Yogasutras: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Simon Overduin
mNo edit summary
imported>Simon Overduin
(deleted page - redundant with Yoga Sutras page)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{TOC}}
The '''Yogasutras''' are a revision of the [[Yoga]] doctrine, written in [[Sanskrit]] around the 3rd or 2nd centuries BCE. Authorship of the Yogasutras is ascribed to [[Patanjali]]. Patanjali's yoga is sometimes called [[Raja Yoga]], or the Royal Path.  The Yoga Sutras are divided into four books (Sanskrit ''pada''), containing in all 195 aphorisms (sutras), divided as follows:


'''I. Samadhi Pada''' (51 sutras)
Samadhi refers to a blissful state where the yogi is absorbed into the One. The author describes yoga and then the means to attaining samadhi. This chapter contains the most famous verses: "Atha yoga anusasanam" ("Yoga begins with discipline") and "Yogas citta vritti nirodha" ("Yoga is control of citta vrittis" - i.e., thoughts and feelings).
'''II. Sadhana Pada''' (55 sutras)
''Sadhana'' is the Sanskrit word for "practice". Here the author outlines two forms of Yoga: ''kriya yoga'' (action yoga) and ''ashtanga yoga'' (eightfold yoga).
''Kriya yoga'', sometimes called ''karma yoga'', is reflected in the philosophy of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]], Chapter 3'', where ''Arjuna'' is encouraged to act without attachment to the results of action. It is the yoga of selfless action or as some have observed, of service.
''Ashtanga'' ("eight-limbed") yoga consists of the following aspects:
1. *The five ''yama'' (abstentions; the word means "restraint"). These are also found in Jainism; Buddhism has a similarly-conceived list.
:(1) ''Ahimsa'' (abstention from violence, ''himsa'')
:(2) ''Satya''  ("truth", abstention from lying)
:(3) ''Asteya'' (abstention from theft)
:(4) ''Brahmacharya'' (abstention from sexual activity)
:(5) ''Aparigraha'' (abstention from possessions)
2. The five ''niyama'' ("observances"):
:(1) ''Shaucha'' ("{purity")
:(2) ''Santosha'' ("contentment")
:(3) ''Tapas'' ("heat", i.e., austerities, self-mortification)
:(4) ''Svadhyaya'' ("self-contemplation")
:(5) ''Ishvarapranidhana'' "surrender to the Creator")
3. ''[[Asana]]'' ("seat"). The term which is now generally translated as "physical postures" originally referring to ''seated'' postures.
4. ''Pranayama'' (control of ''prana'', the  vital breath or "life force")
5. ''Pratyahara'' ("withdrawal" of the mind from the senses, or the senses from objects)
6. ''Dharana'' (concentration, i.e., fixing the attention on a single object)
7. ''Dhyana'' (meditation)
8. ''Samadhi'' (equipoise)
'''III. Vibhuti Pada''' (55 sutras)
Vibhuti is the Sanskrit word for "power" or "manifestation". This book describes the higher states of awareness and the techniques of yoga to attain them.
'''IV. Kaivalya Pada''' (34 sutras)
==References==
* Dasgupta, S.N. ''Hindu Mysticism''. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd., 1977.
* Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree. ''Yoga: The Science of the Soul, Volume 1''. Rajneeshpuram, Oregon: Rajneesh Foundation International, 1976.
* Dvivedi, M. N. ''The Yoga-Sutras of Patanjali'''. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1980.

Revision as of 11:20, 27 December 2007

Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Yogasutras&oldid=367404"