English phonemes: Difference between revisions
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after '''qù''': '''qùantity qùantum qùad qùash sqùash sqùad sqùabble | after '''qù''': '''qùantity qùantum qùad qùash sqùash sqùad sqùabble | ||
å åw åu åugh ŏr ŏre ŏrps ŏor ŏa ŏur ŏugh | |||
å before lk: chålk tålk stålk wålk bålk | |||
before ll: åll fåll tåll båll | |||
before lt: ålter fålter Wålter hålt althôugh | |||
and wåter ålso | |||
åw såw see, tool åwful bråwl cråwl fåwn colour, deer, grovel bråwn clåw | |||
påw animal swårm wårm wårn wård jåw Shåw måw | |||
åu cåuse påuse fåult exhåust fåun god | |||
åugh cåught tåught åught nåughty Wåugh | |||
ŏr ŏr either fŏr nŏr cóndŏr fŏrt pŏrt sŏrt shŏrt whŏrl | |||
ŏre ŏre metal cŏre centre gŏre pŏre skin scŏre sŏre pain bŏre tedium, hole ignŏre deplŏre restŏre whŏre (h-) mŏre extra | |||
ŏrps cŏrps army | |||
ŏor dŏor pŏor broke, unfortunate flŏor bŏor rude mŏor land | |||
ŏa brŏad abrŏad | |||
ŏar ŏar boat bŏar animal sŏar fly | |||
ŏur fŏur pŏur mŏurn tŏurnament | |||
ŏugh fŏught bŏught sŏught brŏught |
Revision as of 18:49, 10 November 2007
The sounds and their spellings
The áccents on bold example words indicate stressed vowels and their pronunciation. An equals sign shows homophones, with words in italics suggesting meaning: sêen saw = scêne scenic, drama, crime. The bullet (●) represents any consonant. AmE = American English, BrE = British English.
Vowels and diphthongs
IPA /i:/ ê êa êe ê●e êi ìê aê oê ì ỳ êỳ êo
ê: bê mê récipê catástrophê Penélopê Lêthê hypërbolê mêthane sêrum dêvious mêdia rêtail dêmon Êly mêtre BrE distance, poem
êa: sêa water lêave hêat sêat bêat hit nêat êasy mêal drêam têam hêath
êe: sêe vision frêe trêe fêel whêel grêed fêed spêed bêet sugar êel rêel
ê●e: Pêter scêne êven fêver mêter all AmE, BrE machine only complête compête
êi: after c: percêive recêive recêipt (-êit) concêit concêive cêiling; after w: wêird wêir (but: wìêld); sêize Shêila Nêil Nêill O´Nêill
ìê: before v: belìêve relìêve grìêve
aê: stressed, from Greek (BrE): Aêschylus encyclopaêdia; unstressed in Latin plurals: nébulae nôvae fŏrmulae
oê: BrE (AmE has ê alone) from Greek: Oêdipus amoêba foêtus oêstrogen oenólogy subpoêna
ì: from French: machìne Christìne magazìne nìche elìte
ỳ: normally unstressed: fúnny sílly crâzy lâzy êasy wítty dextérity Yvétte Yvónne; stressed: Lỳón Lỳse Mervỳna
êỳ: unstressed: nôsey pôsey láckey jóckey balôney álley Hàrvey
êo: pêople
IPA /ɪ/ í ý u o e ’ eí íe
í: sít fít sítter fítter fítting bít líd híd bíd stíll bíll Wílliam Bíll fíll línt tínt wríst pín tílt míddle ínch fíg bíg
ý: týpical sýnthesis sýnagogue sýmptom cýst mýstic mýth trýst Dýlan
u: business busy
o: women
e: unstressed: Jôneses Bíggses Báxes táxes cópses fléxes
’: unstressed: Jônes’s Bíggs’s Báx’s
eí: unstressed -feít: còunterfeít fŏrfeít sürfeít
íe: unstressed: pàrtíes fámilíes lórríes cárríes cárríed márríed pólicíes
IPA /e/ é éa ai u
é: béd Néd wét sét pén hén méss dréss pép séven eléven Dévon Édward Téd bred breed clèver éver évery néver tén ténth dén crést
éa: déath bréath bréast déad héad bréad food héaven thréat thréaten
ai: said
u: bury
IPA /æ/ á
fát cát sát mát Ánthony ánt bág dágger fán pán áttic spásm cáttle brásh ásh
redundant i in: pláit
redundant e in Gáelic Scotland (= Gállic France); cf. Gâelic Ireland
This sound is never final.
American English uses a long version of á instead of BrE à except in fàther Coloràdo Chicàgo pajàmas (BrE pyjàmas) càlm quàlm bàlm àlms or when an r follows.
IPA /ɑ/ à àr àl ó
Words pronounced with à in both British and American English are:
à: fàther Chicàgo Coloràdo AmE pajàmas BrE pyjàmas
al: (silent l) càlm bàlm quàlm àlms
and whenever an r (always heard in AmE, silent final or before a consonant in BrE) follows:
àr: màr bàr càr vàrnish pàrk màrvel stàr scàr bizàrre hàrm àrm fàr càrt fàrmer scàr pàrt màrk stàrch pàrch màrch hàrd gàrden làrge
The following are pronounced à in BrE, a long á in AmE:
ā: Irān Irāq cān’t grānt āfter crāft lāugh grāph āunt dānce
before s: pāst fāst cāstle māster clāss ghāstly nāsty grāss lāst plāster cāst pāss tāsk blāst āsk
before th: rāther pāth bāth rāther lāther
āl: with silent l: hālf cālf hālve
ó in AmE is pronounced à as follows:
IPA /ɒ/ ó à
BrE only: AmE replaces this sound with à.
ó: hót gót spót bóther dóg dóll nót stóp lóst óften slób slóppy cróss nód ódd shóne óff tóffee
ough as -óff: cóugh tróugh
a:
after ẁ: ẁant ẁas ẁash ẁasp ẁarren ẁander ẁarrant
after ẁh: ẁhat
after sẁ: sẁap sẁan sẁab sẁamp
after qù: qùantity qùantum qùad qùash sqùash sqùad sqùabble å åw åu åugh ŏr ŏre ŏrps ŏor ŏa ŏur ŏugh
å before lk: chålk tålk stålk wålk bålk before ll: åll fåll tåll båll before lt: ålter fålter Wålter hålt althôugh and wåter ålso
åw såw see, tool åwful bråwl cråwl fåwn colour, deer, grovel bråwn clåw påw animal swårm wårm wårn wård jåw Shåw måw
åu cåuse påuse fåult exhåust fåun god
åugh cåught tåught åught nåughty Wåugh
ŏr ŏr either fŏr nŏr cóndŏr fŏrt pŏrt sŏrt shŏrt whŏrl
ŏre ŏre metal cŏre centre gŏre pŏre skin scŏre sŏre pain bŏre tedium, hole ignŏre deplŏre restŏre whŏre (h-) mŏre extra
ŏrps cŏrps army
ŏor dŏor pŏor broke, unfortunate flŏor bŏor rude mŏor land
ŏa brŏad abrŏad
ŏar ŏar boat bŏar animal sŏar fly
ŏur fŏur pŏur mŏurn tŏurnament
ŏugh fŏught bŏught sŏught brŏught