Vipera: Difference between revisions

Vipera
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia;
Phylum:	Chordata;
Subphylum:	Vertebrata;
Class:	Reptilia;
Order:	Squamata;
Suborder:	Serpentes;
Family:	Viperidae;
Subfamily:	Viperinae;
Genus:	Vipera; Laurenti, 1768
Synonyms
	Vipera - Laurenti, 1768; Pelias - Merrem, 1820; Chersea - Fleming, 1822; Rhinaspis - Bonaparte, 1834; Rhinechis - Fitzinger, 1843; Echidnoides - Mauduyt, 1844; Mesocoronis - Reuss, 1927; Teleovipera - Reuss, 1927; Acridophaga - Reuss, 1927; Mesovipera - Reuss, 1927; Mesohoronis - Reuss, 1927; Mesohorinis - Reuss, 1927; Latastea - Reuss, 1929; Tzarevcsya - Reuss, 1929; Latasteopara - Reuss, 1935;

Revision as of 19:16, 22 March 2007

Common names: Palaearctic vipers,^[2] Eurasian vipers.^[3]

Vipera is a genus of venomous vipers. It has a very wide range, being found from North Africa to just within the Arctic Circle and from the British Isles to Pacific Asia.^[2] 23 species are currently recognized.^[4]

Description

Members are usually small and more or less stoutly built. The head is distinct from the neck and covered with small scales in many species, although some have a few small plates on top. The dorsal scales are strongly keeled, the anal scale is divided and the subcaudals paired.^[2]

Geographic range

They can be found in Great Britain and nearly all of continental Europe, on some small islands of the Mediterranean (Elba, Montecristo, Sicily) and the Aegean Sea, as well as in northern Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. It also occurs across the Arctic Circle and eastwards though northern Asia to Sakhalin Island and northern Korea. ^[1]

Habitat

Most species prefer cooler environments. Those found at lower latitudes tend to prefer higher altitudes and dryer, rocky habitats, while the species that occur at more northern latitudes prefer lower elevations and environments that have more vegetation and moisture.^[2]

Behavior

All species are terrestrial.^[2]

Reproduction

All members are viviparous, giving birth to live young.^[2]

Venom

Most Vipera species have venom that contains both neurotoxic and hemotoxic components. Bites vary widely in severity. Smaller, northern species, such as V. berus, have only slightly less toxic venom, but inject very little. Others, such as V. ammodytes, are capable of injecting much more with devastating results. However, bites from Vipera species are rarely as severe as those from larger Macrovipera or Daboia.^[2]

Species

Species^[1]	Authority^[1]	Subsp.*	Common name	Geographic range^[1]
V. albicornuta	Nilson & Andrén, 1985	0	Iranian mountain viper	The Zanjan Valley and surrounding mountains in northwestern Iran.
V. albizona	Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990	0	Central Turkish mountain viper	Central Turkey.
V. ammodytes	(Linnaeus, 1758)	4	Horned viper	North-eastern Italy, southern Slovakia, western Hungry, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece (including Macedonia and Cyclades), Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Syria.
V. aspis^T	(Linnaeus, 1758)	4	Asp viper	France, Andorra, northeastern Spain, extreme southwestern Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, the islands of Elba and Montecristo, Sicily, Italy, San Marino and northwestern Slovenia.
V. barani	Böhme & Joger, 1984	0	Baran's adder	Northwestern Turkey.
V. berus	(Linnaeus, 1758)	2	Common European adder	From western Europe (Great Britain, Scandinavia, France) across central (Italy, Albania, Bulgaria and northern Greece) and eastern Europe to north of the Arctic Circle, and Russia to the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin Island, North Korea, northern Mongolia and northern China.
V. bornmuelleri	Werner, 1898	0	Bornmuellers viper	Golan Heights, southern Lebanon and Syria.
V. bulgardaghica	Nilson & Andrén, 1985	0	Bulgardagh viper	The Bulgar Dagh (Bolkar Dagi) mountains, Nigde Province, south central Anatolia, Turkey.
V. darevskii	Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986	0	Darevsky's viper	The southeastern Dzavachet Mountains in Armenia and adjacent areas in Georgia.
V. dinniki	Nikolsky, 1913	0	Dinnik's viper	Russia (Great Caucasus) and Georgia (high mountain basin of the Inguri River), eastward to Azerbaijan.
V. kaznakovi	Nikolsky, 1909	0	Caucasus viper	Northeastern Turkey, Georgia and Russia (eastern Black Sea coast).
V. latastei	Bosca, 1878	1	Lataste's viper	Extreme southwestern Europe (France, Portugal and Spain) and northwestern Africa (the Mediterranean region of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia).
V. latifii	Mertens, Darevsky & Klemmer, 1967	0	Latifi's viper	Iran: upper Lar Valley in the Elburz Mountains.
V. lotievi	Nilson et al., 1995	0	Caucasian meadow viper	The higher range of the Big Caucasus: Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
V. monticola	Saint-Girons, 1954	0	Atlas mountain viper	High Atlas Mountains, Morocco.
V. nikolskii	Vedmederja, Grubant & Rudajewa, 1986	0	Nikolsky's viper	Central Ukraine.
V. palaestinae	Werner, 1938	0	Palestine viper	Syria, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon.
V. pontica	Billing, Nilson & Sattler, 1990	0	Pontic adder	Known only from the Coruh valley in Artvin Province, northeastern Turkey.
V. raddei	Boettger, 1890	0	Rock viper	Eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and probably Iraq.
V. seoanei	Lataste, 1879	1	Baskian viper	Extreme southwestern France and the northern regions of Spain and Portugal.
V. ursinii	(Bonaparte, 1835)	0	Meadow viper	Southeastern France, eastern Austria (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern and northeastern Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia and across the Khazakstan, Kirgizia and eastern Uzbekistan steppes to China (Xinjiang).
V. wagneri	Nilson & Andrén, 1984	0	Ocellated mountain viper	The mountains of eastern Turkey and adjacent northwest Iran.
V. xanthina	(Gray, 1849)	0	Rock viper	Extreme northeastern Greece, the Greek islands of Simi, Kos, Kalimnos, Leros, Lipsos, Patmos, Samos, Chios and Lesbos, European Turkey, the western half of Anatolia (inland eastward to Kayseri), and islands (e.g. Chalki, Kastellórizon [Meis Adasi]) of the Turkish mainland shelf.

*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).
^T) Type species.

Cited references

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
↑ Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
↑ Vipera (TSN 202180) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed 23 March 2007.

External links

Vipera at Herpbreeder.com. Last accessed 26 September 2006.

[McD99-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

[Mal03-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.

[SB95-3] Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.

[ITIS-4] Vipera (TSN 202180) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed 23 March 2007.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 | color = pink
 | name = ''Vipera''
-| image =
+| regnum = Animalia
-| image_caption =
+| phylum = Chordata
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| subphylum = Vertebrata
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
+| classis = Reptilia
-| subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]
+| ordo = Squamata
-| classis = [[Reptilia]]
+| subordo = Serpentes
-| ordo = [[Squamata]]
+| familia = Viperidae
-| subordo = [[Snake|Serpentes]]
-| familia = [[Viperidae]]
 | subfamilia = [[Viperinae]]
 | genus = '''''Vipera'''''
-| genus_authority = [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], [[1768]]
+| genus_authority = Laurenti, 1768
 | synonyms = * ''Vipera'' - Laurenti, 1768
 * ''Pelias'' - Merrem, 1820
@@ Line 31: / Line 29: @@
 }}
-'''Common names:''' [[Palaearctic]] vipers,<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> Eurasian vipers.<ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref>
+'''Common names:''' Palaearctic vipers,<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> Eurasian vipers.<ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref>
+&nbsp;<br/>
+&nbsp;<br/>
-'''''Vipera''''' is a [[genus]] of [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[Viperinae|viper]]s. It has a very wide range, being found from from [[North Africa]] to just within the [[Arctic Circle]] and from the [[British Isles]] to [[Pacific]] [[Asia]].<ref name="Mal03"/> 23 [[species]] are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=202180|taxon=Vipera|year=2006|date=13 August}}</ref>
+'''''Vipera''''' is a genus of venomous [[Viperinae|viper]]s. It has a very wide range, being found from North Africa to just within the Arctic Circle and from the British Isles to Pacific Asia.<ref name="Mal03"/> 23 species are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202180 ''Vipera'' (TSN 202180)] at [http://www.itis.gov/index.html Integrated Taxonomic Information System]. Accessed 23 March 2007.</ref>
 ==Description==
-Members are usually small and more or less stoutly built. The head is distinct from the neck and covered with small scales in many species, although some have a few small plates on top. The dorsal scales are strongly keeled, the anal scale is divided and the subcaudals paired.<ref name="Mal03"/>
+Members are usually small and more or less stoutly built. The head is distinct from the neck and covered with small scales in many species, although some have a few small plates on top. The [[dorsal scales]] are strongly keeled, the [[anal scale]] is divided and the [[subcaudals]] paired.<ref name="Mal03"/>
 ==Geographic range==
-They can be found in [[Great Britain]] and nearly all of continental [[Europe]], on some small islands of the [[Mediterranean]] ([[Elba]], [[Montecristo]], [[Sicily]]) and the [[Aegean Sea]], as well as in [[northern Africa]] in [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]]. It also occurs across the [[Arctic Circle]] and eastwards though [[northern Asia]] to [[Sakhalin Island]] and northern [[Korea]]. <ref name="McD99"/>
+They can be found in Great Britain and nearly all of continental Europe, on some small islands of the Mediterranean (Elba, Montecristo, Sicily) and the Aegean Sea, as well as in northern Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. It also occurs across the Arctic Circle and eastwards though northern Asia to Sakhalin Island and northern Korea. <ref name="McD99"/>
 ==Habitat==
@@ Line 46: / Line 44: @@
 ==Behavior==
-All species are [[terrestrial animal |terrestrial]].<ref name="Mal03"/>
+All species are terrestrial.<ref name="Mal03"/>
 ==Reproduction==
-All members are [[viviparous]], giving birth to live young.<ref name="Mal03"/>
+All members are viviparous, giving birth to live young.<ref name="Mal03"/>
 ==Venom==
-Most ''Vipera'' species have venom that contains both [[Neurotoxin|neurotoxic]] and [[Hemotoxin|hemotoxic]] components. Bites vary widely in severity. Smaller, northern species, such as ''[[Vipera berus|V. berus]]'', have only slightly less toxic venom, but inject very little. Others, such as ''[[Vipera ammodytes|V. ammodytes]]'', are capable of injecting much more with devastating results. However, bites from ''Vipera'' species are rarely as severe as those from larger ''[[Macrovipera]]'' or ''[[Daboia]]''.<ref name="Mal03"/>
+Most ''Vipera'' species have venom that contains both neurotoxic and hemotoxic components. Bites vary widely in severity. Smaller, northern species, such as ''[[Vipera berus|V. berus]]'', have only slightly less toxic venom, but inject very little. Others, such as ''[[Vipera ammodytes|V. ammodytes]]'', are capable of injecting much more with devastating results. However, bites from ''Vipera'' species are rarely as severe as those from larger ''[[Macrovipera]]'' or ''[[Daboia]]''.<ref name="Mal03"/>
 ==Species==
@@ Line 63: / Line 61: @@
 |-
 |style="width:13%"|''[[Vipera albicornuta|V. albicornuta]]''
-|[[Göran Nilson|Nilson]] & [[C. Andrén|Andrén]], [[1985]]
+|Nilson & Andrén, 1985
 |align="center"|0
 |Iranian mountain viper
-|style="width:35%"|The [[Zanjan]] Valley and surrounding mountains in northwestern [[Iran]].
+|style="width:35%"|The Zanjan Valley and surrounding mountains in northwestern Iran.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera albizona|V. albizona]]''
-|Nilson, Andrén & [[B. Flärdh|Flärdh]], [[1990]]
+|Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990
 |align="center"|0
 |Central Turkish mountain viper
-|Central [[Turkey]].
+|Central Turkey.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera ammodytes|V. ammodytes]]''
-|([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]])
+|(Linnaeus, 1758)
 |align="center"|4
 |Horned viper
-|North-eastern [[Italy]], southern [[Slovakia]], western [[Hungry]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Albania]], [[Greece]] (including [[Macedonia]] and [[Cyclades]]), [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], Turkey, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Syria]].
+|North-eastern Italy, southern Slovakia, western Hungry, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece (including Macedonia and Cyclades), Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Syria.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera aspis|V. aspis]]''<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>
@@ Line 84: / Line 82: @@
 |align="center"|4
 |Asp viper
-|[[France]], [[Andorra]], northeastern [[Spain]], extreme southwestern [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[Monaco]], the islands of [[Elba]] and [[Montecristo]], [[Sicily]], Italy, [[San Marino]] and northwestern Slovenia.
+|France, Andorra, northeastern Spain, extreme southwestern Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, the islands of Elba and Montecristo, Sicily, Italy, San Marino and northwestern Slovenia.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera barani|V. barani]]''
-|[[W. Böhme|Böhme]] & [[U. Joger|Joger]], [[1984]]
+|Böhme & Joger, 1984
 |align="center"|0
 |Baran's adder
@@ Line 96: / Line 94: @@
 |align="center"|2
 |Common European adder
-|From [[western Europe]] ([[Great Britain]], [[Scandinavia]], France) across [[Central Europe|central]] (Italy, Albania, Bulgaria and northern Greece) and [[eastern Europe]] to north of the [[Arctic Circle]], and [[Russia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]], [[Sakhalin Island]], [[North Korea]], northern [[Mongolia]] and northern [[China]].
+|From western Europe (Great Britain, Scandinavia, France) across central (Italy, Albania, Bulgaria and northern Greece) and eastern Europe to north of the Arctic Circle, and Russia to the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin Island, North Korea, northern Mongolia and northern China.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera bornmuelleri|V. bornmuelleri]]''
-|[[Franz Werner|Werner]], [[1898]]
+|Werner, 1898
 |align="center"|0
 |Bornmuellers viper
-|[[Golan Heights]], southern [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].
+|Golan Heights, southern Lebanon and Syria.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera bulgardaghica|V. bulgardaghica]]''
@@ Line 108: / Line 106: @@
 |align="center"|0
 |Bulgardagh viper
-|The Bulgar Dagh (Bolkar Dagi) mountains, [[Niğde Province|Nigde Province]], south central [[Anatolia]], Turkey.
+|The Bulgar Dagh (Bolkar Dagi) mountains, Nigde Province, south central Anatolia, Turkey.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera darevskii|V. darevskii]]''
-|[[V.J. Vedmederja|Vedmederja]], [[N.L. Orlov|Orlov]] & [[B.S. Tuniyev|Tuniyev]], [[1986]]
+|Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986
 |align="center"|0
 |Darevsky's viper
-|The southeastern Dzavachet Mountains in [[Armenia]] and adjacent areas in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
+|The southeastern Dzavachet Mountains in Armenia and adjacent areas in Georgia.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera dinniki|V. dinniki]]''
-|[[A.M. Nikolsky|Nikolsky]], [[1913]]
+|Nikolsky, 1913
 |align="center"|0
 |Dinnik's viper
-|Russia ([[Caucasus Mountains|Great Caucasus]]) and Georgia (high mountain basin of the [[Inguri|Inguri River]]), eastward to [[Azerbaijan]].
+|Russia (Great Caucasus) and Georgia (high mountain basin of the Inguri River), eastward to Azerbaijan.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera kaznakovi|V. kaznakovi]]''
-|Nikolsky, [[1909]]
+|Nikolsky, 1909
 |align="center"|0
 |Caucasus viper
-|Northeastern Turkey, Georgia and Russia (eastern [[Black Sea]] coast.
+|Northeastern Turkey, Georgia and Russia (eastern Black Sea coast).
 |-
 |''[[Vipera latastei|V. latastei]]''
-|[[E. Bosca|Bosca]], [[1878]]
+|Bosca, 1878
 |align="center"|1
 |Lataste's viper
-|Extreme southwestern [[Europe]] (France, [[Portugal]] and Spain) and northwestern [[Africa]] (the [[Mediterranean]] region of [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]]).
+|Extreme southwestern Europe (France, Portugal and Spain) and northwestern Africa (the Mediterranean region of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia).
 |-
 |''[[Vipera latifii|V. latifii]]''
-|[[R. Mertens|Mertens]], [[I.S. Darevsky|Darevsky]] & [[K. Klemmer|Klemmer]], [[1967]]
+|Mertens, Darevsky & Klemmer, 1967
 |align="center"|0
 |Latifi's viper
-|Iran: upper Lar Valley in the [[Elburz Mountains]].
+|Iran: upper Lar Valley in the Elburz Mountains.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera lotievi|V. lotievi]]''
-|Nilson et al., [[1995]]
+|Nilson et al., 1995
 |align="center"|0
 |Caucasian meadow viper
-|The higher range of the [[Greater Caucasus|Big Caucasus]]: Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
+|The higher range of the Big Caucasus: Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera monticola|V. monticola]]''
-|[[H. Saint-Girons|Saint-Girons]], [[1954]]
+|Saint-Girons, 1954
 |align="center"|0
 |Atlas mountain viper
-|[[High Atlas|High Atlas Mountains]], Morocco.
+|High Atlas Mountains, Morocco.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera nikolskii|V. nikolskii]]''
-|[[V.I. Vedmederja|Vedmederja]], [[V.N. Grubant|Grubant]] & [[A.V. Rudajewa|Rudajewa]], 1986
+|Vedmederja, Grubant & Rudajewa, 1986
 |align="center"|0
 |Nikolsky's viper
-|Central [[Ukraine]].
+|Central Ukraine.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera palaestinae|V. palaestinae]]''
-|Werner, [[1938]]
+|Werner, 1938
 |align="center"|0
 |Palestine viper
-|Syria, [[Jordan]], [[Israel]] and Lebanon.
+|Syria, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera pontica|V. pontica]]''
-|[[H. Billing|Billing]], Nilson & [[U. Sattler|Sattler]], 1990
+|Billing, Nilson & Sattler, 1990
 |align="center"|0
 |Pontic adder
-|Known only from the Coruh valley in [[Artvin Province]], northeastern Turkey.
+|Known only from the Coruh valley in Artvin Province, northeastern Turkey.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera raddei|V. raddei]]''
-|[[Oskar Boettger|Boettger]], [[1890]]
+|Boettger, 1890
 |align="center"|0
 |Rock viper
-|Eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and probably [[Iraq]].
+|Eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and probably Iraq.
 |-
 |''[[Vipera seoanei|V. seoanei]]''
-|[[Fernand Lataste|Lataste]], [[1879]]
+|Lataste, 1879
 |align="center"|1
 |Baskian viper
@@ Line 183: / Line 181: @@
 |-
 |''[[Vipera ursinii|V. ursinii]]''
-|([[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], [[1835]])
+|(Bonaparte, 1835)
 |align="center"|0
 |Meadow viper
-|Southeastern France, eastern [[Austria]] (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern and northeastern Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia and across the [[Khazakstan]], [[Kirgizia]] and eastern [[Uzbekistan]] steppes to China ([[Xinjiang]]).
+|Southeastern France, eastern Austria (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern and northeastern Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia and across the Khazakstan, Kirgizia and eastern Uzbekistan steppes to China (Xinjiang).
 |-
 |''[[Vipera wagneri|V. wagneri]]''
@@ Line 195: / Line 193: @@
 |-
 |''[[Vipera xanthina|V. xanthina]]''
-|([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1849]])
+|(Gray, 1849)
 |align="center"|0
 |Rock viper
-|Extreme northeastern Greece, the Greek islands of [[Simi]], [[Kos]], [[Kalimnos]], [[Leros]], Lipsos, [[Patmos]], [[Samos]], [[Chios]] and [[Lesbos]], [[European Turkey]], the western half of [[Anatolia]] (inland eastward to [[Kayseri]]), and islands (e.g. [[Chalki]], Kastellórizon <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Meis Adasi]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>) of the Turkish mainland shelf.
+|Extreme northeastern Greece, the Greek islands of Simi, Kos, Kalimnos, Leros, Lipsos, Patmos, Samos, Chios and Lesbos, European Turkey, the western half of Anatolia (inland eastward to Kayseri), and islands (e.g. Chalki, Kastellórizon [Meis Adasi]) of the Turkish mainland shelf.
 |-
 |}
 ''*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).''<br>
-<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>) [[Type species]].
+<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>) Type species.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 216: / Line 214: @@
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.herpbreeder.com/worldspecies/Snakes/vipers/vipera.htm ''Vipera''] at  [http://www.herpbreeder.com/ Herpbreeder.com]. Last accessed 26 September 2006.
 [[Category:True vipers]]
 [[Category:Biology Workgroup]]
+[[Category:CZ Live]]

Vipera: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:16, 22 March 2007

Contents

Description

Geographic range

Habitat

Behavior

Reproduction

Venom

Species

See also

Cited references

External links

Navigation menu

Vipera: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:16, 22 March 2007

Description

Geographic range

Habitat

Behavior

Reproduction

Venom

Species

See also

Cited references

External links

Navigation menu

Search