Nuclear magnetic resonance/Catalogs/Magnetic nuclei: Difference between revisions
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imported>David E. Volk mNo edit summary |
imported>David E. Volk (wikilinks for all elements) |
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<tr><th>Element/Name</th><th>Isotope Symbol</th><th>Nuclear Spin</th><th>Sensitivity vs. <sup>1</sup>H</th> | <tr><th>Element/Name</th><th>Isotope Symbol</th><th>Nuclear Spin</th><th>Sensitivity vs. <sup>1</sup>H</th> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr><td>Hydrogen</td><td><sup>1</sup>H</td><td>1/2</td><td>1.000000</td> | <tr><td>[[Hydrogen]]</td><td><sup>1</sup>H</td><td>1/2</td><td>1.000000</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr><td>Deuterium</td><td><sup>2</sup>H or D</td><td>1</td><td>1.44 e-6</td> | <tr><td>[[Deuterium]]</td><td><sup>2</sup>H or D</td><td>1</td><td>1.44 e-6</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr><td>Tritium</td><td><sup>3</sup>H</td><td>1/2</td><td> - </td> | <tr><td>[[Tritium]]</td><td><sup>3</sup>H</td><td>1/2</td><td> - </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr><td>Helium-3</td><td><sup>3</sup>He</td><td>-1/2</td><td> - </td> | <tr><td>[[Helium]]-3</td><td><sup>3</sup>He</td><td>-1/2</td><td> - </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Lithium-6</td> <td><sup>6</sup>Li</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.000628</td> | <tr> <td>[[Lithium]]-6</td> <td><sup>6</sup>Li</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.000628</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Lithium-7</td> <td><sup>7</sup>Li</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.270175</td> | <tr> <td>Lithium-7</td> <td><sup>7</sup>Li</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.270175</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Beryllium-9</td> <td><sup>9</sup>Be</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>0.013825</td> | <tr> <td>[[Beryllium]]-9</td> <td><sup>9</sup>Be</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>0.013825</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Boron-10</td> <td><sup>10</sup>B</td> <td>3</td> <td>0.00386</td> | <tr> <td>[[Boron]]-10</td> <td><sup>10</sup>B</td> <td>3</td> <td>0.00386</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Boron-11</td> <td><sup>11</sup>B</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.132281</td> | <tr> <td>Boron-11</td> <td><sup>11</sup>B</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.132281</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Carbon-13</td> <td><sup>13</sup>C</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.000175</td> | <tr> <td>[[Carbon]]-13</td> <td><sup>13</sup>C</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.000175</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Nitrogen-14</td> <td><sup>14</sup>N</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.000998</td> | <tr> <td>[[Nitrogen]]-14</td> <td><sup>14</sup>N</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.000998</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Nitrogen-15</td> <td><sup>15</sup>N</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>3.84E-06</td> | <tr> <td>Nitrogen-15</td> <td><sup>15</sup>N</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>3.84E-06</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Oxygen-17</td> <td><sup>17</sup>O</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>1.07E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Oxygen]]-17</td> <td><sup>17</sup>O</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>1.07E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Fluorine-19</td> <td><sup>19</sup>F</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.829825</td> | <tr> <td>[[Fluorine]]-19</td> <td><sup>19</sup>F</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.829825</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Neon-21</td> <td><sup>21</sup>Ne</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>6.3E-06</td> | <tr> <td>[[Neon]]-21</td> <td><sup>21</sup>Ne</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>6.3E-06</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Sodium-23</td> <td><sup>23</sup>Na</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.092105</td> | <tr> <td>[[Sodium]]-23</td> <td><sup>23</sup>Na</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.092105</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Magnesium-25</td> <td><sup>25</sup>Mg</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.00027</td> | <tr> <td>[[Magnesium]]-25</td> <td><sup>25</sup>Mg</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.00027</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Aluminum-27</td> <td><sup>27</sup>Al</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.205263</td> | <tr> <td>[[Aluminum]]-27</td> <td><sup>27</sup>Al</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.205263</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Silicon-29</td> <td><sup>29</sup>Si</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.000367</td> | <tr> <td>[[Silicon]]-29</td> <td><sup>29</sup>Si</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.000367</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Phosphorus-31</td> <td><sup>31</sup>P</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.06614</td> | <tr> <td>[[Phosphorus]]-31</td> <td><sup>31</sup>P</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.06614</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Sulfur-33</td> <td><sup>33</sup>S</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>1.71E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Sulfur]]-33</td> <td><sup>33</sup>S</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>1.71E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Chlorine-33</td> <td><sup>33</sup>Cl</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.003544</td> | <tr> <td>[[Chlorine]]-33</td> <td><sup>33</sup>Cl</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.003544</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Chlorine-37</td> <td><sup>37</sup>Cl</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000661</td> | <tr> <td>Chlorine-37</td> <td><sup>37</sup>Cl</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000661</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Potassium-39</td> <td><sup>39</sup>K</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000472</td> | <tr> <td>[[Potassium]]-39</td> <td><sup>39</sup>K</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000472</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Potassium-41</td> <td><sup>41</sup>K</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>5.75E-06</td> | <tr> <td>Potassium-41</td> <td><sup>41</sup>K</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>5.75E-06</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Calcium-43</td> <td><sup>43</sup>K</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>9.25E-06</td> | <tr> <td>[[Calcium]]-43</td> <td><sup>43</sup>K</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>9.25E-06</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Scandium-45</td> <td><sup>45</sup>Sc</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.3</td> | <tr> <td>[[Scandium]]-45</td> <td><sup>45</sup>Sc</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.3</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Titanium-47</td> <td><sup>47</sup>Ti</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.00015</td> | <tr> <td>[[Titanium]]-47</td> <td><sup>47</sup>Ti</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.00015</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Titanium-49</td> <td><sup>49</sup>Ti</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>0.00021</td> | <tr> <td>[[Titanium]]-49</td> <td><sup>49</sup>Ti</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>0.00021</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Vanadium-50</td> <td><sup>50</sup>V</td> <td>6</td> <td>0.00013</td> | <tr> <td>[[Vanadium]]-50</td> <td><sup>50</sup>V</td> <td>6</td> <td>0.00013</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Vanadium-51</td> <td><sup>51</sup>V</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.37895</td> | <tr> <td>Vanadium-51</td> <td><sup>51</sup>V</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.37895</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Chromium-53</td> <td><sup>53</sup>Cr</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>8.6E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Chromium]]-53</td> <td><sup>53</sup>Cr</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>8.6E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Manganese-55</td> <td><sup>55</sup>Mn</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.174386</td> | <tr> <td>[[Manganese]]-55</td> <td><sup>55</sup>Mn</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.174386</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Iron-57</td> <td><sup>57</sup>Fe</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>7.37E-07</td> | <tr> <td>[[Iron]]-57</td> <td><sup>57</sup>Fe</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>7.37E-07</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Cobolt-59</td> <td><sup>59</sup>Co</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.275439</td> | <tr> <td>[[Cobolt]]-59</td> <td><sup>59</sup>Co</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.275439</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Nickel-61</td> <td><sup>61</sup>Ni</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>4.21E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Nickel]]-61</td> <td><sup>61</sup>Ni</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>4.21E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Copper-63</td> <td><sup>63</sup>Cu</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.064035</td> | <tr> <td>[[Copper]]-63</td> <td><sup>63</sup>Cu</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.064035</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Copper-65</td> <td><sup>65</sup>Cu</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.035263</td> | <tr> <td>[[Copper]]-65</td> <td><sup>65</sup>Cu</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.035263</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Zinc-67</td> <td><sup>67</sup>Zn</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.000117</td> | <tr> <td>[[Zinc]]-67</td> <td><sup>67</sup>Zn</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.000117</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Gallium-69</td> <td><sup>69</sup>Ga</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.041579</td> | <tr> <td>[[Gallium]]-69</td> <td><sup>69</sup>Ga</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.041579</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Gallium-71</td> <td><sup>71</sup>Ga</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.055965</td> | <tr> <td>[[Gallium]]-71</td> <td><sup>71</sup>Ga</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.055965</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Germanium-73</td> <td><sup>73</sup>Ge</td> <td>-9/2</td> <td>0.000108</td> | <tr> <td>[[Germanium]]-73</td> <td><sup>73</sup>Ge</td> <td>-9/2</td> <td>0.000108</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Arsenic-75</td> <td><sup>75</sup>As</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.025088</td> | <tr> <td>[[Arsenic]]-75</td> <td><sup>75</sup>As</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.025088</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Selenium-77</td> <td><sup>77</sup>Se</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.000523</td> | <tr> <td>[[Selenium]]-77</td> <td><sup>77</sup>Se</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.000523</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Bromine-79</td> <td><sup>79</sup>Br</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.039649</td> | <tr> <td>[[Bromine]]-79</td> <td><sup>79</sup>Br</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.039649</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Bromine-81</td> <td><sup>81</sup>Br</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.048596</td> | <tr> <td>Bromine-81</td> <td><sup>81</sup>Br</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.048596</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Krypton-83</td> <td><sup>83</sup>Kr</td> <td>-9/2</td> <td>0.000216</td> | <tr> <td>[[Krypton]]-83</td> <td><sup>83</sup>Kr</td> <td>-9/2</td> <td>0.000216</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Rubidium-85</td> <td><sup>85</sup>Rb</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.007544</td> | <tr> <td>[[Rubidium]]-85</td> <td><sup>85</sup>Rb</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.007544</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Rubidium-87</td> <td><sup>87</sup>Rb</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.048596</td> | <tr> <td>Rubidium-87</td> <td><sup>87</sup>Rb</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.048596</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Strontium-87</td> <td><sup>87</sup>Sr</td> <td>-9/2</td> <td>0.000188</td> | <tr> <td>[[Strontium]]-87</td> <td><sup>87</sup>Sr</td> <td>-9/2</td> <td>0.000188</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Yttrium-89</td> <td><sup>89</sup>Y</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.00012</td> | <tr> <td>[[Yttrium]]-89</td> <td><sup>89</sup>Y</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.00012</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Zirconium-91</td> <td><sup>91</sup>Zr</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.00106</td> | <tr> <td>[[Zirconium]]-91</td> <td><sup>91</sup>Zr</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.00106</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Niobium-93</td> <td><sup>93</sup>Nb</td> <td>9/2</td> <td>0.4807</td> | <tr> <td>[[Niobium]]-93</td> <td><sup>93</sup>Nb</td> <td>9/2</td> <td>0.4807</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Molybdenum-95</td> <td><sup>95</sup>Mo</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.00051</td> | <tr> <td>[[Molybdenum]]-95</td> <td><sup>95</sup>Mo</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.00051</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Molybdenum-97</td> <td><sup>97</sup>Mo</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.00032</td> | <tr> <td>Molybdenum-97</td> <td><sup>97</sup>Mo</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.00032</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Technetium-99</td> <td><sup>99</sup>Tc</td> <td>9/2</td> <td>0.374386</td> | <tr> <td>[[Technetium]]-99</td> <td><sup>99</sup>Tc</td> <td>9/2</td> <td>0.374386</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Ruthenium-99</td> <td><sup>99</sup>Ru</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.000146</td> | <tr> <td>[[Ruthenium]]-99</td> <td><sup>99</sup>Ru</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.000146</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Ruthenium-101</td> <td><sup>101</sup>Ru</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.000274</td> | <tr> <td>[[Ruthenium]]-101</td> <td><sup>101</sup>Ru</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.000274</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Rhodium-103</td> <td><sup>103</sup>Rh</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>3.11E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Rhodium]]-103</td> <td><sup>103</sup>Rh</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>3.11E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Paladium-105</td> <td><sup>105</sup>Pd</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.000247</td> | <tr> <td>[[Paladium]]-105</td> <td><sup>105</sup>Pd</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.000247</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Silver-107</td> <td><sup>107</sup>Ag</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>3.245E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Silver]]-107</td> <td><sup>107</sup>Ag</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>3.245E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Silver-109</td> <td><sup>109</sup>Ag</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>4.84E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Silver]]-109</td> <td><sup>109</sup>Ag</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>4.84E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Cadmium-111</td> <td><sup>111</sup>Cd</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.001216</td> | <tr> <td>[[Cadmium]]-111</td> <td><sup>111</sup>Cd</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.001216</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Cadmium-113</td> <td><sup>113</sup>Cd</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.001313</td> | <tr> <td>Cadmium-113</td> <td><sup>113</sup>Cd</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.001313</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Indium-113</td> <td><sup>113</sup>In</td> <td>9/2</td> <td>0.014702</td> | <tr> <td>[[Indium]]-113</td> <td><sup>113</sup>In</td> <td>9/2</td> <td>0.014702</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Indium-115</td> <td><sup>113</sup>In</td> <td>9/2</td> <td>0.331579</td> | <tr> <td>Indium-115</td> <td><sup>113</sup>In</td> <td>9/2</td> <td>0.331579</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Tin-117</td> <td><sup>117</sup>Sn</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.003428</td> | <tr> <td>[[Tin]]-117</td> <td><sup>117</sup>Sn</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.003428</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Tin-119</td> <td><sup>119</sup>Sn</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.004421</td> | <tr> <td>Tin-119</td> <td><sup>119</sup>Sn</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.004421</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Antimony-121</td> <td><sup>121</sup>Sb</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.091228</td> | <tr> <td>[[Antimony]]-121</td> <td><sup>121</sup>Sb</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.091228</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Antimony-123</td> <td><sup>123</sup>Sb</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.019474</td> | <tr> <td>Antimony-123</td> <td><sup>123</sup>Sb</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.019474</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Tellurium-123</td> <td><sup>123</sup>Te</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.000156</td> | <tr> <td>[[Tellurium]]-123</td> <td><sup>123</sup>Te</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.000156</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Tellurium-125</td> <td><sup>125</sup>Te</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.002193</td> | <tr> <td>Tellurium-125</td> <td><sup>125</sup>Te</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.002193</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Iodine-127</td> <td><sup>127</sup>I</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.092982</td> | <tr> <td>[[Iodine]]-127</td> <td><sup>127</sup>I</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.092982</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Xenon-129</td> <td><sup>129</sup>Xe</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.005579</td> | <tr> <td>[[Xenon]]-129</td> <td><sup>129</sup>Xe</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.005579</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Xenon-131</td> <td><sup>131</sup>Xe</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000581</td> | <tr> <td>Xenon-131</td> <td><sup>131</sup>Xe</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000581</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Cesium-133</td> <td><sup>133</sup>Cs</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.047193</td> | <tr> <td>[[Cesium]]-133</td> <td><sup>133</sup>Cs</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.047193</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Barium-135</td> <td><sup>135</sup>Ba</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000316</td> | <tr> <td>[[Barium]]-135</td> <td><sup>135</sup>Ba</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000316</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Barium-137</td> <td><sup>137</sup>Ba</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000774</td> | <tr> <td>Barium-137</td> <td><sup>137</sup>Ba</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000774</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Lanthinum-139</td> <td><sup>139</sup>La</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.05895</td> | <tr> <td>[[Lanthinum]]-139</td> <td><sup>139</sup>La</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.05895</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Praseodymium-141</td> <td><sup>141</sup>Pr</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.29825</td> | <tr> <td>[[Praseodymium]]-141</td> <td><sup>141</sup>Pr</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.29825</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Neodymium-143</td> <td><sup>143</sup>Nd</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>0.0004</td> | <tr> <td>[[Neodymium]]-143</td> <td><sup>143</sup>Nd</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>0.0004</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Neodymium-145</td> <td><sup>145</sup>Nd</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>6.5E-05</td> | <tr> <td>Neodymium-145</td> <td><sup>145</sup>Nd</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>6.5E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Samarium-147</td> <td><sup>147</sup>Sm</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>2.21E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Samarium]]-147</td> <td><sup>147</sup>Sm</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>2.21E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Samarium-149</td> <td><sup>147</sup>Sm</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>0.000104</td> | <tr> <td>Samarium-149</td> <td><sup>147</sup>Sm</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>0.000104</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Europium-151</td> <td><sup>151</sup>Eu</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.084211</td> | <tr> <td>[[Europium]]-151</td> <td><sup>151</sup>Eu</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.084211</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Europium-153</td> <td><sup>153</sup>Eu</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.007895</td> | <tr> <td>Europium-153</td> <td><sup>153</sup>Eu</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.007895</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Gadolidium-155</td> <td><sup>155</sup>Gd</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>0.03.51E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Gadolidium]]-155</td> <td><sup>155</sup>Gd</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>0.03.51E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Gadolidium-157</td> <td><sup>157</sup>Gd</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>8.42E-05</td> | <tr> <td>Gadolidium-157</td> <td><sup>157</sup>Gd</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>8.42E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Terbium-159</td> <td><sup>159</sup>Tb</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.057895</td> | <tr> <td>[[Terbium]]-159</td> <td><sup>159</sup>Tb</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.057895</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Dysprosium-161</td> <td><sup>161</sup>Dy</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>7.95E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Dysprosium]]-161</td> <td><sup>161</sup>Dy</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>7.95E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Dysprosium-163</td> <td><sup>163</sup>Dy</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.000281</td> | <tr> <td>Dysprosium-163</td> <td><sup>163</sup>Dy</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.000281</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Holmium-165</td> <td><sup>165</sup>Ho</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.175439</td> | <tr> <td>[[Holmium]]-165</td> <td><sup>165</sup>Ho</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.175439</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Erbiumm-167</td> <td><sup>167</sup>Er</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>0.000116</td> | <tr> <td>[[Erbiumm]]-167</td> <td><sup>167</sup>Er</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td>0.000116</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Thulium-169</td> <td><sup>169</sup>Tm</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.000561</td> | <tr> <td>[[Thulium]]-169</td> <td><sup>169</sup>Tm</td> <td>-1/2</td> <td>0.000561</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Ytterbium-171</td> <td><sup>171</sup>Yb</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.000711</td> | <tr> <td>[[Ytterbium]]-171</td> <td><sup>171</sup>Yb</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.000711</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Ytterbium-173</td> <td><sup>173</sup>Yb</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.0002</td> | <tr> <td>Ytterbium-173</td> <td><sup>173</sup>Yb</td> <td>-5/2</td> <td>0.0002</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Lutetium-175</td> <td><sup>175</sup>Lu</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.027386</td> | <tr> <td>[[Lutetium]]-175</td> <td><sup>175</sup>Lu</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.027386</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Lutetium-176</td> <td><sup>176</sup>Lu</td> <td>7</td> <td>0.000902</td> | <tr> <td>Lutetium-176</td> <td><sup>176</sup>Lu</td> <td>7</td> <td>0.000902</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Halfnium-177</td> <td><sup>177</sup>Hf</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.00015</td> | <tr> <td>[[Halfnium]]-177</td> <td><sup>177</sup>Hf</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.00015</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Halfnium-179</td> <td><sup>179</sup>Hf</td> <td>-9/2</td> <td>4.7E-05</td> | <tr> <td>Halfnium-179</td> <td><sup>179</sup>Hf</td> <td>-9/2</td> <td>4.7E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Tantalum-181</td> <td><sup>181</sup>Ta</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.03579</td> | <tr> <td>[[Tantalum]]-181</td> <td><sup>181</sup>Ta</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>0.03579</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Tungsten-183</td> <td><sup>183</sup>W</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Tungsten]]-183</td> <td><sup>183</sup>W</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Rhenium-185</td> <td><sup>185</sup>Re</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.049123</td> | <tr> <td>[[Rhenium]]-185</td> <td><sup>185</sup>Re</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.049123</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Rhenium-187</td> <td><sup>187</sup>Re</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.085965</td> | <tr> <td>Rhenium-187</td> <td><sup>187</sup>Re</td> <td>5/2</td> <td>0.085965</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Osmium-187</td> <td><sup>187</sup>Os</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>2E-07</td> | <tr> <td>[[Osmium]]-187</td> <td><sup>187</sup>Os</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>2E-07</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Osmium-189</td> <td><sup>189</sup>Os</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000374</td> | <tr> <td>Osmium-189</td> <td><sup>189</sup>Os</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>0.000374</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Iridium-191</td> <td><sup>191</sup>Ir</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>4E-06</td> | <tr> <td>[[Iridium]]-191</td> <td><sup>191</sup>Ir</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>4E-06</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Iridium-193</td> <td><sup>193</sup>Ir</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>8.77E-06</td> | <tr> <td>Iridium-193</td> <td><sup>193</sup>Ir</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>8.77E-06</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Platinum-195</td> <td><sup>195</sup>Pt</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.003351</td> | <tr> <td>[[Platinum]]-195</td> <td><sup>195</sup>Pt</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.003351</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Gold-197</td> <td><sup>197</sup>Au</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>1.05E-05</td> | <tr> <td>[[Gold]]-197</td> <td><sup>197</sup>Au</td> <td>3/2</td> <td>1.05E-05</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Mercury-199</td> <td><sup>199</sup>Hg</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.000951</td> | <tr> <td>[[Mercury]]-199</td> <td><sup>199</sup>Hg</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.000951</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Mercury-201</td> <td><sup>201</sup>Hg</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>0.000189</td> | <tr> <td>Mercury-201</td> <td><sup>201</sup>Hg</td> <td>-3/2</td> <td>0.000189</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Titanium-203</td> <td><sup>203</sup>Ti</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.050702</td> | <tr> <td>[[Titanium]]-203</td> <td><sup>203</sup>Ti</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.050702</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Titanium-205</td> <td><sup>205</sup>Ti</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.134912</td> | <tr> <td>Titanium-205</td> <td><sup>205</sup>Ti</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.134912</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Lead-207</td> <td><sup>207</sup>Pb</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.00207</td> | <tr> <td>[[Lead]]-207</td> <td><sup>207</sup>Pb</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.00207</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Bismuth-209</td> <td><sup>209</sup>Bi</td> <td>9/2</td> <td>0.136316</td> | <tr> <td>[[Bismuth]]-209</td> <td><sup>209</sup>Bi</td> <td>9/2</td> <td>0.136316</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Uranium-235</td> <td><sup>235</sup>Ur</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td> - </td> | <tr> <td>[[Uranium]]-235</td> <td><sup>235</sup>Ur</td> <td>-7/2</td> <td> - </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Plutonium-239</td> <td><sup>239</sup>Pu</td> <td>1/2</td> <td> - </td> | <tr> <td>[[Plutonium]]-239</td> <td><sup>239</sup>Pu</td> <td>1/2</td> <td> - </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> <td>Americium-243</td> <td><sup>243</sup>Am</td> <td>5/2</td> <td> -</td> | <tr> <td>[[Americium]]-243</td> <td><sup>243</sup>Am</td> <td>5/2</td> <td> -</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
Revision as of 13:39, 13 February 2008
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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spectroscopy both exploit magnetically active atomic nuclei. That is, those elements with non-zero nuclear spin (I). Although nuclear spin (or angular momentum) is listed as a single variable, it is the sum of the individual angular momenta of all protons and neutrons. In general, all atoms whose numbers of protons and numbers of neutrons are not both even will be magnetically active because the spins of the individual nucleons do not cancel each other out completely. When placed in a very strong magnet these atomic nuclei will have 2I+1 energy states whose energy differences are dependent on the strength of the magnetic field. In the simplest case where the nuclear spin = 1/2, the spin can be aligned with or against the field. By exciting the nuclei with energy, typically in the radio frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum, the lowest energy state is excited to a higher energy state. A signal, call the free induction decay (FID) is then measured as the excited state relaxes back to the lower energy state. The table below lists the isotope(s) of elements that have nuclear spin and therefore may be used in NMR or MRI spectroscopy. Only three chemical elements with atomic numbers less than Bismuth (Z=81) do not have magnetically active isotopes: Argon, Cesium and Promethium.
NOTE: All nuclear spins are positive. Negative spin values shown below indicate that the gyromagnetic ratio has a negative value, which means that the atomic magnetic moment and the nuclear spin are aligned antiparallel to each other. For nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopists designing complex excitation schemes, it is convenient to think of such atoms as having negative nuclear spins because, compared to atoms with positive gyromagnetic ratios, the nuclei align in the opposite direction and therefore also precess (rotate) about the magnetic field in the opposite direction. (No matter what sign the spin value has they respond to a strong magnetic field one in the direction Z and the other in the direction -Z. Important is to note they respond likewise only the direction differs by 180˚in the direction of the applied magnetic field.)
| Element/Name | Isotope Symbol | Nuclear Spin | Sensitivity vs. 1H |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen | 1H | 1/2 | 1.000000 |
| Deuterium | 2H or D | 1 | 1.44 e-6 |
| Tritium | 3H | 1/2 | - |
| Helium-3 | 3He | -1/2 | - |
| Lithium-6 | 6Li | 1 | 0.000628 |
| Lithium-7 | 7Li | 3/2 | 0.270175 |
| Beryllium-9 | 9Be | -3/2 | 0.013825 |
| Boron-10 | 10B | 3 | 0.00386 |
| Boron-11 | 11B | 3/2 | 0.132281 |
| Carbon-13 | 13C | 1/2 | 0.000175 |
| Nitrogen-14 | 14N | 1 | 0.000998 |
| Nitrogen-15 | 15N | -1/2 | 3.84E-06 |
| Oxygen-17 | 17O | -5/2 | 1.07E-05 |
| Fluorine-19 | 19F | 1/2 | 0.829825 |
| Neon-21 | 21Ne | -3/2 | 6.3E-06 |
| Sodium-23 | 23Na | 3/2 | 0.092105 |
| Magnesium-25 | 25Mg | -5/2 | 0.00027 |
| Aluminum-27 | 27Al | 5/2 | 0.205263 |
| Silicon-29 | 29Si | -1/2 | 0.000367 |
| Phosphorus-31 | 31P | 1/2 | 0.06614 |
| Sulfur-33 | 33S | 3/2 | 1.71E-05 |
| Chlorine-33 | 33Cl | 3/2 | 0.003544 |
| Chlorine-37 | 37Cl | 3/2 | 0.000661 |
| Potassium-39 | 39K | 3/2 | 0.000472 |
| Potassium-41 | 41K | 3/2 | 5.75E-06 |
| Calcium-43 | 43K | -7/2 | 9.25E-06 |
| Scandium-45 | 45Sc | 7/2 | 0.3 |
| Titanium-47 | 47Ti | -5/2 | 0.00015 |
| Titanium-49 | 49Ti | -7/2 | 0.00021 |
| Vanadium-50 | 50V | 6 | 0.00013 |
| Vanadium-51 | 51V | 7/2 | 0.37895 |
| Chromium-53 | 53Cr | -3/2 | 8.6E-05 |
| Manganese-55 | 55Mn | 5/2 | 0.174386 |
| Iron-57 | 57Fe | 1/2 | 7.37E-07 |
| Cobolt-59 | 59Co | 7/2 | 0.275439 |
| Nickel-61 | 61Ni | -3/2 | 4.21E-05 |
| Copper-63 | 63Cu | 3/2 | 0.064035 |
| Copper-65 | 65Cu | 3/2 | 0.035263 |
| Zinc-67 | 67Zn | 5/2 | 0.000117 |
| Gallium-69 | 69Ga | 3/2 | 0.041579 |
| Gallium-71 | 71Ga | 3/2 | 0.055965 |
| Germanium-73 | 73Ge | -9/2 | 0.000108 |
| Arsenic-75 | 75As | 3/2 | 0.025088 |
| Selenium-77 | 77Se | 1/2 | 0.000523 |
| Bromine-79 | 79Br | 3/2 | 0.039649 |
| Bromine-81 | 81Br | 3/2 | 0.048596 |
| Krypton-83 | 83Kr | -9/2 | 0.000216 |
| Rubidium-85 | 85Rb | 5/2 | 0.007544 |
| Rubidium-87 | 87Rb | 3/2 | 0.048596 |
| Strontium-87 | 87Sr | -9/2 | 0.000188 |
| Yttrium-89 | 89Y | -1/2 | 0.00012 |
| Zirconium-91 | 91Zr | -5/2 | 0.00106 |
| Niobium-93 | 93Nb | 9/2 | 0.4807 |
| Molybdenum-95 | 95Mo | 5/2 | 0.00051 |
| Molybdenum-97 | 97Mo | -5/2 | 0.00032 |
| Technetium-99 | 99Tc | 9/2 | 0.374386 |
| Ruthenium-99 | 99Ru | -5/2 | 0.000146 |
| Ruthenium-101 | 101Ru | -5/2 | 0.000274 |
| Rhodium-103 | 103Rh | -1/2 | 3.11E-05 |
| Paladium-105 | 105Pd | -5/2 | 0.000247 |
| Silver-107 | 107Ag | -1/2 | 3.245E-05 |
| Silver-109 | 109Ag | -1/2 | 4.84E-05 |
| Cadmium-111 | 111Cd | -1/2 | 0.001216 |
| Cadmium-113 | 113Cd | -1/2 | 0.001313 |
| Indium-113 | 113In | 9/2 | 0.014702 |
| Indium-115 | 113In | 9/2 | 0.331579 |
| Tin-117 | 117Sn | -1/2 | 0.003428 |
| Tin-119 | 119Sn | -1/2 | 0.004421 |
| Antimony-121 | 121Sb | 5/2 | 0.091228 |
| Antimony-123 | 123Sb | 7/2 | 0.019474 |
| Tellurium-123 | 123Te | -1/2 | 0.000156 |
| Tellurium-125 | 125Te | 5/2 | 0.002193 |
| Iodine-127 | 127I | 5/2 | 0.092982 |
| Xenon-129 | 129Xe | -1/2 | 0.005579 |
| Xenon-131 | 131Xe | 3/2 | 0.000581 |
| Cesium-133 | 133Cs | 7/2 | 0.047193 |
| Barium-135 | 135Ba | 3/2 | 0.000316 |
| Barium-137 | 137Ba | 3/2 | 0.000774 |
| Lanthinum-139 | 139La | 7/2 | 0.05895 |
| Praseodymium-141 | 141Pr | 5/2 | 0.29825 |
| Neodymium-143 | 143Nd | -7/2 | 0.0004 |
| Neodymium-145 | 145Nd | -7/2 | 6.5E-05 |
| Samarium-147 | 147Sm | -7/2 | 2.21E-05 |
| Samarium-149 | 147Sm | -7/2 | 0.000104 |
| Europium-151 | 151Eu | 5/2 | 0.084211 |
| Europium-153 | 153Eu | 5/2 | 0.007895 |
| Gadolidium-155 | 155Gd | -3/2 | 0.03.51E-05 |
| Gadolidium-157 | 157Gd | -3/2 | 8.42E-05 |
| Terbium-159 | 159Tb | 3/2 | 0.057895 |
| Dysprosium-161 | 161Dy | -5/2 | 7.95E-05 |
| Dysprosium-163 | 163Dy | 5/2 | 0.000281 |
| Holmium-165 | 165Ho | 7/2 | 0.175439 |
| Erbiumm-167 | 167Er | -7/2 | 0.000116 |
| Thulium-169 | 169Tm | -1/2 | 0.000561 |
| Ytterbium-171 | 171Yb | 1/2 | 0.000711 |
| Ytterbium-173 | 173Yb | -5/2 | 0.0002 |
| Lutetium-175 | 175Lu | 7/2 | 0.027386 |
| Lutetium-176 | 176Lu | 7 | 0.000902 |
| Halfnium-177 | 177Hf | 7/2 | 0.00015 |
| Halfnium-179 | 179Hf | -9/2 | 4.7E-05 |
| Tantalum-181 | 181Ta | 7/2 | 0.03579 |
| Tungsten-183 | 183W | 1/2 | 1E-05 |
| Rhenium-185 | 185Re | 5/2 | 0.049123 |
| Rhenium-187 | 187Re | 5/2 | 0.085965 |
| Osmium-187 | 187Os | 1/2 | 2E-07 |
| Osmium-189 | 189Os | 3/2 | 0.000374 |
| Iridium-191 | 191Ir | 3/2 | 4E-06 |
| Iridium-193 | 193Ir | 3/2 | 8.77E-06 |
| Platinum-195 | 195Pt | 1/2 | 0.003351 |
| Gold-197 | 197Au | 3/2 | 1.05E-05 |
| Mercury-199 | 199Hg | 1/2 | 0.000951 |
| Mercury-201 | 201Hg | -3/2 | 0.000189 |
| Titanium-203 | 203Ti | 1/2 | 0.050702 |
| Titanium-205 | 205Ti | 1/2 | 0.134912 |
| Lead-207 | 207Pb | 1/2 | 0.00207 |
| Bismuth-209 | 209Bi | 9/2 | 0.136316 |
| Uranium-235 | 235Ur | -7/2 | - |
| Plutonium-239 | 239Pu | 1/2 | - |
| Americium-243 | 243Am | 5/2 | - |