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::''or lead out the Bear with its cubs?''  
::''or lead out the Bear with its cubs?''  


In the third century BC [[Aratos of Soli]] composed ''Phainomena'', a didactic poem  about the mythology of the constellations, which was the basis of the catalog of 48 constellations by the Greek astronomer [[Ptolemy]]. At the end of the 16th century the Dutch sailors [[Pieter Dirckszoon Keyser]] and [[Frederick de Houtman]] suggested twelve new constellations. In 1603 these were added by [[Johann Beyer]] to his important atlas [[Uranometria]]. Further constellations were added by the Gdansk astronomer [[Johann Hevelius]] and the French astronomer [[Louis de Lacaille]]. Lacaille introduced 14 new constellations that were named after scientific instruments and artist's tools.
In the third century BC [[Aratos of Soli]] composed ''Phainomena'', a didactic poem  about the mythology of the constellations, which was the basis of the catalog of 48 constellations by the Greek astronomer [[Ptolemy]]:
* the 12 constellations of the [[Zodiac]]: ''Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpius, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius and Pisces''
* 21 northern constellations: ''Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Draco, Cepheus, Bootes, Corona Septentrionalis, Hercules, Lyra, Cygnus, Cassiopea, Perseus, Equuleus, Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, Ophiuchus and Serpens''
* 15 southern constellations: ''Lepus, Orion, Canis Major, Canis Minor, Argo, Hydra, Crater, Corvus, Centaurus, Lupus, Ara, Corona Meridionalis and Piscis Australis''.
 
At the end of the 16th century the Dutch sailors [[Pieter Dirckszoon Keyser]] and [[Frederick de Houtman]] suggested twelve new constellations. In 1603 these were added by [[Johann Beyer]] to his important atlas [[Uranometria]].
 
Further constellations were added by the Gdansk astronomer [[Johann Hevelius]] and the French astronomer [[Louis de Lacaille]]. Lacaille introduced 14 new constellations that were named after scientific instruments and artist's tools.


== List of the 88 modern constellations==
== List of the 88 modern constellations==

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A constellation is a formation of stars that ancient astronomers perceived as figures, like men or animals, so ordering the apparent chaos of the visible night sky.

Such figures are arbitrary, so numberous ancient constellations were independently imagined by different cultures, like the Chinese culture or the Indian culture.

The 88 modern constellations, which divide the whole night sky, were defined, as well as their boundaries, by the IAU in 1925. Most of them are ancient constellations in the Western culture, and they are officially named in Latin. The Latin declension of a constellation name in the genitive is conventionally used to build the designation of any star of the formation. For example, the fifth-brightest star in the constellation Eridanus is given a name consisting of the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet and the name of the constellation: "epsilon Eridani" (meaning "fifth (star) of Eridanus").

History of the Western constellations

Most constellations have their origins in the ancient Greek, Egyptian and Babylonian cultures. They are mentionned in the Book of Job, as in this apostrophe[1]:

31 "Can you bind the beautiful Pleiades?
Can you loose the cords of Orion?
32 Can you bring forth the constellations in their seasons
or lead out the Bear with its cubs?

In the third century BC Aratos of Soli composed Phainomena, a didactic poem about the mythology of the constellations, which was the basis of the catalog of 48 constellations by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy:

  • the 12 constellations of the Zodiac: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpius, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius and Pisces
  • 21 northern constellations: Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Draco, Cepheus, Bootes, Corona Septentrionalis, Hercules, Lyra, Cygnus, Cassiopea, Perseus, Equuleus, Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, Ophiuchus and Serpens
  • 15 southern constellations: Lepus, Orion, Canis Major, Canis Minor, Argo, Hydra, Crater, Corvus, Centaurus, Lupus, Ara, Corona Meridionalis and Piscis Australis.

At the end of the 16th century the Dutch sailors Pieter Dirckszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman suggested twelve new constellations. In 1603 these were added by Johann Beyer to his important atlas Uranometria.

Further constellations were added by the Gdansk astronomer Johann Hevelius and the French astronomer Louis de Lacaille. Lacaille introduced 14 new constellations that were named after scientific instruments and artist's tools.

List of the 88 modern constellations

Latin name Latin genitive International
abbreviation 		Number of
stars[2] 		English name German name
Andromeda Andromedae And 139 Andromeda Andromeda
Antlia Antliae Ant 85 Pump Luftpumpe
Apus Apodis Aps 67 Swallow Paradiesvogel
Aquarius Aquarii Aqr 276 Cup-bearer Wassermann
Aquila Aquilae Aql 146 Eagle Adler
Ara Arae Ara 86 Altar Altar
Aries Arietis Ari 80 Ram Widder
Auriga Aurigae Aur 144 Charioteer Fuhrmann
Bootes Bootis Boo 140 Herdsman Bootes, Ochsentreiber
Caelum Caeli Cae 28 Sculptor's Chisel Grabstichel
Camelopardis Camelopardalis Cam 138 Giraffe Giraffe
Cancer Cancri Can 92 Crab Krebs
Canes Venatici Canum Venaticorum CVn 88 Hunting Dogs Jagdhunde
Canis Maior Canis Majoris CMa 178 Great Dog Großer Hund
Canis Minor Canis Minoris CMi 37 Little Dog Kleiner Hund
Capricornus Capricorni Cap 134 Horned Goat Steinbock
Carina Carinae Car 268 Keel Schiffskiel
Cassiopeia Cassiopeiae Cas 126 Cassiopeia Cassiopeia
Centaurus Centauri Cen 389 Centaur Centaur
Cepheus Cephei Cep 159 Cepheus Cepheus
Cetus Ceti Cet 321 Whale Wal
Chamaeleon Chamaeleontis Cha 50 Chameleon Chamaeleon
Circinus Circini Cir 48 Compass Kompass
Columba Columbae Col 112 Dove Taube
Coma Berenices Comae Com 70 Berenice's Hair Haar der Berenike
Corona Australis Coronae Australis CrA 49 Southern Crown Südliche Krone
Corona Borealis Coronae Aorealis CrB 31 Northern Crown Nördliche Krone
Corvus Corvi Crv 53 Raven Rabe
Crater Crateris Crt 53 Bowl Becher
Crux Crucis Cru 54 (Southern) Cross Kreuz
Cygnus Cygni Cyg 197 Swan Schwan
Delphinus Delphini Del 31 Dolphin Delfin
Dorado Doradus Dor 43 Dolphin-fish Schwertfisch
Draco Draconis Dra 200 Dragon Drache
Equuleus Equulei Equ 16 Foal Füllen
Eridanus Eridani Eri 293 Eridanus Eridanus
Fornax Fornacis For 110 Furnace Chemischer Ofen
Gemini Geminorum Gem 106 Twins Zwillinge
Grus Gruis Gru 106 Crane Kranich
Hercules Herculis Her 227 Hercules Hercules
Horologium Horologii Hor 68 Clock Pendeluhr
Hydra Hydrae Hya 393 Hydra Wasserschlange
Hydrus Hydri Hyi 64 Snake Männliche Wasserschlange
Indus Indi Ind 84 American Indian Indianer
Lacerta Lacertae Lac 48 Lizard Eidechse
Leo Leonis Leo 161 Lion Löwe
Leo Minor Leonis Minoris LMi 40 Smaller Lion Kleiner Löwe
Lepus Leporis Lep 103 Hare Hase
Libra Librae Lib 122 Balance Waage
Lupus Lupi Lup 159 Wolf Wolf
Lynx Lyncis Kyn 87 Lynx Luchs
Lyra Lyrae Lyr 69 Lyre Leier
Mensa Mensae Men 44 Table Tafelberg
Microscopium Microscopii Mic 69 Microscope Mikroskop
Monoceros Monocerotis Mon 165 Unicorn Einhorn
Musca Muscae Mus 75 Fly Fliege
Norma Normae Nor 64 Square Winkelmaß
Octans Octantis Oct 88 Octant Oktant
Ophiuchus Ophiuchi Oph 209 Ophiuchus Schlangenträger
Orion Orionis Ori 186 Orion Orion
Pavo Pavonis Pav 129 Peacock Pfau
Pegasus Pegasi Peg 178 Pegasus Pegasus
Perseus Persei Per 136 Perseus Perseus
Phoenix Phoenicis Phe 139 Phoenix Phönix
Pictor Pictori Pic 67 Easel Maler
Pisces Piscium Psc 128 Fish (plural) Fische
Piscis Austrinus Piscis Austrini PsA 75 Southern Fish Südliche Fische
Puppis Puppis Pup 313 Poop Hinterdeck
Pyxis Pyxidis Pyx 65 Box Kompass
Reticulum Reticuli Ret 34 Net Netz
Sagitta Sagittarae Sge 18 Arrow Pfeil
Sagittarius Sagittarii Sgr 298 Archer Schütze
Scorpius Scorpii Sco 185 Scorpion Skorpion
Sculptor Sculptoris Scl 131 Sculptor Bildhauer
Scutum Scuti Sct 33 Shield Schild
Serpens Serpentis Ser 123 Snake Schlange
Sextans Sextantis Sex 75 Sextant Sextant
Taurus Tauri Tau 188 Bull Stier
Telescopium Telescopii Tel 87 Telescope Fernrohr
Triangulum Trianguli Tri 227 Triangle Dreieck
Triangulum Australe Trianguli Australis TrA 46 Southern Triangle Südliches Dreieck
Tucana Tucanae Tuc 81 Toucan Tukan
Ursa Maior Ursae Maioris UMa 227 Great Bear Großer Bär
Ursa Minor Ursae Minoris UMi 54 Little Bear Kleiner Bär
Vela Velorum Vel 248 Sails Segel
Virgo Virginis Vir 271 Virgin Jungfrau
Volans Volantis Vol 46 Flying Fish Fliegender Fisch
Vulpecula Vulpeculae Vul 62 Little Fox Füchschen

References

  1. ↑ New International version of the English Bible, Job 38:31-32
  2. ↑ According to Heis all stars up to a magnitude of 6m.7 on northern constellations and according to Gould up to a magnitude of 7m.0 on southern constellations
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