User:James F. Perry/Draft: Difference between revisions
imported>James F. Perry (→Sounds in McGuffey: start table of substitutes) |
imported>James F. Perry (list of American literary figures in rpl format (sad)) |
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'''Nota Bene''' - the following is a draft page for CZ articles which I am working on - a personal Sandbox, if you will. Please do not delete! [[User:James F. Perry|James F. Perry]] 09:22, 3 June 2007 (CDT) | '''Nota Bene''' - the following is a draft page for CZ articles which I am working on - a personal Sandbox, if you will. Please do not delete! [[User:James F. Perry|James F. Perry]] 09:22, 3 June 2007 (CDT) | ||
==American literary figures== | |||
{{rpl|William Bradford}} | |||
{{rpl|Anne Bradstreet}} | |||
{{rpl|Samuel Sewall}} | |||
{{rpl|Edward Taylor}} | |||
{{rpl|Cotton Mather}} | |||
{{rpl|Jonathan Edwards}} | |||
{{rpl|Phillis Wheatley}} | |||
{{rpl|Sarah Kemble Knight}} | |||
{{rpl|William Byrd}} | |||
{{rpl|John Woolman}} | |||
{{rpl|St. Jean de Crevecoeur}} | |||
{{rpl|Benjamin Franklin}} | |||
{{rpl|Thomas Paine}} | |||
{{rpl|Thomas Jefferson}} | |||
{{rpl|Philip Freneau}} | |||
{{rpl|Joel Barlow}} | |||
{{rpl|Royall Tyler}} | |||
{{rpl|Charles Brockden Brown}} | |||
{{rpl|Meriwether Lewis}} | |||
{{rpl|Washington Irving}} | |||
{{rpl|James Fenimore Cooper}} | |||
{{rpl|William Cullen Bryant}} | |||
{{rpl|Francis Parkman}} | |||
{{rpl|Nathaniel Hawthorne}} | |||
{{rpl|Edgar Allan Poe}} | |||
{{rpl|Herman Melville}} | |||
{{rpl|Ralph Waldo Emerson}} | |||
{{rpl|Henry David Thoreau}} | |||
{{rpl|Henry Wadsworth Longfellow}} | |||
{{rpl|John Greenleaf Whittier}} | |||
{{rpl|Oliver Wendell Holmes}} | |||
{{rpl|James Russell Lowell}} | |||
{{rpl|Frederick Douglas}} | |||
{{rpl|Abraham Lincoln}} | |||
{{rpl|Walt Whitman}} | |||
==Olympic Games venues== | ==Olympic Games venues== | ||
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|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
| '''2000''' || [[2000 Summer Olympics|Sydney (AUS)]] || 300 || 28 || 10,651 (6582 men, 4069 women) || 200 || | | '''2000''' || [[2000 Summer Olympics|Sydney (AUS)]] || 300 || 28 || 10,651 (6582 men, 4069 women) || 200 || | ||
|} | |}==Joan of Arc | ||
==Joan's voices and visions== | ===Joan's voices and visions=== | ||
The subject of the nature and origin of the voices and visions which [[Joan of Arc]] experienced has been of intense interest not only to her contemporaries, but to scholars, religious figures, and students of history all the way down to modern times. | The subject of the nature and origin of the voices and visions which [[Joan of Arc]] experienced has been of intense interest not only to her contemporaries, but to scholars, religious figures, and students of history all the way down to modern times. | ||
==Religious figure== | ===Religious figure=== | ||
<H4>Saint</H4> | |||
Joan of Arc is the patron saint of: | Joan of Arc is the patron saint of: | ||
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captives; France; imprisoned people; martyrs; opposition of Church authorities; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; rape victims; soldiers; WACs; WAVES; Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service; Women's Army Corps | captives; France; imprisoned people; martyrs; opposition of Church authorities; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; rape victims; soldiers; WACs; WAVES; Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service; Women's Army Corps | ||
<H4>Heretic / witch</H4> | |||
In her own day, the question of Joan's voices and visions was addressed through the perspective of religion, with the main question being the origin of her experiences. Many, including the English who captured her, were of no doubt that the experiences had their source in the work of the Devil and that Joan, in refusing to renounce them, was a heretic. | In her own day, the question of Joan's voices and visions was addressed through the perspective of religion, with the main question being the origin of her experiences. Many, including the English who captured her, were of no doubt that the experiences had their source in the work of the Devil and that Joan, in refusing to renounce them, was a heretic. | ||
==Early chroniclers== | ===Early chroniclers=== | ||
Prior to 1850, when Jules Etienne Quicherat made the full records of Joan's two Trials available along with all the other documents and chronicles of her time, biographers and chroniclers were operating at a distinct disadvantage in not having available to them the full record of Joan's life and deeds. | Prior to 1850, when Jules Etienne Quicherat made the full records of Joan's two Trials available along with all the other documents and chronicles of her time, biographers and chroniclers were operating at a distinct disadvantage in not having available to them the full record of Joan's life and deeds. | ||
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* ''Bourgeois of Paris'', actually connected with the University of Paris, was highly unsympathetic to Joan, who was termed by him "a creature in the shape of a woman", approved of the Rouen Trial and Condemnation | * ''Bourgeois of Paris'', actually connected with the University of Paris, was highly unsympathetic to Joan, who was termed by him "a creature in the shape of a woman", approved of the Rouen Trial and Condemnation | ||
==Feminist icon== | ===Feminist icon=== | ||
The image of a strong female leader has proved irresistable to modern-day feminists. | The image of a strong female leader has proved irresistable to modern-day feminists. | ||
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:'''''Joan''''': Everything I have done is at God's command; and if He had ordered me to assume a different habit, I should have done it, because it would have been his command. | :'''''Joan''''': Everything I have done is at God's command; and if He had ordered me to assume a different habit, I should have done it, because it would have been his command. | ||
==National heroine / war leader== | ===National heroine / war leader=== | ||
Although the term was not in use at the time, Joan has become one of the prototypes of a national liberation struggle leader. As such, she has been evoked iin support of such causes through the years in many different countries. In particular, she was applealed to as an inspirational figure in both the first and second World Wars, sometimes on both sides of the struggle. | Although the term was not in use at the time, Joan has become one of the prototypes of a national liberation struggle leader. As such, she has been evoked iin support of such causes through the years in many different countries. In particular, she was applealed to as an inspirational figure in both the first and second World Wars, sometimes on both sides of the struggle. | ||
==Psychoanalytic case study== | ===Psychoanalytic case study=== | ||
Among the scientific, or naturalistic explanations of Joan's experiences, are many of a psychological nature, as for example, that she was a schizophrenic, or hysteric, or suffering side effects of anorexia. | Among the scientific, or naturalistic explanations of Joan's experiences, are many of a psychological nature, as for example, that she was a schizophrenic, or hysteric, or suffering side effects of anorexia. | ||
==Religious reformer== | ===Religious reformer=== | ||
In | In 1517, [[Martin Luther]] nailed his 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg. This marked the watershed moment in what is now known as the [[Protestant Reformation]], though that was not Luther's intention at the time. Nor did Luther act in vacuo, and his protest was prefigured long before this event. | ||
In the latter half of the 14th century, about a half century before Joan's birth, the English theologian [[John Wycliffe]] advanced the idea that the [[Bible]] was the sole authority on religious matters, thus challenging the Church hierarchy. He also advocated translating the Bible into English so that those who could read English but not Latin could have access thereto. And he differentiated between what he called the "actual Church" and the "true Church" criticizing what he saw as the hypocrasy of the clergy. The movement which he inspired - the [[Lollards]] - survived his death but was declared [[heretical]] and repressed in the early 1400s. | In the latter half of the 14th century, about a half century before Joan's birth, the English theologian [[John Wycliffe]] advanced the idea that the [[Bible]] was the sole authority on religious matters, thus challenging the Church hierarchy. He also advocated translating the Bible into English so that those who could read English but not Latin could have access thereto. And he differentiated between what he called the "actual Church" and the "true Church" criticizing what he saw as the hypocrasy of the clergy. The movement which he inspired - the [[Lollards]] - survived his death but was declared [[heretical]] and repressed in the early 1400s. | ||
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see G.B. Shaw's Preface to his play ''Saint Joan'' | see G.B. Shaw's Preface to his play ''Saint Joan'' | ||
==Political prisoner== | ===Political prisoner=== | ||
The Trial of Joan of Arc raises several questions of great relevance to modern civil libertarians, including: | The Trial of Joan of Arc raises several questions of great relevance to modern civil libertarians, including: |
Revision as of 10:15, 23 July 2009
Nota Bene - the following is a draft page for CZ articles which I am working on - a personal Sandbox, if you will. Please do not delete! James F. Perry 09:22, 3 June 2007 (CDT)
American literary figures
- William Bradford: (1590-1657) First governor, long-time leader, and historian of the Plymouth Colony. [e]
- Anne Bradstreet: (c. 1612 - 1672) Colonial American poet, considered the first English poet in the New World. [e]
- Samuel Sewall: Add brief definition or description
- Edward Taylor: Add brief definition or description
- Cotton Mather: (1663-1728) New England Puritan clergyman whose writings on witchcraft helped spark the Salem witch hunts in1692. [e]
- Jonathan Edwards: (1703-58) Puritan theologian who helped spark the religious revival known as the Great Awakening. [e]
- Phillis Wheatley: (1753 or 1754 - 1784) African-American slave whose poems and letters are among the earliest writings of blacks in America. [e]
- Sarah Kemble Knight: Add brief definition or description
- William Byrd: Add brief definition or description
- John Woolman: A prominent 18th century American Quaker and abolitionist, and the author of a classic Journal. [e]
- St. Jean de Crevecoeur: Add brief definition or description
- Benjamin Franklin: 1706-1790, American statesman and scientist, based in Philadelphia. [e]
- Thomas Paine: (1737-1809) English writer, intellectual and revolutionary whose works were influential during the Enlightenment in the United States and Europe. [e]
- Thomas Jefferson: (1743-1826) Third U.S. President (from 1801 to 1809), first U.S. Secretary of State (from 1789 to 1793), author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, and founder of the University of Virginia. [e]
- Philip Freneau: Add brief definition or description
- Joel Barlow: Add brief definition or description
- Royall Tyler: Add brief definition or description
- Charles Brockden Brown: Add brief definition or description
- Meriwether Lewis: Add brief definition or description
- Washington Irving: (1783-1859) American writer, considered the first American man of letters, best known for his short stories, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle. [e]
- James Fenimore Cooper: (1789-1851) The first major American novelist, most famous for his adventuresome Leather-Stocking Tales set in the American frontier. [e]
- William Cullen Bryant: Add brief definition or description
- Francis Parkman: Add brief definition or description
- Nathaniel Hawthorne: (1804-64) American novelist and short story writer, best known for The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables. [e]
- Edgar Allan Poe: (1809–1849) American poet, short story writer, playwright, editor, critic, essayist, and one of the most prominent figures in the American Romantic Movement in literature. [e]
- Herman Melville: (1819-91) American fiction writer, author of Moby Dick, one of the masterpieces of world literature. [e]
- Ralph Waldo Emerson: (1803-82) American poet, essayist, and lecturer; leading exponent of New England transcendentalism. [e]
- Henry David Thoreau: (1817-62) New England transcendentalist philosopher, naturalist, and writer; one of key inspirations for the modern conservation movement. [e]
- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: (1807-82) US poet and essayist whose ballads and verses made him the best-loved American poet of the 19th century. [e]
- John Greenleaf Whittier: Add brief definition or description
- Oliver Wendell Holmes: Add brief definition or description
- James Russell Lowell: American poet, abolitionist and man of letters (1819 - 1891); older second cousin of Amy Lowell [e]
- Frederick Douglas: Add brief definition or description
- Abraham Lincoln: (1809-65) Sixteenth U.S. President (from 1861 to 1865) who prosecuted the American Civil War to reclaim 11 seceding states and abolish slavery; assassinated in 1865 near the beginning of his second term. Considered the greatest of all American presidents. [e]
- Walt Whitman: (1819-92) American poet and essayist, famous for his flowing free verse in Leaves of Grass, including 'A Noiseless Patient Spider' [e]
Olympic Games venues
Year | Site | # of Events | # of Sports | # of competitors: total (men/women) | # of countries | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1992 | Barcelona (ESP) | 257 | 24 | 9356 (6652 men, 2704 women) | 169 | |
1996 | Atlanta (USA) | 271 | 26 | 10,318 (6806 men, 3512 women) | 197 | |
2000 | Sydney (AUS) | 300 | 28 | 10,651 (6582 men, 4069 women) | 200 |
==Joan of Arc
Joan's voices and visions
The subject of the nature and origin of the voices and visions which Joan of Arc experienced has been of intense interest not only to her contemporaries, but to scholars, religious figures, and students of history all the way down to modern times.
Religious figure
Saint
Joan of Arc is the patron saint of:
captives; France; imprisoned people; martyrs; opposition of Church authorities; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; rape victims; soldiers; WACs; WAVES; Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service; Women's Army Corps
Heretic / witch
In her own day, the question of Joan's voices and visions was addressed through the perspective of religion, with the main question being the origin of her experiences. Many, including the English who captured her, were of no doubt that the experiences had their source in the work of the Devil and that Joan, in refusing to renounce them, was a heretic.
Early chroniclers
Prior to 1850, when Jules Etienne Quicherat made the full records of Joan's two Trials available along with all the other documents and chronicles of her time, biographers and chroniclers were operating at a distinct disadvantage in not having available to them the full record of Joan's life and deeds.
Some of the earliest chroniclers, those of the 15th century in the immediate aftermath of Joan's life, are themselves sources (among other things, as the fount of certain typified views of Joan), but they wrote from a particular perspective, either to prove or disapprove of Joan. These writers did not generally write about Joan as a saint, but as an historical personage, and a celebrity. They also wrote under the influence of parties who had a partisan stake in some particular view of Joan's life. Generally did not write as detached historians.
- Perceval de Cagny - wrote about 1436, was associated with d'Alencon, one of Joan's principal supporters and a key witness at the Nullification trial, favorable to Joan
- Jean Chartier, a royal chronicler, wrote in the 1440s. The Valois line had an interest in Joan's case as the validity of their kingship could not be seen to depend on a convicted heretic
- Siege Journal - written in the 1470s based on documents from 1429. Gives a detailed military account of the period
- Chronique de la Pucelle - was based on Chartier, the Siege Journal, and the Nullification Trial, gives no attempt to understand Joan as a person, her psychology
- Engerrund de Monstrelet - Burgundian chronicler who was present when the Duke of Burgundy first questioned Joan following her capture, but claims not to recall what was said. wrote in the 1440s.
- Bourgeois of Paris, actually connected with the University of Paris, was highly unsympathetic to Joan, who was termed by him "a creature in the shape of a woman", approved of the Rouen Trial and Condemnation
Feminist icon
The image of a strong female leader has proved irresistable to modern-day feminists.
The triggering incident which led to Joan's being burnt at the stake was her donning of male attire while in prison. As a result, she has become a hero to many in the LGBT community for her seeming challenge to gender role stereotypes.
- Question: Did God order you to wear a man's dress?
- Joan: The dress is a small, nay, the least thing. I did not put on man's dress by the advice of any man whatsoever; I did not put it on, nor did I do aught, but by the command of God.
- Question: Did this commmand to assume male attire seem lawful to you?
- Joan: Everything I have done is at God's command; and if He had ordered me to assume a different habit, I should have done it, because it would have been his command.
National heroine / war leader
Although the term was not in use at the time, Joan has become one of the prototypes of a national liberation struggle leader. As such, she has been evoked iin support of such causes through the years in many different countries. In particular, she was applealed to as an inspirational figure in both the first and second World Wars, sometimes on both sides of the struggle.
Psychoanalytic case study
Among the scientific, or naturalistic explanations of Joan's experiences, are many of a psychological nature, as for example, that she was a schizophrenic, or hysteric, or suffering side effects of anorexia.
Religious reformer
In 1517, Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg. This marked the watershed moment in what is now known as the Protestant Reformation, though that was not Luther's intention at the time. Nor did Luther act in vacuo, and his protest was prefigured long before this event.
In the latter half of the 14th century, about a half century before Joan's birth, the English theologian John Wycliffe advanced the idea that the Bible was the sole authority on religious matters, thus challenging the Church hierarchy. He also advocated translating the Bible into English so that those who could read English but not Latin could have access thereto. And he differentiated between what he called the "actual Church" and the "true Church" criticizing what he saw as the hypocrasy of the clergy. The movement which he inspired - the Lollards - survived his death but was declared heretical and repressed in the early 1400s.
In Bohemia, Jan Hus, who was influenced by Wycliffe, advanced many of the same causes in his attempts to reform the clergy. In 1411, he was excommunicated and then, in 1415, was burnt at the stake. After his death, his followers - called Hussites - fought a series of wars known as the Hussite Wars with the secular authority supported by the Papacy. These wars lasted from 1419 until 1436 and thus were contemporaneous with Joan of Arc's life and activity.
At one time during her career, Joan wrote a letter condemming the Hussites.
Joan's experiences, exhibiting as they do, a direct communication with the Divine, thus by-passing the extablished hierarchy of the Church, have led to her not only being suspect by those operating within that extablished order, but being cited as an example of a precurser of the Protestant Reformation.
see G.B. Shaw's Preface to his play Saint Joan
Political prisoner
The Trial of Joan of Arc raises several questions of great relevance to modern civil libertarians, including:
- right to remain silent
- right to a trial by one's peers
- right of judicial appeal
- no torture or the threat thereof
- no secret trials
- right to legal counsel and representatiøn
- improper police proceedures (the surreptitous spying on Joan during confession)
see The Right to Remain Silent . . .' by Henry Ansgar Kelly in Speculum 68 (1993), p 992-1020
Scottish history
Glorious Revolution | Jacobites | Jacobite Rebellion of 1689-90 | Battle of Killiecrankie | Bonnie Dundee | Glencoe Massacre | Convention Parliament | Revolution Settlement | Darien Expedition | Treaty of Union (1707) | Jacobite Rebellion of 1715 | Battle of Sheriffmuir | Jacobite Rebellion of 1745| Battle of Prestonpans | Battle of Culloden | Charles Edward Stuart | Act of Proscription | Scottish Diaspora | Highland clearances | Porteous Riot | Visit of King George IV to Edinburgh 1822 | John Sobieski Stuart
Sounds in McGuffey
- http://cla.calpoly.edu/~jrubba/phon/learnipa.html
- International Phonetic Alphabet - CZ article on IPA system
Short vowel sounds
Letter(s) | IPA | Example(s) | 1879 Primer | 1879 First Reader |
---|---|---|---|---|
short a (ă) | æ | as in bat or bag | Lesson I | Lesson I |
short e (ĕ) | ɛ | as in bet or beg | Lesson XI | Lesson III |
short i (ĭ) | ɪ | as in bit or big | Lesson VIII | Lesson II |
short o (ŏ) | ɒ | as in bot or bog | Lesson VI | Lesson I |
short u (ŭ) | ʌ | as in but or bug | Lesson XII | Lesson IV |
short oo | ʊ | as in book or look | Lesson XXVII | Lesson XIII |
Long vowel sounds
Sound | IPA | Example of sound | 1879 Primer | 1879 First Reader |
---|---|---|---|---|
long a | e | as in ate or gate | Lesson XIV | Lesson XII |
a | as in care | |||
a | as in arm | |||
a | as in last | |||
a | as in all | |||
long e | i | as in eve or mete | Lesson VII | Lesson V |
e | as in err | |||
long i | ay/aj | as in ice or mice | Lesson XIII | Lesson X |
long o | o | as in old or go | Lesson XII | Lesson XI |
long u | as in use or mute | Lesson XVI | ||
long oo | u | as in moon or fool | Lesson XXIII | Lesson VI |
Subvocals
Sound | IPA | Example of sound | 1879 Primer | 1879 First Reader |
---|---|---|---|---|
b | b | as in bat or boy | Lesson VI | |
d | d | as in dog or did | Lesson I | Lesson I |
hard g | g | as in girl or gig | Lesson VI | Lesson I |
j | dʒ | as in jot or jug | Lesson XXVII | |
n | n | as in nut or nine | Lesson I | Lesson I |
m | m | as in man or mill | Lesson IV | Lesson II |
ng | as in sing or hang | Lesson XVIII | ||
v | v | as in vine or vote | Lesson XVII | |
th | ð | as in this or | Lesson II | Lesson I |
z | z | as in zinc or blaze | Lesson XXXIV | |
zh | as in azure or | |||
r | as in rat or ring | Lesson I | Lesson I | |
w | as in wet or we | Lesson XIII | ||
y | as in yet or year | Lesson XIX | ||
l | l | as in lamp or lull | Lesson IV |
Aspirates
Sound | IPA | Example of sound | 1879 Primer | 1879 First Reader |
---|---|---|---|---|
f | f | as in file or farm | ||
h | as in him or | |||
k | k | as in kid or cake | ||
p | p | as in pipe or pig | ||
s | as in set or same | |||
t | t | as in top or tart | ||
sh | ʃ | as in she or shift | ||
ch | tʃ | as in church or lunch | ||
th | as in thick or thin | |||
wh | as in where or why |
Table of Substitutes
Sound | For | Example of sound | 1879 Primer | 1879 First Reader |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | short o | as in what | ||
o | short u | as in son | ||
e | long a | as in feint | ||
u | short oo | as in full | ||
y | long i | as in fly | ||
ph | f | as in physics | ||
gh | f | as in laugh |