Netherlands

The flag of the Netherlands.Template:PD-image

The Netherlands is a country that lies at the western end of the North European Plain. Except for the southeastern part, the Netherlands is flat and about 40% of the country lies below sea level. The inhabitants of the Netherlands, called the Dutch, have built dikes to hold back the sea. The country is situated at the estuary of the river Rhine, which originates in Switzerland, and the river Meuse, which runs via Belgium from France to the city of Rotterdam, the main seaport of the Netherlands.

The Netherlands is highly industrialized and one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. Its surface area is 41.528 km² (of which 18,41% is water) and its 2007 population is 16,570,613. This gives 489 inhabitants per km² of dry land. The capital of the country is Amsterdam, while the government is seated in The Hague.

The Netherlands was an independent republic from 1579 until 1806, when Napoleon Bonaparte appointed his brother Louis Bonaparte as the first king of the Netherlands. In 1810 the country ceased to exist, as it became part of the French Empire. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the country became a kingdom with William of Orange I as the first king. His descendant, Beatrix of Orange, is now queen of the Netherlands.

Government and Administration

National Government

The Netherlands are a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral parliament. The head of state is the monarch, currently Queen Beatrix. Under the Dutch Constitution, the monarch has to approve all legislation, appoints and dismisses government secretaries, and is head of the supreme court of appeal, but in practice, the monarch's power is limited and his role is largely ceremonial. The power of the executive is vested in the Cabinet (Dutch ministerraad "Council of Ministers"), headed by the Prime Minister, currently Jan Peter Balkenende.

Legislative power is held by the bicameral Dutch parliament. The Lower House (Dutch Tweede Kamer) has 150 seats, the members of which are elected by direct proportional elections. Members have the right to propose, sponsor, and amend bills. The term of office is four years. The Upper House (Dutch Eerste Kamer or Senaat) has 75 seats. The members of the Upper House are elected indirectly by the delegates of the provincial assemblies. Members only have the right to approve or reject legislation.

Administrative Divisions

The Netherlands is divided in provinces, twelve in total:

• Drenthe - capital: Assen
• Flevoland - capital: Lelystad
• Friesland (Frisian: Fryslân) - capital: Leeuwarden
• Gelderland - capital: Arnhem
• Groningen - capital: Groningen
• Limburg - capital: Maastricht
• Noord-Brabant - capital: 's-Hertogenbosch (also called Den Bosch)
• Noord-Holland - capital: Haarlem
• Overijssel - capital: Zwolle
• Utrecht - capital: Utrecht
• Zeeland - capital: Middelburg
• Zuid-Holland - capital: Den Haag (also: 's-Gravenhage; English: The Hague)

Political Parties

Current Dutch politics remain shaped to a great extent by the consequences of political and religious polarizations of the nineteenth century. A number of emancipatory movements, including socialists (Marxists), Roman Catholics, and Protestant (Reformed) Christians increasingly came to oppose each other on political matters and organized into separate groups. This process, known in Dutch as verzuiling (lit. "pilarization"), produced separate political parties, trades unions, and literary and cultural organizations. At present, the main political parties are the following:

	left (progressive)	center-left	center-right	right (conservative)
Secular Parties	Partij voor de Dieren (Party for Animal Rights), SP (Socialists), Groen Links	Partij van de Arbeid (Labor Party), D66 (Pragmatists)	-	VVD (Libertarians), PVV
Religious Parties			CDA (Christian Democrats)	ChristenUnie (Christian Union), SGP

International Relations

The Netherlands are a founding member of the European Economic Community, which evolved into the present European Union. The country is also a member of NATO and the United Nations.

History

Prehistory and Conversion to Christianity

It is believed the area of land now known as the Netherlands was inhabited from as early as 150,000 BC. Historical records date back to about 57 BC, when Roman armies under general Gaius Iulius Caesar (Julius Caesar) invaded and occupied the southern portion of the Low Countries. The northern frontier of the Roman Empire ran along the Rhine river through the Netherlands. The Romans established a number of fortifications along this frontier which became centers of trade. Germanic tribes living north of the frontier, such as the Frisians were still heavily influenced by Roman culture through trade contacts. As the Roman Empire disintegrated, Roman armies withdrew from the Netherlands by about AD 406.

The Low Countries were inhabited by numerous Germanic tribes who had an agricultural society. By the third century, these tribes organized into larger federations and three main groups emerged: the Franks in the South, the Saxons in the East, and the Frisians in the North and West. Little is known of the pre-Christian pagan beliefs of the Germanic tribes, though it seems that Wodan and Donar were worshiped by the Germanic tribes in the Low Countries. The southern parts of the country were already nominally Christianized when the Roman Empire under Constantine I converted to Christianity. The Frankish king Clovis I (ca. AD 466 - 511) converted to Christianity in the early fifth century, according to legend in the heat of battle. By AD 700 most of the Low Countries below the Rhine had been converted. The conversion of the Frisians by Irish and Anglo-Saxon missionaries took place in the early eighth century by the monks Willibrord and Boniface. That Christianity did not immediately take hold is shown by the fact that Boniface was murdered in Friesland in AD 754 by pagan Frisians.

Culture

Language and Literature

For more information read: Dutch language, Dutch literature, Frisian language

The official language of the Netherlands is Dutch, which is a West-Germanic language closely related to German and English. In the province of Friesland, Frisian is an official second language.

Art

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Low Countries (the modern day countries of the Netherlands and Belgium) produced a number of masterful painters, including Frans Hals (1580-1666) and Rembrandt van Rijn (usually known simply as "Rembrandt"; 1606-1669).

References

See also

• Dutch constitution

Bibliography

Current

• DK. Amsterdam (2008) excerpt and text search
• DK. Netherlands (2008) excerpt and text search
• Lonely Planet the Netherlands (2007) excerpt and text search
• Michelin the Green Guide Netherlands (2007) excerpt and text search
• White, Colin, et al. The Undutchables: An Observation of the Netherlands, Its Culture And Its Inhabitants (2005)

History: surveys

• Blom, J. C. H. History of the Low Countries (2006) excerpt and text search
• Grattan, Thomas Colley. Holland: The History of the Netherlands (2006) excerpt and text search
• Israel, Jonathan. The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (1995) coplete online edition; akso excerpt and text search
• van Oostrom, Fris, and Hubert Slings. A Key to Dutch History (2007)
• Rietbergen, P.J.A.N. A Short History of the Netherlands. From Prehistory to the Present Day. 5th ed. Amersfoort: Bekking, 2002. ISBN 9061094402

Specialty studies

• Darby, Graham. The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt (2001) online edition
• Geyl, Pieter. History of the Dutch Speaking Peoples 1555-1648 (new edition 2001)
• Hsia, R. Po-Chia, and Henk Van Nierop, eds. Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age (2002) online edition
• Israel, Jonathan. Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500-2000) (2002) online edition
• Price, J. L. Holland and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Politics of Particularism (1994) online edition
• Schamma, Simon. The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (1997), very well written survey excerpt and text search
• Vandenbosch, Amry. Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815: A Study in Small Power Politics (1959) online edition
• Westermann, Mariet. A Worldly Art: The Dutch Republic, 1585-1718 (2005) excerpt and text search

Dutch Empire and economic history

• Aymard, Maurice, ed. Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism (1982).
• Bogucka M. "Amsterdam and the Baltic in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century", Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 433-47. in JSTOR
• Boxer C. R. The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1660-1800 (1965).
• Gouda, Frances. Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942 (1995) online edition
• Israel, Jonathan I. Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740 (1989) 462 pgs. online edition
• Palmer, Leslie H. Indonesia and the Dutch (1962) online edition
• Sluyterman, Keetie E. Dutch Enterprise in the Twentieth Century: Business Strategies in a Small Open Economy (2005) online edition
• Ungerm Richard W. "Herring, Technology, and International Trade in the Seventeenth Century," The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Jun., 1980), pp. 253-280 in JSTOR