '''h, wh'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''h''': '''hélp, hít, heáven, héll, hàrbour, hôme, hórror, hórrible, hôpe, ahéad, ahŏy, àhà, Mahôney, enhānce, Hárris, Hámpstead, háppen, hápless
| |
|
| |
| '''wh''': '''who''' (*hû), '''whôle, whoôping-cóugh
| |
|
| |
| This sound is absent from some dialects, such as Cockney.
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /m/ '''m, mm, mb, mn'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''m''': '''múch, môst, Mîchael''' (*Mŷcle), '''émpty, mén, míx, glámour, ámber, ámble, whím, dímple, crúmple, crúmble, húmble, ámber, ámplify, woman''' (*wùmən), '''women''' (*wímən), '''mémory
| |
|
| |
| '''mm''': '''hámmer, dímmer, glímmer, jámming, swímming, swímmer, símmer, púmmel, búmmer, súmmer
| |
|
| |
| '''mb''' final: '''thúmb, cômb, dúmb, lámb, clîmb, tomb''' (*toôm) '''plúmb
| |
|
| |
| '''mn''' final: '''åutumn, hýmn, cólumn
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /n/ '''n, nn, kn, pn'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''n''': '''nô''' ''negative'', '''neŵ''' ''old'', '''nót''' ''negative'', '''nîght''' ''day'', '''nêed''' ''require'', '''néver, níl, énemy, sént, nâtive, nôbody, nô-one, noôn, noôdle, nûisance, nést, nâve''' ''church''
| |
|
| |
| '''nn''': '''Ánn, Ánne, dínner, ínnings, pénny, ínner, púnning, wínner, fúnnel, túnnel'''
| |
|
| |
| '''kn''': '''knôw''' ''knowledge'', '''kneŵ''' ''know'', '''knót''' ''tie'', '''knîght''' ''chess, Sir'', '''knêad''' ''dough'', '''knêe''', '''knâve''' ''jack''
| |
|
| |
| '''pn''': '''pneumátic, pneumônia
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ŋ/ '''ng, n'''===
| |
| A [[restricted phoneme]], the '''ng''' sound cannot begin a syllable (except in transcriptions of e.g. Vietnamese names) and so is not found initially, only medially and finally:
| |
|
| |
| finally: '''thíng, síng, sáng, súng, sínger, hánger''' ''coat'', '''hángar''' ''plane'', '''wíng, spríng, lóng
| |
|
| |
| the '''g''' sound added afterwards: '''lónger''' (*lóng-ger), '''fínger, ánger, húnger, ángle, síngle, dángle, Bángra
| |
|
| |
| '''n''' before '''k''': '''thínk, pínk, ínk, wínk, sínk, sánk, súnk, púnk, tánk, dánk, tánker, pínker, ánkle, wínkle, tínkle, línks''' ''link
| |
|
| |
| before '''c''': '''úncle, càrbuncle, ráncour, sánction, júnction, zínc
| |
|
| |
| before '''x''': '''ánxious''' (*ángshus or *ángkshus), '''mínx, jínx, lýnx''' ''cat
| |
|
| |
| In final position, this sound is absent from some dialects, where it is pronounced as '''n'''.
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /l/ '''l, ll'''===
| |
| '''l''': '''lôw, lót, lénd, fâil, pâil''' ''bucket'', '''pâle''' ''pallid'', '''Pôle''' ''Poland'' = '''pôle''' ''wood'', '''pál, låw, lîght''' (*lîte), '''léss, râil, râiling, âiling, tâilor''' = '''Tâylor, trâil
| |
|
| |
| '''ll''': '''bùll, bùlly, wåll, åll, téll, dóll, pôll''' ''election'', '''séll''' ''buy'' = '''céll''' ''prison, biology'', '''wíll, wílling, hóller, tåller, álley, allót, álloy
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /r/ '''r, rr, rh, wr'''===
| |
|
| |
| '''r''': '''rêad, réd''' ''colour'', '''réad''' ''reading'', '''réady, rót, rãre, rôads''' ''streets'', '''rāther, rîce, ríddle, '''AmE''' rôdeo, '''BrE''' rodèo, rôad, rêcent, ràther
| |
|
| |
| '''rr''': '''árrow, fúrrow, farràgo, sórrow, sórry, mérry, shérry, whérry, bérry, hérring, Mórris, érror, pórridge, Hárry, fürry''', BrE '''wòrry''', AmE '''wörry
| |
|
| |
| '''rh''': '''rhŷme, rhýthm, rhétoric, rhêsus, Rhôdes''' ''name, Greece'', '''rhôdedéndron
| |
|
| |
| '''wr''': '''wrîte, wrén, wrêak, wrŏught, wrést''' ''fight'', '''wréstle, wrínkle, awrŷ
| |
|
| |
| AmE pronounces '''r''' before a consonant and finally in words like '''àrm''', '''hürt''' and '''ŏrder'''; BrE does not.
| |
|
| |
| Sometimes a phantom final 'r' can be heard between two vowels, one ending, the other beginning, a word: '''Índia'''(r)'''and Srì Lánka'''
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /j/ '''y''', '''i'''===
| |
| '''y''': '''yéllow, yoúng, yét, yoûth, yôke''' ''ox'', '''yôlk''' ''egg'', '''låwyer, såwyer
| |
|
| |
| '''i''': '''ònion, mínion, míllion, Wílliam
| |
|
| |
| invisible before '''û''': '''ûse, tûne, beaûtiful, mûte, mûsic, cûte, cûticle, ukelèlê
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /w/ '''w, wh, u, ou, h''' ===
| |
|
| |
| '''w''': '''wéll, woòd, wísh, awây, wònder, wíll, wéather''' ''sunny'', '''ẁant, ẁash, aẁash, wâve, wãry, '''BrE '''wòrry''', AmE '''wörry''', '''ẁaddle, ẁander, wónky
| |
|
| |
| '''wh''' (pronounced '''hw''' in some AmE, Scottish English, etc., where it is regarded by some phoneticians as a distinct phoneme): '''ẁhat, whén, whére, whŷ, whénce, whéther''' ''if'', '''whíp, whístle, whîte
| |
|
| |
| '''u''' after '''q''': '''quêen, quîte, quîet, quést, quáck, quíck, equéstrian, acquîre, quâint, equíp, qùarry, qùadrupéd, qùantum, qùantity, qùality
| |
|
| |
| from Spanish: '''Nicarágua''' (-ágwa or -ágyûa), '''iguàna, marijuàna''' (*marry-yoû-wànə)
| |
|
| |
| '''ou''' from French, initial in '''Ouagadoûgou''' (Wág-), '''Ouattara''' (various '''a'''s stressed)
| |
|
| |
| '''h''' in two Hebraic names: '''Côhen, Ménuhin
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /χ/ '''kh, ch, gh''' ===
| |
| distinguished by some speakers from /k/:
| |
|
| |
| '''kh''': '''shèikh, Khàlid, Khayyám
| |
|
| |
| '''ch''': '''lóch, Bàch, Búchan, Buchánan
| |
|
| |
| '''gh''': '''lóugh'''
| |
|
| |
| ===[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /ks/ '''x, xc, ks, kes, cks, cs, ches, chs'''===
| |
| The grapheme '''x''' combines the phonemes /k/ and /s/. This is /gz/ for some [[American English|AmE]] speakers in some words, for example '''exáct'''.
| |
|
| |
| '''x''': '''láx, tóxic, Níxon, wáx, wáxen, óx, óxen, píxie, táxi, bóx, bóxes, míx, séx, áxle, Téxas, México, hôax, extrême, Tríxie, Díxie, fáx''' (= '''fácts''', whence it is derived), '''máximum, Báxter
| |
|
| |
| '''xc''': '''éxcellent, excél, excépt, excéss
| |
|
| |
| '''chs''': in names from German: '''Óchs''' (= '''óx'''), '''Fùchs''', or accidental in plurals: '''tríptychs
| |
|
| |
| Also accidental in plurals:
| |
|
| |
| '''ks''': '''bàrks, loòks, hoòks, spoôks, tålks, wålks, boòks, sêeks, fôlksy
| |
|
| |
| '''kes''': '''tâkes, sâkes, bâkes, câkes, jôkes, lîkes, êkes, nûkes, blôkes
| |
|
| |
| '''cks''': '''sócks, pícks, trícks, pécks, knócks, búcks, tícks''' ''marks''
| |
|
| |
| '''cs''': '''àrcs, tícs''' ''nervous'', '''mathemátics, lûnatics, mâniacs, médics, geriátrics, pediátrics, holístics
| |
|
| |
| '''ches''': '''âches, héadaches
| |
|
| |
| *Other double consonants, such as '''ts''' and '''ps''', which are phonemes in some languages, also occur accidentally, as in '''géts''' and '''cŏrpse'''
| |