Monkey: Difference between revisions
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Monkeys are found in both the "New" and the "Old" World. The term "monkey" is actually a laypersons term for any one of the generally small-bodied | '''Monkeys''' are a group of [[Primate|primates]] found in both the "New" and the "Old" World. The term "monkey" is actually a [[Layperson|laypersons]] term for any one of the generally small-bodied and often distantly related primates that do not fall into the classification of [[prosimians]] or the generaly larger bodied [[Ape|apes]]. There are two basic types of monkeys - platyrrhines and catarrhines<ref name="Fleagle">{{cite book|title=Primate Adaptation and Evolution|accessdate=|author=J. Fleagle|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1998 |format= |work= |publisher=Academic Press: New York|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Szalay">{{cite book |title=Evolutionary History of the Primates|accessdate=|author=F. Szalay and E. Delson|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2001 |format= |work= |publisher=Academic Press, New York|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>.. [[South America|South American]] monkeys are known as platyrrhines and differ substantially from the catarrhines monkeys, having evolved largely in isolation<ref name="Fleagle"/><ref name="Szalay"/>. | ||
===Platyrrhine monkeys=== | ===Platyrrhine monkeys=== | ||
The name platyrrhine is derived as a descriptive term of the monkeys faces, since South American monkeys have broad, flat noses. All platyrrhine monkeys are small - the largest is only around 10kg<ref name="Fleagle"/>. They also exhibit many [[primitive]] dental and skeletal features including having three [[pre-molars]] in each side of their mandible and maxilla thus they have a total of twelve<ref name="Szalay"/>. | The name platyrrhine is derived as a descriptive term of the monkeys faces, since South American monkeys have broad, flat noses. All platyrrhine monkeys are small - the largest is only around 10kg<ref name="Fleagle"/>. They also exhibit many [[primitive]] dental and skeletal features including having three [[pre-molars]] in each side of their [[mandible]] and [[maxilla]] - thus they have a total of twelve premolars <ref name="Szalay"/>. | ||
All platyrrhines have a [[tail]] of some sort and five [[genera]] have [[prehensile tails]]<ref name="Fleagle"/> | All platyrrhines have a [[tail]] of some sort and five [[genera]] have [[prehensile tails]]<ref name="Fleagle"/>. The most well known of the prehensile-tailed monkeys is probably the spider monkey. Interestingly, the spider monkey has no thumb<ref name="Fleagle"/>. | ||
===Catarrhine monkeys=== | ===Catarrhine monkeys=== |
Revision as of 07:11, 12 August 2007
Monkeys are a group of primates found in both the "New" and the "Old" World. The term "monkey" is actually a laypersons term for any one of the generally small-bodied and often distantly related primates that do not fall into the classification of prosimians or the generaly larger bodied apes. There are two basic types of monkeys - platyrrhines and catarrhines[1][2].. South American monkeys are known as platyrrhines and differ substantially from the catarrhines monkeys, having evolved largely in isolation[1][2].
Platyrrhine monkeys
The name platyrrhine is derived as a descriptive term of the monkeys faces, since South American monkeys have broad, flat noses. All platyrrhine monkeys are small - the largest is only around 10kg[1]. They also exhibit many primitive dental and skeletal features including having three pre-molars in each side of their mandible and maxilla - thus they have a total of twelve premolars [2].
All platyrrhines have a tail of some sort and five genera have prehensile tails[1]. The most well known of the prehensile-tailed monkeys is probably the spider monkey. Interestingly, the spider monkey has no thumb[1].
Catarrhine monkeys
Catarrhines monkeys are "Old World Monkeys" and all fall under the Superfamily Cercopithecidae[2]. They have narrow noses, eight pre-molars and none have prehensile tails[1]. There are two Subfamilies within the Superfamily - Cercopithecinae and Colobinae[2]. There are approximatly sixty species of cercopithicus monkey and about forty species of colobus monkey.
Living species of monkey
INFRAORDER PLATYRHINI
Superfamily Ceboidea
Family Cebidae
- Bolivian Titi Callicebus modestus
- Bolivian Gray Titi Callicebus donacophilus
- Beni Titi Callicebus olallae
- Andean Titi Callicebus oenanthe
- Ashy-gray Titi Callicebus cinerascens
- Hoffmann's Titi Callicebus hoffmannsi
- Dusky Titi Callicebus moloch
- Brown Titi Callicebus brunneus
- Madidi Titi Callicebus aureipalatii
- Chestnut Bellied Titi Callicebus caligatus
- Red Titi Callicebus cupreus
- Hershkovitz's Titi Callicebus dubius
- Masked Titi Callicebus personatus
- Collared Titi Callicebus torquatus
- Lemurine Owl Monkey Aotus lemurinus
- Brumback's Owl Monkey Aotus brumbacki
- Hershkovitz's Owl Monkey Aotus hershkovitzi
- Northern Owl Monkey Aotus trivirgatus
- Spix's Owl Monkey Aotus vociferans
- Andean Owl Monkey Aotus miconax
- Peruvian Red-necked Owl Monkey Aotus nancymae
- Black-headed Owl Monkey Aotus nigriceps
- Southern Owl Monkey Aotus azarae
- Kuhl's Owl Monkey Aotus infulatus
- White-faced Saki Pithecia pithecia
- Monk Saki Pithecia monachus
- Bald-faced Saki Pithecia irrorator
- Red-bearded Saki Pithecia aequatorialis
- Buffy Saki Pithecia albicans
- Black Saki Chiropotes satanas
- White-nosed Saki Chiropotes albinasus
- Black-headed Uakari Cacajao melanocephalus
- Red Uakari Cacajao calvus
- White-throated Capuchin Cebus capucinus
- White-fronted Capuchin Cebus albifrons
- Weeper Capuchin Cebus olivaceus
- Ka'apor Capuchin Cebus kaapori
- Black-capped Capuchin Cebus paella
- Red-backed Squirrel Monkey Saimiri oerstedi
- Common Squirrel Monkey Saimiri sciureus
- Golden-backed Squirrel Monkey Saimiri ustus
- Bolivian Squirrel Monkey Saimiri boliviensis
- Blackish Squirrel Monkey Saimiri vanzolinii
- Guatemalan Howler Monkey Alouatta pigra
- Mantled Howler Monkey Alouatta palliate
- Coiba Island Howler Monkey Alouatta coibensis
- Red Howler Monkey Alouatta seniculus
- Red-handed Howler Monkey Alouatta belzebul
- Brown Howler Monkey Alouatta fusca
- Black Howler Monkey Alouatta caraya
- Black Spider Monkey Ateles paniscus
- Long-haired Spider Monkey Ateles belzebuth
- Black-faced Spider Monkey Ateles chamek
- Brown-headed Spider Monkey Ateles fusciceps
- Black-handed Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi
- Woolly Spider Monkey Brachyteles arachnoids
- Humboldt's Woolly Monkey Lagothrix lagotricha
- Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey Lagothrix flavicauda
Family Callitrichidae
- Goeldi's Marmoset Callimico goeldii
- Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus
- Black Tufted-ear Marmoset Callithrix penicillata
- Wied's Marmoset Callithrix kuhli
- Geoffroy's Tufted-ear Marmoset Callithrix geoffroyi
- Buffy-headed Marmoset Callithrix flaviceps
- Buffy Tufted-ear Marmoset Callithrix aurita
- Silvery Marmoset Callithrix argentata
- Golden-white Bare-ear Marmoset Callithrix leucippe
- Snethlage's Marmoset Callithrix emiliae
- Black-headed Marmoset Callithrix nigriceps
- Black-tailed Marmoset Callithrix melanura
- Black-and-white Tassel-ear Marmoset Callithrix humeralifer
- Rio Maues Marmoset Callithrix mauesi
- Golden-white Tassel-ear Marmoset Callithrix chrysoleuca
- Tassel-ear Marmoset Callithrix intermedia
- Dwarf Marmoset Callithrix humilis
- Rio Acari Marmoset Callithrix acariensis
- Rio Manicore Marmoset Callithrix manicorensis
- Pygmy Marmoset Cebuella pygmaea
- Golden Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia
- Golden-headed Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus chrysomelas
- Golden-rumped Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus chrysopygus
- Black-faced Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus caissara
- Midas Tamarin Saguinus midas
- Black-mantle Tamarin Saguinus nigricollis
- Saddle-back Tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis
- Golden-mantle Saddle-back Tamarin Saguinus tripartitus
- Black-chested Moustached Tamarin Saguinus mystax
- Red-bellied Tamarin Saguinus labiatus
- Emperor Tamarin Saguinus imperator
- Pied Tamarin Saguinus bicolour
- Cotton-top Tamarin Saguinus oedipus
- Geoffroy's Tamarin Saguinus geoffroyi
- White-footed Tamarin Saguinus leucopus
- Mottle-face Tamarin Saguinus inustus
INFRAORDER CATARRHINI
Superfamily Hominoidea
Family Hylobatidae
- White-handed Gibbon Hylobates lar
- Agile Gibbon Hylobates agilis
- Mueller's Gibbon Hylobates muelleri
- Moloch Gibbon Hylobates moloch
- Pileated Gibbon Hylobates pileatus
- Kloss' Gibbon Hylobates klossii
- Hoolock Gibbon Hylobates hoolock
- Black Gibbon Hylobates concolor
- Siamang Hylobates syndactylus
Family Hominidae
- Orang-Utan Pongo pygmaeus
- Gorilla Gorilla gorilla
- Pygmy Chimpanzee (Bonobo) Pan paniscus
- Common Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
- Humans Homo sapiens
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
Family Cercopithecidae
Subfamily Cercopithecinae
- Allen's Swamp Monkey Allenopithecus nigroviridis
- Talapoin Monkey Miopithecus talapoin
- Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas
- Vervet Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops
- Sykes Monkey Cercopithecus albogularis
- Dryas Monkey Cercopithecus dryas
- Zaire Diana Monkey Cercopithecus salongo
- Diana Monkey Cercopithecus diana
- Greater White-nosed Monkey Cercopithecus nictitans
- Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis
- Mona Monkey Cercopithecus mona
- Campbell's Monkey Cercopithecus campbelli
- Crowned Guenon Cercopithecus pogonias
- Wolf's Monkey [[Cercopithecus wolfi]]
- Lesser White-nosed Monkey Cercopithecus petaurista
- Red-bellied Monkey Cercopithecus erythrogaster
- Sclater's Monkey Cercopithecus sclateri
- Red-eared Nose-spotted Monkey Cercopithecus erythrotis
- Moustached Monkey Cercopithecus cephus
- Redtail Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius
- L'hoest's Monkey Cercopithecus lhoesti
- Preuss's Monkey Cercopithecus preussi
- Sun-tailed Monkey Cercopithecus solatus
- Hamlyn's Monkey Cercopithecus hamlyni
- DeBrazza's Monkey Cercopithecus neglectus
- Barbary Macaque Macaca sylvanus
- Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus
- Pigtailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina
- Mentawai Macaque Macaca pagensis
- Moor Macaque Macaca maura
- Ochre Macaque Macaca ochreata
- Muna-Butung Macaque Macaca brunescens
- Tonkean Macaque Macaca tonkeana
- Heck's Macaque Macaca hecki
- Gorontalo Macaque Macaca nigriscens
- Celebes Macaque Macaca nigra
- Crab-eating Macaque Macaca fascicularis
- Stumptailed Macaque Macaca arctoides
- Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta
- Formosan Rock Macaque Macaca cyclopis
- Japanese Macaque Macaca fuscata
- Toque Macaque Macaca sinica
- Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiate
- Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis
- Arunachal Macaque Macaca munzala
- Pere David's Macaque Macaca thibetana
- Gray-cheeked Mangabey Lophocebus albigena
- Highland Mangabey Lophocebus kipunji
- Black Mangabey Lophocebus aterrimus
- Hamadryas Baboon Papio hamadryas
- Guinea Baboon Papio papio
- Olive Baboon Papio anubis
- Yellow Baboon Papio cynocephalus
- Chacma Baboon Papio ursinus
- Gelada Baboon Theropithecus gelada
- Sooty Mangabey Cercocebus atys
- White-collared Mangabey Cercocebus torquatus
- Agile Mangabey Cercocebus agilis
- Tana River Mangabey Cercocebus galeritus
- Mandrill Mandrillus sphinx
- Drill Mandrillus leucophaeus
Subfamily Colobinae
- Black Colobus Monkey Colobus satanas
- Angolan Black-and-white Colobus Monkey Colobus angolensis
- Western Black-and-white Colobus Monkey Colobus polykomos
- Geoffroy's Black-and-white Colobus Monkey Colobus vellerosus
- Abyssinian Black-and-white Colobus Monkey Colobus guereza
- Western Red Colobus Monkey Procolobus badius
- Pennant's Red Colobus Monkey Procolobus pennantii
- Preuss's Red Colobus Monkey Procolobus preussi
- Tana River Red Colobus Monkey Procolobus rufomitratus
- Olive Colobus Monkey Procolobus verus
- Hanuman Langur Semnopithecus entellus
- Purple-faced Langur Trachypithecus vetulus
- Nilgiri Langur Trachypithecus johnii
- Javan Langur Trachypithecus auratus
- Silvered Leaf-monkey Trachypithecus cristatus
- Tenasserim Langur Trachypithecus barbei
- Dusky Leaf-monkey Trachypithecus obscurus
- Phayre's Leaf-monkey Trachypithecus phayrei
- Capped Langur Trachypithecus pileatus
- Golden Langur Trachypithecus geei
- Francois' Leaf-monkey Trachypithecus francoisi
- Hatinh Langur Trachypithecus hatinhensis
- White-headed Langur Trachypithecus poliocephalus
- Laotian Langur Trachypithecus laotum
- Delacour's Langur Trachypithecus delacouri
- Mitered Leaf-monkey Presbytis melalophos
- Banded Leaf-monkey Presbytis femoralis
- White Fronted Leaf-monkey Presbytis frontata
- Grizzled Leaf-monkey Presbytis comata
- Thomas's Leaf-monkey Presbytis thomasi
- Hose's Leaf-monkey Presbytis hosei
- Maroon Leaf-monkey Presbytis rubicunda
- Mentawai Island Leaf-monkey Presbytis potenziani
- Douc Langur Pygathrix nemaeus
- Snub-nosed Langur Pygathrix roxellana
- Black Snub-nosed Langur Pygathrix bieti
- Brelich's Snub-nosed Langur Pygathrix brelichi
- Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur Pygathrix avunculus
- Proboscis Monkey Nasalis larvatus
- Pig-tailed Langur Nasalis concolor