George H. W. Bush

George Herbert Walker Bush (or George Bush) (1924- ) was the 41st president of the United States, elected as a Republican in 1988 to follow Ronald Reagan. He presided over the collapse of Communism and victory in the Gulf War against Iraq. Distrusted by conservatives for lacking "the vision thing" he was defeated in 1992 by Bill Clinton. He is first president to see his son become president since 1824; see George W. Bush, the 43rd president.

Early Career

George Bush was born on June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts to an old Yankee family, but he grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut. Both his parents came from moneyed Midwestern families. His father, Prescott Bush, became a partner in a leading Wall Street firm and served as a Republican U.S. senator from Connecticut from 1952 to 1963. He was a leading moderate Eisenhower Republican.

After Bush graduated from Phillips Andover Academy in 1942, he became the youngest pilot in the Navy. He flew 58 combat missions in the Pacific as a torpedo bomber pilot based on the carrier San Jacinto; in one of them, his plane was shot down and his two crewmen were killed. Awaiting assignment to the invasion of Japan, Bush returned temporarily to the United States and in January 1945 he married Barbara Pierce, whose father was the publisher of Redbook and McCall's magazines. The oldest child was George (elected governor of Texas in 1994 and President in 2000), Jeb (elected governor of Florida in 1998), Neil, Marvin, Dorothy, and Robin (who died of leukemia before her fourth birthday). Barbara Bush devoted her life to nurturing the close-knit family and to helping her husband's career. As First Lady she was proud and unapologetic about embracing a traditional lifestyle as helpmate to her husband. In a much publicized address to the women graduating from Wellesley College in 1990 she said: "As important as your obligations as a doctor, a lawyer, a business leader will be, you are a human being first, and those human connections with spouses, with children,and with friends are the most important investment you will ever make."

In 1945 Bush entered Yale College. He majored in economics, captained the baseball team, was initiated into Skull and Bones, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1948. Instead of going into his father's Wall Street firm, Bush moved to Texas and, helped by his family connections and wealth, went into the oil business. In 1953 he co-founded the Zapata Petroleum Corporation, and the next year he became president of the Zapata Offshore Company, which specialized in offshore drilling equipment.

Politics

Bush, an unusually gregarious man, became active in the still small Texas Republican Party. In 1964 he ran for the U.S. Senate and was beaten by the liberal Democratic incumbent, Ralph Yarborough. In 1966, however, Bush was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from a wealthy Houston district. He was reelected in 1968. In Congress, like his father, Bush identified with Republican moderates. In 1970 he was again nominated for the Senate. He received strong support from President Richard M. Nixon, but this time he was defeated by a conservative businessman, Lloyd Bentsen.

The Republicans controlled the White House, however, and George Bush was given a succession of important, highly visible appointive posts in the Nixon and Ford administrations. He was Nixon's ambassador to the United Nations from 1971 to 1973. After serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1973 to 1974, at the height of the Watergate scandal, he served Ford as U.S. envoy to China from 1974 to 1975 and as director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 1976 to 1977. In all of these jobs he proved himself a reliable and loyal executive.

Vice-President

In 1979 Bush launched a campaign for the 1980 Republican presidential nomination. He outlasted all of his rivals in the primaries except Ronald Reagan. Bush's most memorable phrase in the campaign was the term "voodoo economics," a characterization of Reagan's promise that the money to pay for greatly increased military spending (which both men advocated) would come from drastic cuts in federal income taxes. Reagan easily won the nomination. After an abortive attempt to conciliate moderate Republicans and appeal to conservative Democrats by getting former president Gerald Ford to run for vice-president, Reagan chose Bush as his running mate. They won in a landslide as president Jimmy Carter was unable to cope with mounting economic troubles at home and disasters abroad.

The Reagan-Bush administration, as promised, cut taxes, especially for high-income individuals and corporations, and it put through the biggest increase ever in peacetime military spending. The budget deficit soared. Bush's "voodoo economics" phrase had become an enduring embarrassment.

As vice-president, Bush had a much more important role than any of his predecessors. He ran the government when Reagan was incapacitated after being shot in 1981. He was in charge of the administration's highest-priority domestic program--the decontrol of businesses in vital areas of the economy, especially transportation firms (such as airlines) and financial corporations such as savings and loan associations (S&L's). He was responsible for coordinating government efforts to suppress prohibited drugs. The results of his efforts in these fields, however, were dubious at best. During the Reagan-Bush administration a previously unknown and highly addictive form of adulterated cocaine known as crack became a grave problem in every large city and a cause of vastly increased urban violence; deregulation of the airlines, accompanied by non-enforcement of antitrust rules, resulted in the bankruptcy or merger of several airlines, with higher prices and worse service for the general public; and the deregulated S&L's over-invested in speculative real estate and, since they were federally insured, the bailout cost the Treasury more than $500 billion.

Bush managed to minimize his role in Reagan's biggest embarrassment, the Iran-Contra Affair. It was the revelation in 1986 that, while publicly denouncing Iran as a terrorist state, Reagan;s White House staffers, using Israel as intermediary, had secretly renewed the supply of weapons to Iran in exchange for money and U.S. hostages held by Iranian-controlled fundamentalist factions in Lebanon. The profits from these arms sales were used to buy arms for the Nicaraguan "contras" to avoid the law that prohibited money appropriated by Congress to aid the "contras." Although Bush was present at meetings where crucial decisions were taken and his national-security assistant, Donald Gregg, was intimately involved in--and reported to Bush on--the contra resupply operations, Bush's bland assurance that he "was out of the loop" sufficed to satisfy the congressional investigators of the "Iran-contra affair."

Presidential Election, 1988

Bush ran for the 1988 Republican presidential nomination as the loyal vice-president, the legitimate heir to Ronald Reagan. He won the nomination easily over two almost as well-known, well-financed rivals, Senate Republican leader Robert Dole and the right-wing television evangelist-businessman Pat Robertson. Bush was able to gain support from both of the Republican Party's main constituencies. One group, drawn from the upper middle class and the rich, was anxious to retain the economic advantages of the Reagan "revolution": lower taxes, deregulation of business, and a climate of endless self-enrichment. The other group, drawn largely from traditionalist Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants, were most responsive to patriotic rhetoric and to promises to suppress "permissiveness" by tightening censorship of sexually explicit or deviant speech and art, and by prohibiting abortions, promoting school prayer, and suppressing homosexuality. Bush proved reasonably acceptable to both groups. He chose as running mate Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, a young right-winger so verbally inept that he became the butt of political humorists.

During an aggressive campaign against Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis, Bush waged a potent attack that--together with the continued business prosperity and reduced white unemployment--kept Republican voters and a majority of conservative white Democrats loyal to him as Reagan's heir. Bush ridiculed Dukakis as a "card-carrying member" of the American Civil Liberties Union. The Bush campaign ran TV ads exposing massive pollution in Boston Harbor to impugn Dukakis' environmental record, and other ads attacked his release from prison of Willie Horton, a black murderer who raped a white woman and stabbed her fiancé.

Bush promised "a kinder, gentler nation" and a prosperous America. He upheld capital punishment and promised to appoint judges who would reverse "permissive" rulings on "pornography" and abortion. He praised the Reagan tax cuts and military spending increases and promised--in the most memorable phrase of the campaign, "Read my lips: No new taxes"--that he would not raise taxes. To stimulate faster economic growth he proposed a cut, from a maximum of 33% percent to 15%, in the tax on capital gains. His success was assured when Dukakis, who had defined the central issue as "competence, not ideology," proceeded to run a conspicuously incompetent campaign.

on Nov. 8, 1988, Bush beat Dukakis by 54% - 45%; he WON six out of ten white votes but only one out of ten black votes and carried 40 states. The Democrats, however, kept their majorities in the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Presidency

Domestic issues

As president, Bush continued all the policies of the Reagan-Bush administration. He supported two pieces of "liberal" legislation--the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Both were popular with voters and reflected his personal values. He made opposition to abortion rights obligatory for presidential appointees in the Department of Health and Human Services. He used the veto to prohibit the District of Columbia from funding abortions and to kill a bill that would have guaranteed unpaid "parental leave." However, he was unable to gain passage of a cut in the tax rate on income from capital gains. His appointment to the Supreme Court of Clarence Thomas, a conservative black, raised a firestorm of protest from feminists who thought he harassed his aide Anita Hill; Thomas was confirmed and moved the Court to the right.

Within a year, Bush agreed to a deal with Congress that violated his main promise of "no new taxes," thus angering his conservative supporters. On January 1, 1990, he implemented a $4 billion a year payroll tax increase. By mid-1990 he was calling for more substantial tax increases, euphemistically dubbed "revenue enhancements." After a bipartisan "budget summit," the second-largest tax increase in U.S. history was put into effect. The cost of bailing out collapsing savings and loan banks brought the prospective budget deficit to around $200 billion (and, by 1991, to about $300 billion). The economy stagnated in 1989, and by mid-1990 it was going into recession. However, improved relations with the Soviet Union and his assertive use of U.S. military power sustained Bush's standing in public-opinion polls. In December 1989 he sent 24,000 troops to overt how Manuel Noriega, the dictator in Panama who threatened American lives.

Collapse of Communism

Bush, an experienced diplomat who knew every major figure in the world, built a strong foreign policy team around trusted long-times associates James Baker as Secretary of State, and Brent Scowcroft as National Security Advisor, along with Colin Powell as chairman of the Joint Chiefs and Dick Cheney as Secretary of Defense. The Berlin Wall fell in November, 1989, and in a matter of days all the Soviet satellites had revolted and proclaimed solidarity with the West. West Germany absorbed East Germany, and sent large sums to Moscow to stabilize Mikhail Gorbachev's regime. Bush gave moral support (but no money) to prop up Gorbachev's faltering regime, but it too fell in 1991 as Communism disappeared in Russia and the Cold War ended in American victory. There were no parades or ceremonies as Bush downplayed the event, fearing a Russian reaction. Soviet sponsored insurrections in the Third World all dried up as well. Welcoming the collapse of the entire Soviet bloc, Bush sharply cut the military budget, while continuing long-range research into Star Wars.

Gulf War

When Iraq invaded small, oil-rich Kuwait in August 1990 and threatened Saudi Arabia, Bush sent forces to defend Saudi Arabia and demand Iraq's Saddam Hussein obey UN orders to withdraw immediately from Kuwait. This was the start of a systematic military buildup, leading to war. Bush's nuanced diplomacy with Gorbachev in 1989 and 1990 led to Moscow's indispensable support for his Gulf War actions. Having gained the support of the congressional Democrats and the UN Security Council, on Jan. 16, 1991, Bush ordered an all-out aerial bombardment of Iraq. Within five weeks Iraq's infrastructure was severely damaged but Saddam refused to retreat. A full scale allied invasion drove Iraq out of Kuwait. Bush decided not to overthrow Saddam Hussein, but to impose severe restrictions on his regime. Bush's poll ratings stood at an all-time high, reaching 90%.

Reelection 1992

Recession dragged into mid-1991 and by fall recovery was scarcely discernible. Rejecting any increases in public spending, Bush sought to restore a semblance of prosperity for his 1992 reelection campaign by having the Federal Reserve make drastic cuts in short-term interest rates and by relaxing limits on risky loans by banks.

Bush's conspicuous insensitivity to the effects of the slump ruined his public image. So vulnerable had he become by November 1991 that a right-wing television commentator, Patrick Buchanan, challenged his renomination in the Republican primaries. Bush responded with his own right-wing campaign, emphasizing his opposition to abortion and even making an apology for his "budget summit" tax increases. Bush successfully fended off Buchanan, but a most ominous precedent had been set--no party had ever retained the White House after a serious challenge, successful or not, to the renomination of a sitting president. To make matters worse, the Republican convention in August 1992 showcased Buchanan's talk of "culture war" and presented an aggressively conservative image that alienated most moderate voters, especially women.

Bush's faltering reelection campaign was upset by the sudden entry of billionaire Ross Perot as a third party candidate crusading against federal deficits. Perot drew heavily from conservatives. In the three-way race, Bill Clinton, the governor of Arkansas, pulled together the Democratic party. Bush's attempt to capitalize on his triumphs over Iraq and the Soviet Union seemed not to affect the voters. Like William Howard Taft (who followed Theodore Roosevelt and Harry Truman (who followed Franklin D. Roosevelt, Bush lacked the charisma and public relations skills of his predecessor and suffered for it at the polls. Unlike Truman he did not make a last-minute comeback. On November 3, 1992, Bush received 37% of the vote, against 43% for Clinton and 19% for Perot.

Bibliography

• Barilleaux, Ryan J., and Mark J. Rozell. Power and Prudence: The Presidency of George H.W. Bush (2004) excerpt and text search
• Beschloss, Michael R., and Strobe Talbott. At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (1993),
• Bose, Meena, and Rosanna Perotti, eds. From Cold War to New World Order: The Foreign Policy of George H.W. Bush. (2002), 577 pp. essays by scholars excerpt and text search
• Brands, H.W. "George Bush and the Gulf War of 1991." Presidential Studies Quarterly 34#1 (2004) pp. 113+. online edition
• Buckley, Kevin. Panama: The Whole Story (1991) excerpt and text search
• Campbell, Colin, and Bert A. Rockman, eds. The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals. (1991) 308pp online edition
• Duffy, Michael, and Dan Goodgame. Marching in Place: The Status-Quo Presidency of George Bush (1992)
• Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation, vol. 8, 1989-1992 (1993). massive 1300 page compendium of details
• Feldman, Leslie D., and Rosanna Perotti. Honor and Loyalty: Inside the Politics of the George H.W. Bush White House (2002) online edition
• Freedman, Lawrence, and Efraim Karsh. The Gulf Conflict, 1990-1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order (1993)
• Gordon, Michael R., and Bernard E. Trainor. The General's War: The Inside Story of the Conflict in the Gulf (1995). excerpt and text search
• Greene, John Robert. The Presidency of George Bush. (2000) 356pp; standard survey by scholar. ISBN 0-7006-0993-8.)
• Himelfarb, Richard, and Rosanna Perotti, eds. Principle Over Politics?: The Domestic Policy of the George H. W. Bush (2004) excerpt and text search
• Hiro, Dilip. Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War (1992)
• Levy, Peter B. Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years (1996) 461pp online edition
• Naftali, Timothy. George H. W. Bush: The American Presidents Series: The 41st President, 1989-1993 (2007). short survey
• Rose, Richard. The Postmodern President: George Bush Meets the World (1991) online edition
• Tarpley, Webster Griffin, and Anton Chaitkin. George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography (2004), a hostile attack from the far left excerpt and text search
• Tiefer, Charles. The Semi-Sovereign Presidency: The Bush Administration's Strategy for Governing Without Congress (1994), 216pp online edition
• Yetiv, Steve A. Explaining Foreign Policy: U.S. Decision-Making and the Persian Gulf War (2004) excerpt and text search

Primary sources

• Bush, George H. W. All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings (2000) excerpt and text search
• Bush, George H. W. and Brent Scowcroft. A World Transformed (1999), foreign policy. excerpt and text search