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[[File:Winston Churchill during the General Election Campaign in 1945 HU55965.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Winston Churchill]] speaking on 27 June 1945 during the general election campaign]]
[[File:Winston Churchill during the General Election Campaign in 1945 HU55965.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Winston Churchill]] speaking on 27 June 1945 during the general election campaign]]
The '''Churchill caretaker ministry''', in office from 23 May to 26 July 1945, was a short-term British government during the latter stages of the [[Second World War]]. It succeeded the [[Churchill war ministry|national coalition]] formed by [[Winston Churchill]] after he was first appointed [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] on 10 May 1940. The coalition had comprised leading members of the Conservative, [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] parties and it was terminated soon after the defeat of [[Nazi Germany]].
Under [[Winston Churchill]], a short-term '''[[Great Britain|British]] interim government held office from 23 May to 26 July 1945''' during the latter stages of the [[Second World War]]. It succeeded the [[British coalition government (1940–1945)|national coalition]] formed by Churchill after he was first appointed [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] on 10 May 1940. The coalition had comprised leading members of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]], [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] parties and it was terminated soon after the defeat of [[Nazi Germany]].


A [[1945 United Kingdom general election|general election]] was to be held on 5 July, the first since [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935]], although the result could not be announced until 26 July because extra time was needed to collect the large numbers of votes by overseas service personnel. The Conservatives still held a large majority in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], and so [[King George VI]] asked Churchill to form a temporary ministry until the election was completed. Although the caretaker government continued to fight the war against Japan in the Far East, Churchill's focus was on preparation for the [[Potsdam Conference]] where he, accompanied by [[Clement Attlee]] and [[Anthony Eden]], would meet [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Harry Truman]].
A [[1945 United Kingdom general election|general election]] was to be held on 5 July, the first since [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935]], although the result could not be announced until 26 July because extra time was needed to collect the large numbers of votes by overseas service personnel. The Conservatives still held a large majority in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], and so King [[George VI]] asked Churchill to form a temporary ministry until the election was completed. Although the "caretaker" government continued to fight the war against Japan in the Far East, Churchill's focus was on preparation for the [[Potsdam Conference]] where he, accompanied by [[Clement Attlee]] and [[Anthony Eden]], would meet [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Harry Truman]].


The main concern on the home front, however, was post-war recovery including the need for reform in key areas such as education, health, housing, industry and social welfare. Campaigning mostly on those issues, the parties canvassed for support in the general election which resulted in a [[landslide victory]] for Labour. Churchill thereupon resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded by his erstwhile coalition deputy Attlee, who formed a [[Attlee ministry|Labour government]].
The main concern on the home front, however, was post-war recovery including the need for reform in key areas such as education, health, housing, industry and social welfare. Campaigning mostly on those issues, the parties canvassed for support in the general election which resulted in a [[landslide victory]] for Labour. Churchill thereupon resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded by his erstwhile coalition deputy Attlee, who formed a [[British Labour government (1945–1951)|Labour government]].


==Background==
==Background==
The [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935 general election]] had resulted in a Conservative victory with a substantial majority and [[Stanley Baldwin]] became Prime Minister.<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 485–486.</ref> In May 1937, Baldwin retired and was succeeded by [[Neville Chamberlain]] who continued Baldwin's foreign policy of [[appeasement]] in the face of German, Italian and Japanese aggression.<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 514–515.</ref> Having signed the [[Munich Agreement]] with [[Hitler]] in 1938, Chamberlain became alarmed by the dictator's continuing aggression and, in March 1939, signed the [[Anglo-Polish military alliance]] which supposedly guaranteed British support for Poland if attacked.<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 543.</ref> Chamberlain issued the [[declaration of war]] against [[Nazi Germany]] on 3 September 1939 and formed a war cabinet which included [[Winston Churchill]] (out of office since June 1929) as [[First Lord of the Admiralty]].<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 551–552.</ref>
The 1935 general election had resulted in a Conservative victory with a substantial majority and [[Stanley Baldwin]] became Prime Minister.<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 485–486.</ref> In May 1937, Baldwin retired and was succeeded by [[Neville Chamberlain]] who continued Baldwin's foreign policy of [[appeasement]] in the face of German, Italian and Japanese aggression.<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 514–515.</ref> Having signed the [[Munich Agreement]] with [[Hitler]] in 1938, Chamberlain became alarmed by the dictator's continuing aggression and, in March 1939, signed the [[Anglo-Polish military alliance]] which supposedly guaranteed British support for Poland if attacked.<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 543.</ref> Chamberlain issued the [[declaration of war]] against Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939 and formed a war cabinet which included Churchill (out of office since June 1929) as [[First Lord of the Admiralty]].<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 551–552.</ref>


Dissatisfaction with Chamberlain's leadership became widespread in the spring of 1940 after Germany successfully invaded Norway. In response, the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] held the [[Norway Debate]] from 7 to 9 May. At the end of the second day, the Labour opposition forced a [[division (vote)|division]] which was in effect a [[motion of no confidence]] in Chamberlain. The government's majority of 213 was reduced to 81, still a victory but in the circumstances a shattering blow for Chamberlain.<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 576–582.</ref>
Dissatisfaction with Chamberlain's leadership became widespread in the spring of 1940 after Germany successfully invaded Norway. In response, the House of Commons held the ''[[Conduct of the War (7–9 May 1940)|Conduct of the War]]'' debate from 7 to 9 May. At the end of the second day, the Labour opposition forced a [[division (vote)|division]] which was in effect a [[motion of no confidence]] in Chamberlain. The government's majority of 213 was reduced to 81, still a victory but in the circumstances a shattering blow for Chamberlain.<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 576–582.</ref>


Two days later on Friday, 10 May, Germany launched its [[Battle of France#Fall Gelb|invasion of the Netherlands and Belgium]]. Chamberlain had been contemplating resignation but then changed his mind because he felt a change of government at such a time would be inappropriate.<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 583.</ref> Later that day, the Labour Party decided that they could not join a national coalition under Chamberlain's leadership but agreed to do so under a different Conservative prime minister.<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 586.</ref> Chamberlain now resigned and advised the King to appoint Churchill as his successor. Churchill quickly created the national coalition, granting key roles to leading figures in the Labour and Liberal parties.<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 586.</ref> The coalition held firm despite some critical setbacks and, ultimately, in alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States, Britain was able to defeat Nazi Germany.<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 585.</ref>
Two days later on Friday, 10 May, Germany launched its invasion of the Netherlands and Belgium. Chamberlain had been contemplating resignation but then changed his mind because he felt a change of government at such a time would be inappropriate.<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 583.</ref> Later that day, the Labour Party decided that they would not join a national coalition under Chamberlain's leadership but agreed to do so under a different Conservative leader.<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 586.</ref> Chamberlain now resigned and advised the King to appoint Churchill as his successor. Churchill quickly created the national coalition, granting key roles to leading figures in the Labour and Liberal parties.<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 586.</ref> The coalition held firm despite some critical setbacks and, ultimately, in alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States, Britain was able to defeat Germany.<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 585.</ref>


==Plans to extend the coalition==
==Plans to extend the coalition==
[[File:Winston Churchill waves to crowds in Whitehall in London as they celebrate VE Day, 8 May 1945. H41849.jpg|thumb|Winston Churchill (''c'') with [[Ernest Bevin]] (''r'') and [[Sir John Anderson]] (''l'') waving to the crowds in Whitehall on [[VE Day]]. Anderson joined the caretaker ministry but Bevin and his Labour colleagues did not.]]
[[File:Winston Churchill waves to crowds in Whitehall in London as they celebrate VE Day, 8 May 1945. H41849.jpg|thumb|Winston Churchill (''c'') with [[Ernest Bevin]] (''r'') and [[Sir John Anderson]] (''l'') waving to the crowds in Whitehall on [[VE Day]]. Anderson joined the caretaker ministry but Bevin and his Labour colleagues did not.]]
In October 1944, Churchill had addressed the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] and moved to extend Parliament by a further year pending the final defeat of Nazi Germany and, if possible, Japan. There had not been a [[1935 United Kingdom general election|general election since 1935]] and Churchill was determined to hold one as soon as hostilities ceased. While he could not accurately predict the end of the war against Japan, he was confident that Germany would be defeated by the summer of 1945 and he told the Commons that "we must look to the termination of the war against Nazism as a pointer which will fix the date of the next general election".<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 356.</ref>
In October 1944, Churchill had addressed the House of Commons and moved to extend Parliament by a further year pending the final defeat of Germany and, if possible, Japan. There had not been a general election since 1935 and Churchill was determined to hold one as soon as hostilities ceased. While he could not accurately predict the end of the war against Japan, he was confident that Germany would be defeated by the summer of 1945 and he told the Commons that "we must look to the termination of the war against Nazism as a pointer which will fix the date of the next general election".<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 356.</ref>


In early April 1945, with victory then imminent in the European theatre of operations, Churchill met his deputy prime minister [[Clement Attlee]], who was the leader of the Labour party, to discuss the future of the coalition. Attlee was due to depart for America on 17 April to attend the [[San Francisco Conference]] on creation of the [[United Nations]]. Travelling with him were ministers [[Anthony Eden]], [[Florence Horsbrugh]] and [[Ellen Wilkinson]]. They would be out of the country until 16 May and Churchill assured Attlee that Parliament would not be dissolved in their absence. After [[VE Day]] on 8 May, Churchill changed his mind about an early election and decided to propose continuation of the coalition until after the defeat of Japan.<ref>Hermiston 2016, pp. 356–357.</ref>
In early April 1945, with victory then imminent in the European theatre of operations, Churchill met his deputy [[Clement Attlee]], who was the leader of the Labour Party, to discuss the future of the coalition. Attlee was due to depart for America on 17 April to attend the [[San Francisco Conference]] on creation of the [[United Nations]]. Travelling with him were ministers [[Anthony Eden]], [[Florence Horsbrugh]] and [[Ellen Wilkinson]]. They would be out of the country until 16 May and Churchill assured Attlee that Parliament would not be dissolved in their absence. After [[VE Day]] on 8 May, Churchill changed his mind about an early election and decided to propose continuation of the coalition until after the defeat of Japan.<ref>Hermiston 2016, pp. 356–357.</ref>


In the meantime, however, Labour's [[Herbert Morrison]], home secretary in the coalition, had published a declaration called ''Let Us Face The Future'' which was effectively a party manifesto for the election. Several leading Conservatives made speeches in response. The electioneering may have been premature and it subsided after the death of Hitler on 30 April but quickly regathered pace after VE Day.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 357.</ref> On 11 May, Churchill met Morrison and [[Ernest Bevin]], the coalition's minister of labour, telling them that he wished to maintain the coalition until Japan had been defeated.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 358.</ref> Their view, confirmed by Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC), was that the general election should be held in October regardless of the situation in the Far East as it was then widely thought the war against Japan might continue for another 18 months.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 358.</ref><ref>Pelling 1980, p. 401.</ref> With Labour refusing to extend the coalition beyond October, Churchill began receiving calls from his own party to announce an election in June or July – leading Conservatives like [[Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook|Lord Beaverbrook]] and [[Brendan Bracken]] wanted to cash in on Churchill's personal popularity as "the man who won the war".<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 356.</ref> Labour, on the other hand, wanted Churchill's popularity to subside and, in addition, Morrison pointed out that a new and more accurate register of voters would be available by October.<ref>Pelling 1980, p. 401.</ref>
In the meantime, however, Labour's [[Herbert Morrison]], the coalition [[Home Secretary]], had published a declaration called ''Let Us Face The Future'' which was effectively a party manifesto for the election. Several leading Conservatives made speeches in response. The electioneering may have been premature and it subsided after the death of Hitler on 30 April but quickly regathered pace after VE Day.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 357.</ref> On 11 May, Churchill met Morrison and [[Ernest Bevin]], the coalition's [[Minister of Labour]], telling them that he wished to maintain the coalition until Japan had been defeated.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 358.</ref> Their view, confirmed by Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC), was that the general election should be held in October regardless of the situation in the Far East as it was then widely thought the war against Japan might continue for another 18 months.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 358.</ref><ref>Pelling 1980, p. 401.</ref> With Labour refusing to extend the coalition beyond October, Churchill began receiving calls from his own party to announce an election in June or July – leading Conservatives like [[Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook|Lord Beaverbrook]] and [[Brendan Bracken]] wanted to cash in on Churchill's personal popularity as "the man who won the war".<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 356.</ref> Labour, on the other hand, wanted Churchill's popularity to subside and, in addition, Morrison pointed out that a new and more accurate register of voters would be available by October.<ref>Pelling 1980, p. 401.</ref>


Attlee and Eden returned from America on 16 May and Attlee met Churchill that evening. While Attlee himself favoured continuation until the defeat of Japan, he was aware that the majority of Labour Party members thought differently.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 358.</ref><ref>Pelling 1980, p. 402.</ref> Churchill sought a compromise and wrote a letter to the NEC which was amended by Bevin to include a pledge on social reform, but it was not enough. On Sunday, 20 May, the NEC voted for an October election and their resolution was backed overwhelmingly by the conference delegates next day.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 359.</ref><ref>Pelling 1980, p. 402.</ref> Attlee phoned Churchill with the news and an element of discord arose between the two which was fuelled by Beaverbrook in his newspapers.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 360.</ref>
Attlee and Eden returned from America on 16 May and Attlee met Churchill that evening. While Attlee himself favoured continuation until the defeat of Japan, he was aware that the majority of Labour Party members thought differently.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 358.</ref><ref>Pelling 1980, p. 402.</ref> Churchill sought a compromise and wrote a letter to the NEC which was amended by Bevin to include a pledge on social reform, but it was not enough. On Sunday, 20 May, the NEC voted for an October election and their resolution was backed overwhelmingly by the conference delegates next day.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 359.</ref><ref>Pelling 1980, p. 402.</ref> Attlee phoned Churchill with the news and an element of discord arose between the two which was fuelled by Beaverbrook in his newspapers.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 360.</ref>


[[File:Caretaker Churchill on the Job (16547321940).jpg|thumb|Contemporary cartoon by [[John F. Knott]] for the ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]''. It depicts Churchill as the "caretaker on the job" – in reality, Churchill was a keen amateur [[bricklayer]].]]At noon on Wednesday, 23 May, Churchill tendered his resignation to King [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]].<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 845–846.</ref> He insisted on returning to Downing Street to keep up the pretence that the King had a free choice as to whom to invite to form the next government. He was summoned back to Buckingham Palace at four o'clock and the King asked him to form a new administration pending the outcome of the general election. Churchill accepted.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 846.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |title=Churchill: Walking with Destiny |year=2018 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |page=879 |isbn=978-02-41205-63-1}}</ref> It was agreed that Parliament would be dissolved on 15 June and the election would be held on 5 July. With many service personnel out of the country, it was decided that votes would not be counted until 26 July, allowing time to collect the service votes.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 360.</ref>
[[File:Caretaker Churchill on the Job (16547321940).jpg|thumb|Contemporary cartoon by [[John F. Knott]] for ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]''. It depicts Churchill as the "caretaker on the job" – in reality, Churchill was a keen amateur [[bricklayer]].]]
At noon on Wednesday, 23 May, Churchill tendered his resignation to the King.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 845–846.</ref> He insisted on returning to Downing Street to keep up the pretence that the King had a free choice as to whom to invite to form the next government. He was summoned back to Buckingham Palace at four o'clock and the King asked him to form a new administration pending the outcome of the general election. Churchill accepted.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 846.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |title=Churchill: Walking with Destiny |year=2018 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |page=879 |isbn=978-02-41205-63-1}}</ref> It was agreed that Parliament would be dissolved on 15 June and the election would be held on 5 July. With many service personnel out of the country, it was decided that votes would not be counted until 26 July, allowing time to collect the service votes.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 360.</ref>


==Formation of the caretaker government==
==Formation of the interim government==
Churchill's new government was known officially as the National Government and unofficially as the Caretaker Ministry. The official title implied a continuation of the [[National Government (United Kingdom)|Conservative-dominated coalition of the 1930s]], especially as it was composed mostly of Conservatives, supplemented by the small [[National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)|National Liberal]] party and some other individuals like [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|Sir John Anderson]] who had been associated with that government.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 364.</ref> Churchill had completed his Cabinet appointments by the morning of 26 May and drove with his wife [[Clementine Churchill|Clementine]] to his [[Woodford (UK Parliament constituency)|Woodford constituency]] where he gave his first speech of the election campaign.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 846.</ref> He commented on the "caretaker" nickname, saying: "They call us 'the Caretakers'; we condone the title, because it means that we shall take every good care of everything that affects the welfare of Britain and all classes in Britain".<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 364.</ref><ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 846.</ref> Churchill was formally reappointed prime minister by the King on 28 May.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 360.</ref>  
Churchill's new government was known officially as the National Government and unofficially as the "caretaker ministry". The official title implied a continuation of the [[National Government (United Kingdom)|Conservative-dominated coalition of the 1930s]], especially as it was composed mostly of Conservatives, supplemented by the small [[National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)|National Liberal]] party and some other individuals like [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|Sir John Anderson]] who had been associated with that government.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 364.</ref> Churchill had completed his Cabinet appointments by the morning of 26 May and drove with his wife [[Clementine Churchill|Clementine]] to his [[Woodford (UK Parliament constituency)|Woodford constituency]] where he gave his first speech of the election campaign.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 846.</ref> He commented on the "caretaker" nickname, saying: "They call us 'the Caretakers'; we condone the title, because it means that we shall take every good care of everything that affects the welfare of Britain and all classes in Britain".<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 364.</ref><ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 846.</ref> Churchill was formally reappointed Prime Minister by the King on 28 May.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 360.</ref>  


The Labour and Liberal parties formed the [[Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (United Kingdom)|Opposition]], except that one Liberal member, [[Gwilym Lloyd George, 1st Viscount Tenby|Gwilym Lloyd George]], accepted Churchill's invitation to continue as [[Minister of Fuel and Power]], the office he had held since 3 June 1942. While Churchill was obliged to replace all the other Labour and Liberal ministers in the coalition, he made no significant changes to the structure of the government. There were just two new posts: a [[Parliamentary secretary]] ([[Peter Thorneycroft]]) was appointed to the [[Ministry of War Transport]] and there was an additional [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] – [[Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat|Lord Lovat]] was appointed to share the role with future prime minister [[Alec Douglas-Home|Lord Dunglass]].<ref name="BB94">Butler & Butler 1994, pp. 17–20.</ref>
The Labour and Liberal parties formed the [[Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (United Kingdom)|Opposition]], except that one Liberal member, [[Gwilym Lloyd George, 1st Viscount Tenby|Gwilym Lloyd George]], accepted Churchill's invitation to continue as [[Minister of Fuel and Power]], the office he had held since 3 June 1942. While Churchill was obliged to replace all the other Labour and Liberal ministers in the coalition, he made no significant changes to the structure of the government. There were just two new posts: a [[Parliamentary secretary]] ([[Peter Thorneycroft]]) was appointed to the [[Ministry of War Transport]] and there was an additional [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] – [[Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat|Lord Lovat]] was appointed to share the role with future Prime Minister [[Alec Douglas-Home|Lord Dunglass]].<ref name="BB94">Butler & Butler 1994, pp. 17–20.</ref>


==Domestic events and policies==
==Domestic events and policies==
Pending the general election, Parliament sat on only fourteen days from 29 May to 15 June during the caretaker administration. There was some controversy on Thursday, 7 June, when Churchill refused a demand from the House of Commons to reveal all that was discussed at the [[Yalta Conference]], but said that there were no secret agreements.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Thomas M. |title=Day By Day: The Forties |year=1977 |publisher=Facts On File, Inc. |location=New York |page=500 |isbn=978-0-87196-375-8}}</ref> As confirmed by ''[[Hansard]]'', a total of 27 [[Act of Parliament|Acts]] received the [[Royal Assent]] on 15 June immediately prior to the [[Prorogation in the United Kingdom|Prorogation of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1945/jun/15/royal-assent |title=Royal Assent |publisher=Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 411, cols 1904–1905 |date=15 June 1945 |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> They all enacted legislation proposed and debated during the term of the wartime administration, among them the [[Family Allowances Act 1945]] which came into effect on 6 August 1946. This Act is important as the first UK law to provide [[child benefit]] and it is seen as a tribute to the work done over thirty years by [[Eleanor Rathbone]] who championed the family allowance cause.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=1089952 |last=Cross |first=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Cross |title=The Family Allowances Act, 1945 |journal=The Modern Law Review |volume=9 |issue=3 |date=October 1946 |pages=284–289 |publisher=London School of Economics & Political Science}}</ref> In his closing speech to Parliament, the King said that "legislation has been passed to provide for a scheme of family allowances, in which the families of serving men will be included".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1945/jun/15/his-majestys-most-gracious-speech |title=His Majesty's Most Gracious Speech |publisher=Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 411, cols 1905–1910 |date=15 June 1945 |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>
Pending the general election, Parliament sat on only fourteen days from 29 May to 15 June during the interim administration. There was some controversy on Thursday, 7 June, when Churchill refused a demand from the House of Commons to reveal all that was discussed at the [[Yalta Conference]], but said that there were no secret agreements.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Thomas M. |title=Day By Day: The Forties |year=1977 |publisher=Facts On File, Inc. |location=New York |page=500 |isbn=978-0-87196-375-8}}</ref> As confirmed by ''[[Hansard]]'', a total of 27 [[Act of Parliament|Acts]] received the [[Royal Assent]] on 15 June immediately prior to the [[Prorogation in the United Kingdom|Prorogation of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1945/jun/15/royal-assent |title=Royal Assent |publisher=Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 411, cols 1904–1905 |date=15 June 1945 |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> They all enacted legislation proposed and debated during the term of the wartime administration, among them the [[Family Allowances Act 1945]] which came into effect on 6 August 1946. This Act is important as the first UK law to provide [[child benefit]] and it is seen as a tribute to the work done over thirty years by [[Eleanor Rathbone]] who championed the family allowance cause.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=1089952 |last=Cross |first=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Cross |title=The Family Allowances Act, 1945 |journal=The Modern Law Review |volume=9 |issue=3 |date=October 1946 |pages=284–289 |publisher=London School of Economics & Political Science}}</ref> In his closing speech to Parliament, the King said that "legislation has been passed to provide for a scheme of family allowances, in which the families of serving men will be included".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1945/jun/15/his-majestys-most-gracious-speech |title=His Majesty's Most Gracious Speech |publisher=Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 411, cols 1905–1910 |date=15 June 1945 |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>


The government was actively involved in monitoring levels of [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|rationing]]. Key to this was the [[Minister of Food|Ministry of Food]] under [[John Llewellin, 1st Baron Llewellin|John Llewellin]] and his [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food|parliamentary secretary]], Florence Horsbrugh. A number of changes were actioned on 27 May, three weeks after VE Day, including cuts in the [[bacon]] ration from 4[[ounce|oz]] to 3oz per week, in the [[cooking fat]] ration from 2oz to 1oz, and a one-eighth cut in the [[soap]] ration, except for babies and young children.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/75-years-on-from-rationing-what-did-we-learn-9963115.html |last=Tingle |first=Rory |title=75 years on from rationing, what did we learn? |newspaper=The Independent |date=8 January 2015 |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Limited |location=London}}</ref><ref name="IZB">{{cite journal |jstor=2640057 |last=Zweiniger-Bargielowska |first=Ina |author-link=Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska |title=Rationing, Austerity and the Conservative Party Recovery after 1945 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=37 |issue=1 |date=March 1994 |pages=173–197 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> There was good news on 1 June for civilian motorists, though very few people owned private cars in 1945, when the basic [[petrol]] ration for civilians was restored. It had been abolished on 1 July 1942 when petrol consumption was restricted to military and industrial use only.<ref name="IZB"/> There was otherwise very little change with most food products continuing to be rationed as during the war. The same applied to [[clothing]] until 1949, and the [[Utility Clothing Scheme]] continued under its "Make Do and Mend" ethos.<ref name="IZB"/>
The government was actively involved in monitoring levels of [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|rationing]]. Key to this was the [[Minister of Food|Ministry of Food]] under [[John Llewellin, 1st Baron Llewellin|John Llewellin]] and his [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food|parliamentary secretary]], Florence Horsbrugh. A number of changes were actioned on 27 May, three weeks after VE Day, including cuts in the [[bacon]] ration from 4[[ounce|oz]] to 3oz per week, in the [[cooking fat]] ration from 2oz to 1oz, and a one-eighth cut in the [[soap]] ration, except for babies and young children.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/75-years-on-from-rationing-what-did-we-learn-9963115.html |last=Tingle |first=Rory |title=75 years on from rationing, what did we learn? |newspaper=The Independent |date=8 January 2015 |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Limited |location=London}}</ref><ref name="IZB">{{cite journal |jstor=2640057 |last=Zweiniger-Bargielowska |first=Ina |author-link=Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska |title=Rationing, Austerity and the Conservative Party Recovery after 1945 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=37 |issue=1 |date=March 1994 |pages=173–197 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> There was good news on 1 June for civilian motorists, though very few people owned private cars in 1945, when the basic [[petrol]] ration for civilians was restored. It had been abolished on 1 July 1942 when petrol consumption was restricted to military and industrial use only.<ref name="IZB"/> There was otherwise very little change with most food products continuing to be rationed as during the war. The same applied to [[clothing]] until 1949, and the [[Utility Clothing Scheme]] continued under its "Make Do and Mend" ethos.<ref name="IZB"/>
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The war against Japan continued for the duration of the caretaker ministry and [[Surrender of Japan|ended on 15 August]], three weeks after Churchill's resignation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/08/15/88279592.html?pageNumber=3 |title=Text of Hirohito's Radio Rescript |date=15 August 1945 |publisher=The New York Times |location=New York City |page=3 |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> Even before the defeat of Germany, Churchill had told the Americans that he wanted the [[Royal Navy]] to play a prominent role in the defeat of Japan and the liberation of Britain's Asian colonies, especially [[Singapore]]. The Americans were unenthusiastic, suspecting that Churchill's intentions were primarily imperialist. Neither [[Franklin Roosevelt]] nor [[Harry Truman]] had any intention of helping to sustain the [[British Empire]].<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 756.</ref>   
The war against Japan continued for the duration of the caretaker ministry and [[Surrender of Japan|ended on 15 August]], three weeks after Churchill's resignation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/08/15/88279592.html?pageNumber=3 |title=Text of Hirohito's Radio Rescript |date=15 August 1945 |publisher=The New York Times |location=New York City |page=3 |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> Even before the defeat of Germany, Churchill had told the Americans that he wanted the [[Royal Navy]] to play a prominent role in the defeat of Japan and the liberation of Britain's Asian colonies, especially [[Singapore]]. The Americans were unenthusiastic, suspecting that Churchill's intentions were primarily imperialist. Neither [[Franklin Roosevelt]] nor [[Harry Truman]] had any intention of helping to sustain the [[British Empire]].<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 756.</ref>   


In their successful [[Burma campaign 1944–45|campaigns of 1944 and the early months of 1945]], the British Army and its allies had mostly cleared Burma of Japanese forces by May 1945. [[Rangoon]] had fallen to the Allies on 2 May following the [[Battle of Elephant Point]]. While Churchill hoped for a triumphant re-entry to Singapore,<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 756.</ref> its recovery was logistically difficult and it remained under Japanese control until 12 September when it was finally recovered, following the Japanese surrender, by British forces in [[Operation Tiderace]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/39202.pdf |last=Park |first=Keith |title=Air Operations in South East Asia 3rd May 1945 to 12th September 1945 |publisher=War Office |location=London |date=August 1946}} published in {{London Gazette |issue=39202 |date=13 April 1951 |pages=2127–2172 |supp=y}}</ref>
In their successful [[Burma campaign 1944–45|campaigns of 1944 and the early months of 1945]], the British Army and its allies had mostly cleared Burma of Japanese forces by May 1945. [[Rangoon]] had fallen to the Allies on 2 May following the [[Battle of Elephant Point]]. While Churchill hoped for a triumphant re-entry into Singapore,<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 756.</ref> takeover was logistically difficult and it remained under now-friendly Japanese control until 12 September when it was finally recovered by British forces in [[Operation Tiderace]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/39202.pdf |last=Park |first=Keith |title=Air Operations in South East Asia 3rd May 1945 to 12th September 1945 |publisher=War Office |location=London |date=August 1946}} published in {{London Gazette |issue=39202 |date=13 April 1951 |pages=2127–2172 |supp=y}}</ref>


===Potsdam Conference===
===Potsdam Conference===
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===Levant Crisis===
===Levant Crisis===
Earlier, on 31 May, Churchill and Eden had intervened in the so-called [[Levant Crisis]] which had been initiated by French General [[Charles de Gaulle]]. Acting as head of the French [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|Provisional Government]], de Gaulle had ordered French forces to establish an air base in Syria and a naval base in Lebanon. The action provoked a nationalist outbreak in both countries and France responded with an armed retaliation, leading to many civilian deaths. With the situation escalating out of control, Churchill gave de Gaulle an ultimatum to desist. This was ignored and British forces from neighbouring [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] were mobilised to restore order. The French, heavily outnumbered, had no option but to return to their bases. A diplomatic row broke out and Churchill reportedly told a colleague that de Gaulle was "a great danger to peace and for Great Britain".<ref>{{cite book |last=Fenby |first=Jonathan |title=The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France he saved |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=London |year=2011 |pages=42–47 |isbn=978-18-47394-10-1}}</ref>
Earlier, on 31 May, Churchill and Eden had intervened in the so-called [[Levant Crisis]] which had been initiated by French General [[Charles de Gaulle]]. Acting as head of France's [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|Provisional Government]], de Gaulle had ordered French forces to establish an air base in Syria and a naval base in Lebanon. The action provoked a nationalist outbreak in both countries and France responded with an armed retaliation, leading to many civilian deaths. With the situation escalating out of control, Churchill gave de Gaulle an ultimatum to desist. This was ignored and British forces from neighbouring [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] were mobilised to restore order. The French, heavily outnumbered, had no option but to return to their bases. A diplomatic row broke out and Churchill reportedly told a colleague that de Gaulle was "a great danger to peace and for Great Britain".<ref>{{cite book |last=Fenby |first=Jonathan |title=The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France he saved |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=London |year=2011 |pages=42–47 |isbn=978-18-47394-10-1}}</ref>


==General election and resignation of Churchill==
==General election and resignation of Churchill==
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{{quotation|No Socialist Government conducting the entire life and industry of the country could afford to allow free, sharp, or violently-worded expressions of public discontent. They would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo, no doubt very humanely directed in the first instance.}}
{{quotation|No Socialist Government conducting the entire life and industry of the country could afford to allow free, sharp, or violently-worded expressions of public discontent. They would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo, no doubt very humanely directed in the first instance.}}


It backfired badly and Attlee made political capital by saying in his reply broadcast next day: "The voice we heard last night was that of Mr Churchill, but the mind was that of [[Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook|Lord Beaverbrook]]". [[Roy Jenkins]] says that this broadcast was "the making of Attlee".<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 793.</ref> [[Richard Toye]], writing in 2010, said the Gestapo speech had retained all of the notoriety it gained at the time of delivery. Many of Churchill's colleagues and supporters were appalled by it, including [[Leo Amery]] who praised Attlee's "adroit reply to Winston's rhodomontade".<ref>Toye 2010, pp. 655–656.</ref> The broadcast impacted the electorate's perception of Churchill as their national leader, causing him to lose credibility. The problem was that a national leader was expected to behave differently to a party leader during an election and Churchill failed to strike the right balance.<ref>Toye 2010, pp. 679–680.</ref>
It backfired badly and Attlee made political capital by saying in his reply broadcast next day: "The voice we heard last night was that of Mr Churchill, but the mind was that of [[Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook|Lord Beaverbrook]]". [[Roy Jenkins]] says that this broadcast was "the making of Attlee".<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 793.</ref> [[Richard Toye]], writing in 2010, says the Gestapo speech had retained all of the notoriety it gained at the time of delivery. Many of Churchill's colleagues and supporters were appalled by it, including [[Leo Amery]] who praised Attlee's "adroit reply to Winston's rhodomontade".<ref>Toye 2010, pp. 655–656.</ref> The broadcast impacted the electorate's perception of Churchill as their national leader, causing him to lose credibility. The problem was that a national leader was expected to behave differently to a party leader during an election and Churchill failed to strike the right balance.<ref>Toye 2010, pp. 679–680.</ref>


Nevertheless, although the Gestapo speech created a negative response, Churchill personally retained a very high approval rating in opinion polls and was still expected to win the election.<ref name="PA"/> The main reason for his defeat was underlying discontent with, and suspicion of, the Conservative party. There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Conservative-dominated government of the 1930s and, recognising the public mood, Labour ran a very effective campaign which focused on the real issues facing the British people in peacetime – the 1930s had been an era of poverty and mass unemployment, so Labour's manifesto promised full employment, improved housing and the provision of free medical services.<ref name="PA"/> These issues were foremost in the minds of the voters and Labour was trusted to resolve them.<ref name="PA"/>
Nevertheless, although the Gestapo speech created a negative response, Churchill personally retained a very high approval rating in opinion polls and was still expected to win the election.<ref name="PA"/> The main reason for his defeat was underlying discontent with, and suspicion of, the Conservative party. There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Conservative-dominated government of the 1930s and, recognising the public mood, Labour ran a very effective campaign which focused on the real issues facing the British people in peacetime – the 1930s had been an era of poverty and mass unemployment, so Labour's manifesto promised full employment, improved housing and the provision of free medical services.<ref name="PA"/> These issues were foremost in the minds of the voters and Labour was trusted to resolve them.<ref name="PA"/>
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Churchill's principal theme in the election campaign was always the perils inherent, as he saw them, in socialism, but the Conservatives had to offer an alternative and Churchill stressed to his colleagues that a Conservative government must be constructive.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 846–847.</ref> He saw the housing shortage as the main issue and announced his commitment to rebuilding in a broadcast on 13 June but, as with the Gestapo speech on 4 June, he ruined the effect by again insisting that Labour would deploy some form of political police to control the nation.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 847.</ref> On 3 July, he called for an intensive effort by his Cabinet colleagues to promote housebuilding<ref>Pelling 1980, p. 413.</ref> and prepare legislation for both national insurance and the NHS, but his concerns in these areas were unknown by the electorate to the extent that, when he addressed an audience in the Labour stronghold of [[Walthamstow]] that evening, he was almost forced to abandon the event because of booing and heckling.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 849.</ref> Many commentators felt that Churchill's election speeches lacked "vim" and there is a view that he was much more interested in what was happening in eastern Europe than in Great Britain, but eastern Europe was Churchill's primary concern at Potsdam.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 847–848.</ref>
Churchill's principal theme in the election campaign was always the perils inherent, as he saw them, in socialism, but the Conservatives had to offer an alternative and Churchill stressed to his colleagues that a Conservative government must be constructive.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 846–847.</ref> He saw the housing shortage as the main issue and announced his commitment to rebuilding in a broadcast on 13 June but, as with the Gestapo speech on 4 June, he ruined the effect by again insisting that Labour would deploy some form of political police to control the nation.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 847.</ref> On 3 July, he called for an intensive effort by his Cabinet colleagues to promote housebuilding<ref>Pelling 1980, p. 413.</ref> and prepare legislation for both national insurance and the NHS, but his concerns in these areas were unknown by the electorate to the extent that, when he addressed an audience in the Labour stronghold of [[Walthamstow]] that evening, he was almost forced to abandon the event because of booing and heckling.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 849.</ref> Many commentators felt that Churchill's election speeches lacked "vim" and there is a view that he was much more interested in what was happening in eastern Europe than in Great Britain, but eastern Europe was Churchill's primary concern at Potsdam.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 847–848.</ref>


Polling day was on 5 July and, after the agreed delay for collection of the overseas service votes, the results were declared on 26 July.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 360.</ref> The outcome was a landslide victory for the Labour Party with a Commons majority of 146 over all other parties.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 855.</ref> Churchill had a constitutional right to remain in office until defeated by a no confidence vote in the House of Commons. He wanted to exercise this right, partly so he could return to Potsdam as prime minister, but instead was persuaded to resign that evening and was succeeded by Attlee.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 855.</ref><ref>Hermiston 2016, pp. 366–367.</ref><ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 798–799.</ref><ref>Pelling 1980, p. 408.</ref>
Polling day was on 5 July and, after the agreed delay for collection of the overseas service votes, the results were declared on 26 July.<ref>Hermiston 2016, p. 360.</ref> The outcome was a landslide victory for the Labour Party with a Commons majority of 146 over all other parties.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 855.</ref> Churchill had a constitutional right to remain in office until defeated by a no confidence vote in the House of Commons. He wanted to exercise this right, partly so he could return to Potsdam as Prime Minister, but was instead persuaded to resign that evening and be succeeded by Attlee.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 855.</ref><ref>Hermiston 2016, pp. 366–367.</ref><ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 798–799.</ref><ref>Pelling 1980, p. 408.</ref>
 
The caretaker ministry's short term of office means that a critical assessment of its performance is difficult but [[Stuart Ball]] credits Churchill as "a good constructor of cabinets" and says that, although the 1945 government is sometimes unfairly dismissed, "it was a sound and capable team".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Ball |title=Churchill and the Conservative Party |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2001 |volume=11 |page=328 |jstor=3679426}}</ref> Gilbert points out that the ministry's efforts were overshadowed by the general election in which Churchill himself was the focus of public interest.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 849.</ref>


==Cabinet==
==Cabinet==
This table lists those ministers who held Cabinet membership in the caretaker ministry.<ref name="BB94"/> Many retained roles they held in the war ministry and these are marked ''in situ'' with the date of their original appointment. For new appointments, their predecessor's name is given. Unless otherwise stated, all were members of the Conservative Party.
This table lists those ministers who held Cabinet membership in the interim government.<ref name="BB94"/> Many retained roles they held in the war ministry and these are marked ''in situ'' with the date of their original appointment. For new appointments, their predecessor's name is given. Unless otherwise stated, all were members of the Conservative Party.
===Ministers who held Cabinet membership, 23 May – 26 July 1945===
===Ministers who held Cabinet membership, 23 May – 26 July 1945===
[[File:Leopold Amery MP.png|thumb|170px|[[Leo Amery]], [[Secretary of State for India and Burma]]]]
[[File:Leopold Amery MP.png|thumb|200px|[[Leo Amery]],<br />[[Secretary of State for India and Burma]]]]
[[File:Harold Macmillan in 1942.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Harold Macmillan]], [[Secretary of State for Air]]]]
[[File:Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos.png|thumb|200px|[[Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos|Oliver Lyttelton]],<br />[[President of the Board of Trade]] and [[Minister of Production]]]]
[[File:1st Earl of Woolton 1947.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton|Lord Woolton]], [[Lord President of the Council]]]]
[[File:Harold Macmillan in 1942.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Harold Macmillan]], <br />[[Secretary of State for Air]]]]
[[File:Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos.png|thumb|170px|[[Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos|Oliver Lyttelton]], [[President of the Board of Trade]] and [[Minister of Production]]]]
[[File:1st Earl of Woolton 1947.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton|Lord Woolton]],<br />[[Lord President of the Council]]]]
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; width:80%;"
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; width:75%;"
|-
|-
! scope="col" width="25%" | Portfolio
! scope="col" width="25%" | Portfolio
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| [[Secretary of State for Air]]
| [[Secretary of State for Air]]
| [[Harold Macmillan]]
| [[Harold Macmillan]]
| succeeded [[Sir Archibald Sinclair]]; Macmillan was previously [[Resident (title)|Minister-Resident]] in North-west Africa
| succeeded [[Sir Archibald Sinclair]]; Macmillan was previously [[Minister-Resident for West Africa]]
|-
|-
| [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
| [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
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==Ministers outside the Cabinet==
==Ministers outside the Cabinet==
This table lists those ministers who held non-Cabinet roles in the caretaker ministry.<ref name="BB94"/> Some retained roles they held in the war ministry and these are marked ''in situ'' with the date of their original appointment. For new appointments, their predecessor's name is given. Unless otherwise stated, all were members of the Conservative Party.
This table lists those ministers who held non-Cabinet roles in the interim government.<ref name="BB94"/> Some retained roles they held in the war ministry and these are marked ''in situ'' with the date of their original appointment. For new appointments, their predecessor's name is given. Unless otherwise stated, all were members of the Conservative Party.
===Government ministers who held offices without Cabinet membership, 23 May – 26 July 1945===
===Government ministers who held offices without Cabinet membership, 23 May – 26 July 1945===
[[File:Thelma Cazalet.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Thelma Cazalet-Keir]], [[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Ministry of Education]]]]
[[File:BrownErnest.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ernest Brown]],<br />[[Minister of Aircraft Production]]]]
[[File:Harrycrookshank.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Harry Crookshank]], [[Postmaster General of the United Kingdom|Postmaster General]]]]
[[File:Thelma Cazalet.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Thelma Cazalet-Keir]],<br />[[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Ministry of Education]]]]
[[File:Edward Grigg.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Edward Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham|Sir Edward Grigg]], [[Minister-Resident for the Middle East]]]]
[[File:Harrycrookshank.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Harry Crookshank]],<br />[[Postmaster General of the United Kingdom|Postmaster General]]]]
[[File:Leslie Hore.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Leslie Hore-Belisha]], [[Minister of National Insurance]]]]
[[File:Edward Grigg.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Edward Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham|Sir Edward Grigg]],<br />[[Minister-Resident for the Middle East]]]]
[[File:Flo horsbrugh.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Florence Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh|Florence Horsbrugh]], [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food]]]]
[[File:Leslie Hore.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Leslie Hore-Belisha]],<br />[[Minister of National Insurance]]]]
[[File:Lord Llewellin.jpg|thumb|170px|[[John Llewellin, 1st Baron Llewellin|John Llewellin]], [[Minister of Food]]]]
[[File:Flo horsbrugh.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Florence Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh|Florence Horsbrugh]],<br />[[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food]]]]
[[File:Baron Salter.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter|Sir Arthur Salter]], [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]]]
[[File:Lord Llewellin.jpg|thumb|200px|[[John Llewellin, 1st Baron Llewellin|John Llewellin]],<br />[[Minister of Food]]]]
[[File:Viscount Simon.jpg|thumb|170px|[[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon]], [[Lord Chancellor]]]]
[[File:Lord Mabane.jpg|thumb|200px|[[William Mabane]],<br />[[Minister of State for Foreign Affairs]]]]
[[File:Sir Spencer Summers.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Spencer Summers]], [[Secretary for Overseas Trade]]]]
[[File:Baron Salter.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter|Sir Arthur Salter]],<br />[[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]]]
[[File:Peter Thornycroft.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Peter Thorneycroft]], [[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Ministry of War Transport]]]]
[[File:Viscount Simon.jpg|thumb|200px|[[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon]],<br />[[Lord Chancellor]]]]
[[File:Sir Walter Womersley.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Sir Walter Womersley, 1st Baronet|Sir Walter Womersley]], [[Secretary of State for Work and Pensions|Minister for Pensions]]]]
[[File:Sir Spencer Summers.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Spencer Summers]],<br />[[Secretary for Overseas Trade]]]]
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; width:80%;"
[[File:Peter Thornycroft.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Peter Thorneycroft]],<br />[[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Ministry of War Transport]]]]
[[File:Ronald Tree.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ronald Tree]],<br />[[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Ministry of Town and Country Planning]]]]
[[File:Sir Walter Womersley.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sir Walter Womersley, 1st Baronet|Sir Walter Womersley]],<br />[[Secretary of State for Work and Pensions|Minister for Pensions]]]]
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; width:75%;"
|-
|-
! scope="col" width="30%" | Portfolio
! scope="col" width="30%" | Portfolio
Line 188: Line 191:
| [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
| [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
| [[Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter|Sir Arthur Salter]]
| [[Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter|Sir Arthur Salter]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]; succeeded [[Ernest Brown (British politician)|Ernest Brown]]; Salter was previously [[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Ministry of Shipping (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Shipping]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]; succeeded [[Ernest Brown]]; Salter was previously [[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Ministry of Shipping (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Shipping]]
|-
|-
| [[Minister of Aircraft Production]]
| [[Minister of Aircraft Production]]
| [[Ernest Brown (British politician)|Ernest Brown]]
| [[Ernest Brown]]
| Liberal National; succeeded [[Sir Stafford Cripps]]; Brown was previously [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
| Liberal National; succeeded [[Sir Stafford Cripps]]; Brown was previously [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
|-
|-
Line 223: Line 226:
|-
|-
| [[Minister of Supply]]
| [[Minister of Supply]]
| [[Andrew Rae Duncan|Sir Andrew Duncan]]
| [[Sir Andrew Duncan]]
|National; ''in situ'' – appointed 4 February 1942
|National; ''in situ'' – appointed 4 February 1942
|-
|-
Line 270: Line 273:
|National; ''in situ'' – appointed 21 November 1944; this ministry was terminated by the Attlee government
|National; ''in situ'' – appointed 21 November 1944; this ministry was terminated by the Attlee government
|-
|-
| [[Resident (title)|Minister-Resident]] for West Africa
| [[Minister-Resident for West Africa]]
| [[Harold Balfour]]
| [[Harold Balfour]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 21 November 1944; this ministry was terminated by the Attlee government
| ''in situ'' – appointed 21 November 1944; this ministry was terminated by the Attlee government
Line 282: Line 285:
| ''in situ'' – appointed 17 May 1940
| ''in situ'' – appointed 17 May 1940
|-
|-
| [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries]]
| [[Donald Scott (politician)|Donald Scott]]
| [[Donald Scott]]
| succeeded [[Tom Williams, Baron Williams of Barnburgh|Tom Williams]]; Scott was previously a backbench MP; position held jointly with the [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk|Duke of Norfolk]]
| succeeded [[Tom Williams, Baron Williams of Barnburgh|Tom Williams]]; Scott was previously a backbench MP; position held jointly with the [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk|Duke of Norfolk]]
|-
|-
| [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries]]
| [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk|Duke of Norfolk]]
| [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk|Duke of Norfolk]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 8 February 1941; position held jointly with [[Donald Scott (politician)|Donald Scott]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 8 February 1941; position held jointly with [[Donald Scott (politician)|Donald Scott]]
Line 295: Line 297:
|-
|-
| [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade]]
| [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade]]
| [[Charles Waterhouse (British politician)|Charles Waterhouse]]
| [[Charles Waterhouse]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 8 February 1941
| ''in situ'' – appointed 8 February 1941
|-
|-
| [[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
| [[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
| [[Robert Perkins (MP)|Robert Perkins]]
| [[Robert Perkins]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 22 March 1945
| ''in situ'' – appointed 22 March 1945
|-
|-
Line 335: Line 337:
|-
|-
| [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Pensions]]
| [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Pensions]]
| [[William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle|William Sidney]]
| [[William Sidney, 1st Viscount de l'Isle|William Sidney]]
| succeeded [[Wilfred Paling]]; Sidney was previously an army officer who first entered Parliament in October 1944
| succeeded [[Wilfred Paling]]; Sidney was previously an army officer who first entered Parliament in October 1944
|-
|-
Line 366: Line 368:
| ''in situ'' – appointed 14 January 1941
| ''in situ'' – appointed 14 January 1941
|-
|-
| [[Lord of the Treasury]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Lord of the Treasury|Lords of the Treasury]]
| [[Alec Beechman]]
| [[Alec Beechman]]
| Liberal National; ''in situ'' – appointed 28 September 1943
| Liberal National; ''in situ'' – appointed 28 September 1943
|-
|-
| [[Lord of the Treasury]]
| [[Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, 1st Baron Hailes|Patrick Buchan-Hepburn]]
| [[Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, 1st Baron Hailes|Patrick Buchan-Hepburn]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 6 December 1944
| ''in situ'' – appointed 6 December 1944
|-
|-
| [[Lord of the Treasury]]
| [[Sir Robert Cary, 1st Baronet|Robert Cary]]
| [[Sir Robert Cary, 1st Baronet|Robert Cary]]
| succeeded [[William John (politician)|William John]]; Cary was previously the [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to the [[Secretary of State for India and Burma]]
| succeeded [[William John (politician)|William John]]; Cary was previously the [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to the [[Secretary of State for India and Burma]]
|-
|-
| [[Lord of the Treasury]]
| [[Cedric Drewe]]
| [[Cedric Drewe]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 7 July 1944
| ''in situ'' – appointed 7 July 1944
|-
|-
| [[Lord of the Treasury]]
| [[Charles Mott-Radclyffe]]
| [[Charles Mott-Radclyffe]]
| succeeded [[Leslie Pym]]; Mott-Radclyffe was previously a backbench MP, first elected in 1942
| succeeded [[Leslie Pym]]; Mott-Radclyffe was previously a backbench MP, first elected in 1942
Line 394: Line 392:
| Liberal National; succeeded [[Richard Law, 1st Baron Coleraine|Richard Law]]; Mabane was previously [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food]]
| Liberal National; succeeded [[Richard Law, 1st Baron Coleraine|Richard Law]]; Mabane was previously [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food]]
|-
|-
| [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
| [[Alec Douglas-Home|Lord Dunglass]]
| [[Alec Douglas-Home|Lord Dunglass]]
| succeeded [[George Hall, 1st Viscount Hall|George Hall]]; Dunglass was previously a backbench MP having earlier been [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to Neville Chamberlain
| succeeded [[George Hall, 1st Viscount Hall|George Hall]]; Dunglass was previously a backbench MP having earlier been [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to Neville Chamberlain
|-
|-
| [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
| [[Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat|Lord Lovat]]
| [[Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat|Lord Lovat]]
|newly created as a joint role; Lovat served as a [[Commandos (United Kingdom)|Commandos]] officer during the war
|newly created as a joint role; Lovat served as a [[Commandos (United Kingdom)|Commandos]] officer during the war
|-
|-
| [[Under-Secretary of State for Air]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Under-Secretary of State for Air]]
| [[Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone|Quintin Hogg]]
| [[Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone|Quintin Hogg]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 12 April 1945
| ''in situ'' – appointed 12 April 1945
|-
|-
| [[Under-Secretary of State for Air]]
| [[David Field Beatty, 2nd Earl Beatty|Earl Beatty]]
| [[David Field Beatty, 2nd Earl Beatty|Earl Beatty]]
| succeeded [[Hugh Seely, 1st Baron Sherwood|Hugh Seely]]; Beatty was an army officer through the war
| succeeded [[Hugh Seely, 1st Baron Sherwood|Hugh Seely]]; Beatty was an army officer through the war
Line 414: Line 410:
| ''in situ'' – appointed 4 March 1942
| ''in situ'' – appointed 4 March 1942
|-
|-
| [[Under-Secretary of State for Scotland]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Under-Secretary of State for Scotland]]
| [[Allan Chapman (politician)|Allan Chapman]]
| [[Allan Chapman]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 4 March 1942
| ''in situ'' – appointed 4 March 1942
|-
|-
| [[Under-Secretary of State for Scotland]]
| [[Thomas Galbraith, 1st Baron Strathclyde|Thomas Galbraith]]
| [[Thomas Galbraith, 1st Baron Strathclyde|Thomas Galbraith]]
| succeeded [[Joseph Westwood]]; Galbraith was previously a backbench MP and was in the [[Scottish Naval Command]] during the war
| succeeded [[Joseph Westwood]]; Galbraith was previously a backbench MP and was in the [[Scottish Naval Command]] during the war
Line 435: Line 430:
|-
|-
| [[Civil Lord of the Admiralty]]
| [[Civil Lord of the Admiralty]]
| [[Richard Pilkington (1908–1976)|Richard Pilkington]]
| [[Richard Pilkington]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 4 March 1942
| ''in situ'' – appointed 4 March 1942
|-
|-
Line 458: Line 453:
| ''in situ'' – appointed 31 May 1940
| ''in situ'' – appointed 31 May 1940
|-
|-
| [[Lord in Waiting]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Lord in Waiting|Lords in Waiting]]
| [[Robert Munro, 1st Baron Alness|Lord Alness]]
| [[Robert Munro, 1st Baron Alness|Lord Alness]]
| Liberal National; ''in situ'' – appointed 4 June 1940
| Liberal National; ''in situ'' – appointed 4 June 1940
|-
|-
| [[Lord in Waiting]]
| [[Oswald Phipps, 4th Marquess of Normanby|Marquess of Normanby]]
| [[Oswald Phipps, 4th Marquess of Normanby|Marquess of Normanby]]
| ''in situ'' – appointed 22 March 1945
| ''in situ'' – appointed 22 March 1945
|-
|-
| [[Lord in Waiting]]
| [[Hugh Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland|10th Duke of Northumberland]]
| [[Hugh Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland|10th Duke of Northumberland]]
| succeeded [[Francis Agar-Robartes, 7th Viscount Clifden|Viscount Clifden]]; Northumberland was a [[Royal Artillery]] officer during the war
| succeeded [[Francis Agar-Robartes, 7th Viscount Clifden|Viscount Clifden]]; Northumberland was a [[Royal Artillery]] officer during the war
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Legacy==
The interim government's short term of office means that a critical assessment of its performance is difficult but [[Stuart Ball]] credits Churchill as "a good constructor of cabinets" and says that, although the 1945 government is sometimes unfairly dismissed, "it was a sound and capable team".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Ball |title=Churchill and the Conservative Party |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2001 |volume=11 |page=328 |jstor=3679426}}</ref> Gilbert points out that the ministry's efforts were overshadowed by the general election in which Churchill himself was the focus of public interest.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 849.</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 477: Line 473:
==Provenance==
==Provenance==
{{WPAttribution}}
{{WPAttribution}}
This article was wholly revised and then expanded by me between 18 July 2019 and 7 March 2021. After completion of further revisions in due course, it will be in order to remove the attribution tag. [[User:John Leach|John]] ([[User talk:John Leach|talk]]) 13:05, 9 June 2023 (CDT)
This article was wholly revised and then expanded by me between 18 July 2019 and 7 March 2021. After completion of further revisions in due course, it will be in order to remove the attribution tag. [[User:John Leach|John]] ([[User talk:John Leach|talk]]) 23:57, 9 June 2023 (CDT)[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]
 
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |author=Butler, David & Butler, Gareth |title=British Political Facts 1900–1994 |year=1994 |edition=7 |publisher=The Macmillan Press |location=Basingstoke and London |isbn=978-03-12121-47-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |title=Churchill: A Life |year=1991 |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |isbn=978-04-34291-83-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hermiston |first=Roger |title=All Behind You, Winston – Churchill's Great Coalition, 1940–45 |year=2016 |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |isbn=978-17-81316-64-1 }}
* {{cite book |first=Roy |last=Jenkins |author-link=Roy Jenkins |title=Churchill |year=2001 |publisher=Macmillan Press |location=London |isbn=978-03-30488-05-1 }}
* {{cite journal |jstor=2638675 |last=Pelling |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Pelling |title=The 1945 General Election Reconsidered |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=23 |issue=2 |date=June 1980 |pages=399–414 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite journal |jstor=23265382 |last=Toye |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Toye |title=Winston Churchill's "Crazy Broadcast": Party, Nation, and the 1945 Gestapo Speech |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |date=July 2010 |pages=655–680 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
 
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Best |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Best |title=Churchill: A Study in Greatness |year=2001 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-18-52852-53-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Neiberg |first=Michael| title=Potsdam: The End of World War II and the Remaking of Europe |year=2015 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York City |isbn=978-04-65075-25-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Nicol |first=Patricia |title=Sucking Eggs |publisher=Vintage Books |location=London |year=2010 |isbn=978-00-99521-12-9}}

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Winston Churchill speaking on 27 June 1945 during the general election campaign

Under Winston Churchill, a short-term British interim government held office from 23 May to 26 July 1945 during the latter stages of the Second World War. It succeeded the national coalition formed by Churchill after he was first appointed Prime Minister on 10 May 1940. The coalition had comprised leading members of the Conservative, Labour and Liberal parties and it was terminated soon after the defeat of Nazi Germany.

A general election was to be held on 5 July, the first since 1935, although the result could not be announced until 26 July because extra time was needed to collect the large numbers of votes by overseas service personnel. The Conservatives still held a large majority in the House of Commons, and so King George VI asked Churchill to form a temporary ministry until the election was completed. Although the "caretaker" government continued to fight the war against Japan in the Far East, Churchill's focus was on preparation for the Potsdam Conference where he, accompanied by Clement Attlee and Anthony Eden, would meet Joseph Stalin and Harry Truman.

The main concern on the home front, however, was post-war recovery including the need for reform in key areas such as education, health, housing, industry and social welfare. Campaigning mostly on those issues, the parties canvassed for support in the general election which resulted in a landslide victory for Labour. Churchill thereupon resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded by his erstwhile coalition deputy Attlee, who formed a Labour government.

Background

The 1935 general election had resulted in a Conservative victory with a substantial majority and Stanley Baldwin became Prime Minister.[1] In May 1937, Baldwin retired and was succeeded by Neville Chamberlain who continued Baldwin's foreign policy of appeasement in the face of German, Italian and Japanese aggression.[2] Having signed the Munich Agreement with Hitler in 1938, Chamberlain became alarmed by the dictator's continuing aggression and, in March 1939, signed the Anglo-Polish military alliance which supposedly guaranteed British support for Poland if attacked.[3] Chamberlain issued the declaration of war against Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939 and formed a war cabinet which included Churchill (out of office since June 1929) as First Lord of the Admiralty.[4]

Dissatisfaction with Chamberlain's leadership became widespread in the spring of 1940 after Germany successfully invaded Norway. In response, the House of Commons held the Conduct of the War debate from 7 to 9 May. At the end of the second day, the Labour opposition forced a division which was in effect a motion of no confidence in Chamberlain. The government's majority of 213 was reduced to 81, still a victory but in the circumstances a shattering blow for Chamberlain.[5]

Two days later on Friday, 10 May, Germany launched its invasion of the Netherlands and Belgium. Chamberlain had been contemplating resignation but then changed his mind because he felt a change of government at such a time would be inappropriate.[6] Later that day, the Labour Party decided that they would not join a national coalition under Chamberlain's leadership but agreed to do so under a different Conservative leader.[7] Chamberlain now resigned and advised the King to appoint Churchill as his successor. Churchill quickly created the national coalition, granting key roles to leading figures in the Labour and Liberal parties.[8] The coalition held firm despite some critical setbacks and, ultimately, in alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States, Britain was able to defeat Germany.[9]

Plans to extend the coalition

Winston Churchill (c) with Ernest Bevin (r) and Sir John Anderson (l) waving to the crowds in Whitehall on VE Day. Anderson joined the caretaker ministry but Bevin and his Labour colleagues did not.

In October 1944, Churchill had addressed the House of Commons and moved to extend Parliament by a further year pending the final defeat of Germany and, if possible, Japan. There had not been a general election since 1935 and Churchill was determined to hold one as soon as hostilities ceased. While he could not accurately predict the end of the war against Japan, he was confident that Germany would be defeated by the summer of 1945 and he told the Commons that "we must look to the termination of the war against Nazism as a pointer which will fix the date of the next general election".[10]

In early April 1945, with victory then imminent in the European theatre of operations, Churchill met his deputy Clement Attlee, who was the leader of the Labour Party, to discuss the future of the coalition. Attlee was due to depart for America on 17 April to attend the San Francisco Conference on creation of the United Nations. Travelling with him were ministers Anthony Eden, Florence Horsbrugh and Ellen Wilkinson. They would be out of the country until 16 May and Churchill assured Attlee that Parliament would not be dissolved in their absence. After VE Day on 8 May, Churchill changed his mind about an early election and decided to propose continuation of the coalition until after the defeat of Japan.[11]

In the meantime, however, Labour's Herbert Morrison, the coalition Home Secretary, had published a declaration called Let Us Face The Future which was effectively a party manifesto for the election. Several leading Conservatives made speeches in response. The electioneering may have been premature and it subsided after the death of Hitler on 30 April but quickly regathered pace after VE Day.[12] On 11 May, Churchill met Morrison and Ernest Bevin, the coalition's Minister of Labour, telling them that he wished to maintain the coalition until Japan had been defeated.[13] Their view, confirmed by Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC), was that the general election should be held in October regardless of the situation in the Far East as it was then widely thought the war against Japan might continue for another 18 months.[14][15] With Labour refusing to extend the coalition beyond October, Churchill began receiving calls from his own party to announce an election in June or July – leading Conservatives like Lord Beaverbrook and Brendan Bracken wanted to cash in on Churchill's personal popularity as "the man who won the war".[16] Labour, on the other hand, wanted Churchill's popularity to subside and, in addition, Morrison pointed out that a new and more accurate register of voters would be available by October.[17]

Attlee and Eden returned from America on 16 May and Attlee met Churchill that evening. While Attlee himself favoured continuation until the defeat of Japan, he was aware that the majority of Labour Party members thought differently.[18][19] Churchill sought a compromise and wrote a letter to the NEC which was amended by Bevin to include a pledge on social reform, but it was not enough. On Sunday, 20 May, the NEC voted for an October election and their resolution was backed overwhelmingly by the conference delegates next day.[20][21] Attlee phoned Churchill with the news and an element of discord arose between the two which was fuelled by Beaverbrook in his newspapers.[22]

Contemporary cartoon by John F. Knott for The Dallas Morning News. It depicts Churchill as the "caretaker on the job" – in reality, Churchill was a keen amateur bricklayer.

At noon on Wednesday, 23 May, Churchill tendered his resignation to the King.[23] He insisted on returning to Downing Street to keep up the pretence that the King had a free choice as to whom to invite to form the next government. He was summoned back to Buckingham Palace at four o'clock and the King asked him to form a new administration pending the outcome of the general election. Churchill accepted.[24][25] It was agreed that Parliament would be dissolved on 15 June and the election would be held on 5 July. With many service personnel out of the country, it was decided that votes would not be counted until 26 July, allowing time to collect the service votes.[26]

Formation of the interim government

Churchill's new government was known officially as the National Government and unofficially as the "caretaker ministry". The official title implied a continuation of the Conservative-dominated coalition of the 1930s, especially as it was composed mostly of Conservatives, supplemented by the small National Liberal party and some other individuals like Sir John Anderson who had been associated with that government.[27] Churchill had completed his Cabinet appointments by the morning of 26 May and drove with his wife Clementine to his Woodford constituency where he gave his first speech of the election campaign.[28] He commented on the "caretaker" nickname, saying: "They call us 'the Caretakers'; we condone the title, because it means that we shall take every good care of everything that affects the welfare of Britain and all classes in Britain".[29][30] Churchill was formally reappointed Prime Minister by the King on 28 May.[31]

The Labour and Liberal parties formed the Opposition, except that one Liberal member, Gwilym Lloyd George, accepted Churchill's invitation to continue as Minister of Fuel and Power, the office he had held since 3 June 1942. While Churchill was obliged to replace all the other Labour and Liberal ministers in the coalition, he made no significant changes to the structure of the government. There were just two new posts: a Parliamentary secretary (Peter Thorneycroft) was appointed to the Ministry of War Transport and there was an additional Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs – Lord Lovat was appointed to share the role with future Prime Minister Lord Dunglass.[32]

Domestic events and policies

Pending the general election, Parliament sat on only fourteen days from 29 May to 15 June during the interim administration. There was some controversy on Thursday, 7 June, when Churchill refused a demand from the House of Commons to reveal all that was discussed at the Yalta Conference, but said that there were no secret agreements.[33] As confirmed by Hansard, a total of 27 Acts received the Royal Assent on 15 June immediately prior to the Prorogation of Parliament.[34] They all enacted legislation proposed and debated during the term of the wartime administration, among them the Family Allowances Act 1945 which came into effect on 6 August 1946. This Act is important as the first UK law to provide child benefit and it is seen as a tribute to the work done over thirty years by Eleanor Rathbone who championed the family allowance cause.[35] In his closing speech to Parliament, the King said that "legislation has been passed to provide for a scheme of family allowances, in which the families of serving men will be included".[36]

The government was actively involved in monitoring levels of rationing. Key to this was the Ministry of Food under John Llewellin and his parliamentary secretary, Florence Horsbrugh. A number of changes were actioned on 27 May, three weeks after VE Day, including cuts in the bacon ration from 4oz to 3oz per week, in the cooking fat ration from 2oz to 1oz, and a one-eighth cut in the soap ration, except for babies and young children.[37][38] There was good news on 1 June for civilian motorists, though very few people owned private cars in 1945, when the basic petrol ration for civilians was restored. It had been abolished on 1 July 1942 when petrol consumption was restricted to military and industrial use only.[38] There was otherwise very little change with most food products continuing to be rationed as during the war. The same applied to clothing until 1949, and the Utility Clothing Scheme continued under its "Make Do and Mend" ethos.[38]

There was little opportunity within such a short Parliament, and with an election campaign underway, for any effective measures to be brought forward by the caretaker administration and so, for the most part, they kept a watching brief while trying to convince the electorate that they would get down to the real business after the election. With this in mind, a cornerstone of the Conservative manifesto was implementation of the coalition government's Four-Year Plan.[39] According to Martin Gilbert, Churchill was influenced in this by the views of his daughter Sarah.[40] The Four-Year Plan had been prepared two years earlier by William Beveridge and called for the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) and the welfare state. These measures were also part of the Labour manifesto and Churchill, encouraged by Sarah and others, decided to go further by promising free milk for the under-fives and a housing programme to ensure "homes for all".[41] The housing shortage was still the primary domestic issue when Churchill formed his third ministry in 1951 and future prime minister Harold Macmillan was appointed Minister of Housing and Local Government with a commitment to build 300,000 new houses per annum, a target he achieved.[42]

International events

Continuing the war against Japan

The war against Japan continued for the duration of the caretaker ministry and ended on 15 August, three weeks after Churchill's resignation.[43] Even before the defeat of Germany, Churchill had told the Americans that he wanted the Royal Navy to play a prominent role in the defeat of Japan and the liberation of Britain's Asian colonies, especially Singapore. The Americans were unenthusiastic, suspecting that Churchill's intentions were primarily imperialist. Neither Franklin Roosevelt nor Harry Truman had any intention of helping to sustain the British Empire.[44]

In their successful campaigns of 1944 and the early months of 1945, the British Army and its allies had mostly cleared Burma of Japanese forces by May 1945. Rangoon had fallen to the Allies on 2 May following the Battle of Elephant Point. While Churchill hoped for a triumphant re-entry into Singapore,[45] takeover was logistically difficult and it remained under now-friendly Japanese control until 12 September when it was finally recovered by British forces in Operation Tiderace.[46]

Potsdam Conference

Churchill at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945, with Stalin (second left) and Truman (centre). Admiral Leahy is fourth left.

Churchill was Great Britain's representative at the post-war Potsdam Conference when it opened on 17 July. It was a "Big Three" event with Joseph Stalin representing the Soviet Union and President Harry Truman the United States. Ever since the conference was first proposed, Churchill had worried about the countries of eastern Europe, especially Poland, which had been overrun by the Red Army.[47] He was accompanied at the sessions not only by Eden as Foreign Secretary but also by Attlee, pending the result of the general election held on 5 July.[48][49] They attended nine sessions in nine days before returning to England for their election counts. After the landslide Labour victory, Attlee returned to Potsdam with Ernest Bevin as the new Foreign Secretary and there were a further five days of discussion.[50]

According to Eden, Churchill's performance at Potsdam was "appalling" because he was unprepared and verbose. Eden said Churchill upset the Chinese, exasperated the Americans and was easily led by Stalin, whom he was supposed to be resisting.[51] This negative version of events is contradicted by Gilbert who describes Churchill's eager involvement in discussions with Stalin and Truman. Their main topics were the successful testing by the Americans of the atom bomb and the demarcation of a new frontier between Poland and East Germany. Stalin insisted on extending the frontier westward to the Oder and Western Neisse rivers, forming the Oder–Neisse line and thus incorporating most of Silesia into Poland. Churchill and Truman opposed this proposal but to no avail. Gilbert does recount that Field Marshal Montgomery was worried about Churchill's health, saying in a letter that Churchill had "put on ten years since I last saw him".[52]

Levant Crisis

Earlier, on 31 May, Churchill and Eden had intervened in the so-called Levant Crisis which had been initiated by French General Charles de Gaulle. Acting as head of France's Provisional Government, de Gaulle had ordered French forces to establish an air base in Syria and a naval base in Lebanon. The action provoked a nationalist outbreak in both countries and France responded with an armed retaliation, leading to many civilian deaths. With the situation escalating out of control, Churchill gave de Gaulle an ultimatum to desist. This was ignored and British forces from neighbouring Transjordan were mobilised to restore order. The French, heavily outnumbered, had no option but to return to their bases. A diplomatic row broke out and Churchill reportedly told a colleague that de Gaulle was "a great danger to peace and for Great Britain".[53]

General election and resignation of Churchill

Voters in Holborn arriving at their polling station.

Churchill mishandled the election campaign by resorting to party politics and trying to denigrate Labour.[54] On 4 June, he committed a serious political gaffe by saying in a radio broadcast that a Labour government would require "some form of Gestapo" to enforce its agenda:[55][56][57]

No Socialist Government conducting the entire life and industry of the country could afford to allow free, sharp, or violently-worded expressions of public discontent. They would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo, no doubt very humanely directed in the first instance.

It backfired badly and Attlee made political capital by saying in his reply broadcast next day: "The voice we heard last night was that of Mr Churchill, but the mind was that of Lord Beaverbrook". Roy Jenkins says that this broadcast was "the making of Attlee".[58] Richard Toye, writing in 2010, says the Gestapo speech had retained all of the notoriety it gained at the time of delivery. Many of Churchill's colleagues and supporters were appalled by it, including Leo Amery who praised Attlee's "adroit reply to Winston's rhodomontade".[59] The broadcast impacted the electorate's perception of Churchill as their national leader, causing him to lose credibility. The problem was that a national leader was expected to behave differently to a party leader during an election and Churchill failed to strike the right balance.[60]

Nevertheless, although the Gestapo speech created a negative response, Churchill personally retained a very high approval rating in opinion polls and was still expected to win the election.[56] The main reason for his defeat was underlying discontent with, and suspicion of, the Conservative party. There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Conservative-dominated government of the 1930s and, recognising the public mood, Labour ran a very effective campaign which focused on the real issues facing the British people in peacetime – the 1930s had been an era of poverty and mass unemployment, so Labour's manifesto promised full employment, improved housing and the provision of free medical services.[56] These issues were foremost in the minds of the voters and Labour was trusted to resolve them.[56]

Churchill's principal theme in the election campaign was always the perils inherent, as he saw them, in socialism, but the Conservatives had to offer an alternative and Churchill stressed to his colleagues that a Conservative government must be constructive.[61] He saw the housing shortage as the main issue and announced his commitment to rebuilding in a broadcast on 13 June but, as with the Gestapo speech on 4 June, he ruined the effect by again insisting that Labour would deploy some form of political police to control the nation.[62] On 3 July, he called for an intensive effort by his Cabinet colleagues to promote housebuilding[63] and prepare legislation for both national insurance and the NHS, but his concerns in these areas were unknown by the electorate to the extent that, when he addressed an audience in the Labour stronghold of Walthamstow that evening, he was almost forced to abandon the event because of booing and heckling.[64] Many commentators felt that Churchill's election speeches lacked "vim" and there is a view that he was much more interested in what was happening in eastern Europe than in Great Britain, but eastern Europe was Churchill's primary concern at Potsdam.[65]

Polling day was on 5 July and, after the agreed delay for collection of the overseas service votes, the results were declared on 26 July.[66] The outcome was a landslide victory for the Labour Party with a Commons majority of 146 over all other parties.[67] Churchill had a constitutional right to remain in office until defeated by a no confidence vote in the House of Commons. He wanted to exercise this right, partly so he could return to Potsdam as Prime Minister, but was instead persuaded to resign that evening and be succeeded by Attlee.[68][69][70][71]

Cabinet

This table lists those ministers who held Cabinet membership in the interim government.[32] Many retained roles they held in the war ministry and these are marked in situ with the date of their original appointment. For new appointments, their predecessor's name is given. Unless otherwise stated, all were members of the Conservative Party.

Ministers who held Cabinet membership, 23 May – 26 July 1945

Leo Amery,
Secretary of State for India and Burma
Oliver Lyttelton,
President of the Board of Trade and Minister of Production
Harold Macmillan,
Secretary of State for Air
Lord Woolton,
Lord President of the Council
Portfolio Minister Notes and citations
Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury Winston Churchill in situ – appointed 10 May 1940; Churchill was also the Minister of Defence
Lord President of the Council Lord Woolton National; succeeded Clement Attlee; Woolton was previously Minister of Reconstruction
Lord Privy Seal Lord Beaverbrook in situ – appointed 24 September 1943
Leader of the House of Lords Viscount Cranborne in situ – appointed 21 February 1942; Cranborne was also Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Anderson National; in situ – appointed 24 September 1943
Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden in situ – appointed 22 December 1940
Home Secretary Donald Somervell succeeded Herbert Morrison; Somervell was previously Attorney General
First Lord of the Admiralty Brendan Bracken succeeded A. V. Alexander; Bracken was previously Minister of Information
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Robert Hudson in situ – appointed 14 May 1940
Secretary of State for Air Harold Macmillan succeeded Sir Archibald Sinclair; Macmillan was previously Minister-Resident for West Africa
Secretary of State for the Colonies Oliver Stanley in situ – appointed 22 November 1942
Minister of Defence Winston Churchill in situ – appointed 10 May 1940 in addition to becoming Prime Minister
Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Viscount Cranborne in situ – appointed 24 September 1943; Cranborne was also Leader of the House of Lords
Minister of Education Richard Law succeeded Rab Butler; Law was previously Minister of State for Foreign Affairs
Secretary of State for India and Burma Leo Amery in situ – appointed 13 May 1940
Minister of Labour and National Service Rab Butler succeeded Ernest Bevin; Butler was previously Minister of Education
Minister of Production Oliver Lyttelton in situ – appointed 12 March 1942; Lyttelton was also President of the Board of Trade
Secretary of State for Scotland Earl of Rosebery National; succeeded Tom Johnston; Rosebery was previously a Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence in Scotland
President of the Board of Trade Oliver Lyttelton succeeded Hugh Dalton; Lyttelton was also Minister of Production
Secretary of State for War Sir P. J. Grigg in situ – appointed 22 February 1942

Ministers outside the Cabinet

This table lists those ministers who held non-Cabinet roles in the interim government.[32] Some retained roles they held in the war ministry and these are marked in situ with the date of their original appointment. For new appointments, their predecessor's name is given. Unless otherwise stated, all were members of the Conservative Party.

Government ministers who held offices without Cabinet membership, 23 May – 26 July 1945

Ernest Brown,
Minister of Aircraft Production
Thelma Cazalet-Keir,
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education
Harry Crookshank,
Postmaster General
Sir Edward Grigg,
Minister-Resident for the Middle East
Leslie Hore-Belisha,
Minister of National Insurance
Florence Horsbrugh,
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food
John Llewellin,
Minister of Food
William Mabane,
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs
Sir Arthur Salter,
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon,
Lord Chancellor
Spencer Summers,
Secretary for Overseas Trade
Peter Thorneycroft,
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport
Ronald Tree,
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning
Sir Walter Womersley,
Minister for Pensions
Portfolio Minister Notes and citations
Lord Chancellor Viscount Simon Liberal National; in situ – appointed 10 May 1940
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Sir Arthur Salter Independent; succeeded Ernest Brown; Salter was previously Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Shipping
Minister of Aircraft Production Ernest Brown Liberal National; succeeded Sir Stafford Cripps; Brown was previously Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Minister of Civil Aviation Viscount Swinton in situ – appointed 8 October 1944
Minister of Food John Llewellin in situ – appointed 11 November 1943
Minister of Fuel and Power Gwilym Lloyd George Liberal; in situ – appointed 3 June 1942
Minister of Health Henry Willink in situ – appointed 11 November 1943
Minister of Information Geoffrey Lloyd succeeded Brendan Bracken; Lloyd was previously Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Fuel and Power
Minister of National Insurance Leslie Hore-Belisha National; succeeded Sir William Jowitt; Hore-Belisha had been a backbench MP since 1940 when he resigned as Secretary of State for War
Minister for Pensions Sir Walter Womersley in situ – appointed 7 June 1939 by Neville Chamberlain; Womersley was the only minister to hold the same office throughout the war until the 1945 general election
Minister of Supply Sir Andrew Duncan National; in situ – appointed 4 February 1942
Minister of Town and Country Planning William Morrison in situ – appointed 30 December 1942
Minister of War Transport Lord Leathers in situ – appointed 1 May 1941
Minister of Works Duncan Sandys in situ – appointed 21 November 1944
Attorney General Sir David Maxwell Fyfe succeeded Sir Donald Somervell; Fyfe was previously Solicitor General
Solicitor General Sir Walter Monckton National; succeeded Sir David Maxwell Fyfe; a qualified legal advisor, Monckton was new to political office
Solicitor General for Scotland Sir David King Murray in situ – appointed 5 June 1941
Lord Advocate James Reid in situ – appointed 5 June 1941
Paymaster General Lord Cherwell in situ – appointed 30 December 1942
Postmaster General Harry Crookshank in situ – appointed 7 February 1943
Assistant Postmaster-General William Anstruther-Gray succeeded Robert Grimston; an MP since 1931, Anstruther-Gray served in the Coldstream Guards from 1939 to May 1945
Minister-Resident for the Middle East Sir Edward Grigg National; in situ – appointed 21 November 1944; this ministry was terminated by the Attlee government
Minister-Resident for West Africa Harold Balfour in situ – appointed 21 November 1944; this ministry was terminated by the Attlee government
Financial Secretary to the Admiralty James Thomas in situ – appointed 25 September 1943
Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty Sir Victor Warrender, Bt in situ – appointed 17 May 1940
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Donald Scott succeeded Tom Williams; Scott was previously a backbench MP; position held jointly with the Duke of Norfolk
Duke of Norfolk in situ – appointed 8 February 1941; position held jointly with Donald Scott
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Aircraft Production Alan Lennox-Boyd in situ – appointed 11 November 1943
Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade Charles Waterhouse in situ – appointed 8 February 1941
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Civil Aviation Robert Perkins in situ – appointed 22 March 1945
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education Thelma Cazalet-Keir succeeded James Chuter Ede; Cazalet-Keir was previously a backbench MP
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food Florence Horsbrugh succeeded William Mabane; Horsbrugh was previously Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Fuel and Power Sir Austin Hudson, Bt succeeded Tom Smith; Hudson was previously a backbench MP
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health Hamilton Kerr succeeded Florence Horsbrugh; Kerr was previously a backbench MP who served in the Royal Air Force from 1939 to May 1945
Parliamentary Secretary for India and Burma Earl of Scarbrough succeeded the Earl of Listowel; Scarbrough was a former MP who served in the Army during World War II
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Labour Malcolm McCorquodale in situ – appointed 4 February 1942
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of National Insurance Charles Peat in situ – appointed 22 March 1945
Secretary for Overseas Trade Spencer Summers succeeded Harcourt Johnstone; Summers was previously the Director-General of Regional Organisation at the Ministry of Supply
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Pensions William Sidney succeeded Wilfred Paling; Sidney was previously an army officer who first entered Parliament in October 1944
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Production John Maclay Liberal National; succeeded George Garro-Jones; Maclay was previously head of the British Merchant Shipping Mission to Washington, DC
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply Robert Grimston succeeded James de Rothschild; Grimston was previously Assistant Postmaster-General
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning Ronald Tree succeeded Arthur Jenkins; Tree was previously a backbench MP
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport Peter Thorneycroft no immediate predecessor; Thorneycroft was previously a backbench MP who served in the Royal Artillery through the war
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works Reginald Manningham-Buller succeeded George Hicks; Manningham-Buller was previously a backbench MP, having been first elected in 1943
Financial Secretary to the Treasury Osbert Peake in situ – appointed 29 October 1944
Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury James Stuart in situ – appointed 14 January 1941
Lords of the Treasury Alec Beechman Liberal National; in situ – appointed 28 September 1943
Patrick Buchan-Hepburn in situ – appointed 6 December 1944
Robert Cary succeeded William John; Cary was previously the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for India and Burma
Cedric Drewe in situ – appointed 7 July 1944
Charles Mott-Radclyffe succeeded Leslie Pym; Mott-Radclyffe was previously a backbench MP, first elected in 1942
Financial Secretary to the War Office Maurice Petherick succeeded Arthur Henderson; Petherick was previously a backbench MP
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs William Mabane Liberal National; succeeded Richard Law; Mabane was previously Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Lord Dunglass succeeded George Hall; Dunglass was previously a backbench MP having earlier been Parliamentary Private Secretary to Neville Chamberlain
Lord Lovat newly created as a joint role; Lovat served as a Commandos officer during the war
Under-Secretary of State for Air Quintin Hogg in situ – appointed 12 April 1945
Earl Beatty succeeded Hugh Seely; Beatty was an army officer through the war
Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Paul Emrys-Evans in situ – appointed 4 March 1942
Under-Secretary of State for Scotland Allan Chapman in situ – appointed 4 March 1942
Thomas Galbraith succeeded Joseph Westwood; Galbraith was previously a backbench MP and was in the Scottish Naval Command during the war
Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies Duke of Devonshire in situ – appointed 1 January 1943
Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department Earl of Munster in situ – appointed 31 October 1944
Under-Secretary of State for War Sir Henry Page Croft in situ – appointed 17 May 1940
Civil Lord of the Admiralty Richard Pilkington in situ – appointed 4 March 1942
Comptroller of the Household Leslie Pym succeeded George Mathers; Pym was previously a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury
Treasurer of the Household Sir James Edmondson in situ – appointed 12 March 1942
Vice-Chamberlain of the Household Arthur Young in situ – appointed 13 July 1944
Captain of the Gentlemen-at-Arms Earl Fortescue in situ – appointed 22 March 1945
Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard Lord Templemore in situ – appointed 31 May 1940
Lords in Waiting Lord Alness Liberal National; in situ – appointed 4 June 1940
Marquess of Normanby in situ – appointed 22 March 1945
10th Duke of Northumberland succeeded Viscount Clifden; Northumberland was a Royal Artillery officer during the war

Legacy

The interim government's short term of office means that a critical assessment of its performance is difficult but Stuart Ball credits Churchill as "a good constructor of cabinets" and says that, although the 1945 government is sometimes unfairly dismissed, "it was a sound and capable team".[72] Gilbert points out that the ministry's efforts were overshadowed by the general election in which Churchill himself was the focus of public interest.[73]

References

  1. ↑ Jenkins 2001, pp. 485–486.
  2. ↑ Jenkins 2001, pp. 514–515.
  3. ↑ Jenkins 2001, p. 543.
  4. ↑ Jenkins 2001, pp. 551–552.
  5. ↑ Jenkins 2001, pp. 576–582.
  6. ↑ Jenkins 2001, p. 583.
  7. ↑ Jenkins 2001, p. 586.
  8. ↑ Jenkins 2001, p. 586.
  9. ↑ Jenkins 2001, p. 585.
  10. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 356.
  11. ↑ Hermiston 2016, pp. 356–357.
  12. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 357.
  13. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 358.
  14. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 358.
  15. ↑ Pelling 1980, p. 401.
  16. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 356.
  17. ↑ Pelling 1980, p. 401.
  18. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 358.
  19. ↑ Pelling 1980, p. 402.
  20. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 359.
  21. ↑ Pelling 1980, p. 402.
  22. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 360.
  23. ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 845–846.
  24. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 846.
  25. ↑ Roberts, Andrew (2018). Churchill: Walking with Destiny. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-02-41205-63-1. 
  26. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 360.
  27. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 364.
  28. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 846.
  29. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 364.
  30. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 846.
  31. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 360.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Butler & Butler 1994, pp. 17–20.
  33. ↑ Leonard, Thomas M. (1977). Day By Day: The Forties. New York: Facts On File, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-87196-375-8. 
  34. ↑ Royal Assent. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 411, cols 1904–1905 (15 June 1945).
  35. ↑ Cross, Rupert (October 1946). "The Family Allowances Act, 1945". The Modern Law Review 9 (3): 284–289.
  36. ↑ His Majesty's Most Gracious Speech. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 411, cols 1905–1910 (15 June 1945).
  37. ↑ Tingle, Rory. 75 years on from rationing, what did we learn?, Independent Digital News & Media Limited, 8 January 2015.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina (March 1994). "Rationing, Austerity and the Conservative Party Recovery after 1945". The Historical Journal 37 (1): 173–197.
  39. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 847.
  40. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 847.
  41. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 847.
  42. ↑ Jenkins 2001, pp. 844–845.
  43. ↑ Text of Hirohito's Radio Rescript, The New York Times, 15 August 1945, p. 3.
  44. ↑ Jenkins 2001, p. 756.
  45. ↑ Jenkins 2001, p. 756.
  46. ↑ Park, Keith (August 1946). Air Operations in South East Asia 3rd May 1945 to 12th September 1945. War Office. published in Template:London Gazette
  47. ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 848–849.
  48. ↑ Pelling 1980, p. 404.
  49. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 848.
  50. ↑ Jenkins 2001, pp. 795–796.
  51. ↑ Jenkins 2001, p. 796.
  52. ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 850–854.
  53. ↑ Fenby, Jonathan (2011). The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France he saved. London: Simon & Schuster, 42–47. ISBN 978-18-47394-10-1. 
  54. ↑ Jenkins 2001, pp. =791–795.
  55. ↑ Jenkins 2001, p. 792.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Addison, Paul (17 February 2011). Why Churchill Lost in 1945. BBC History. BBC.
  57. ↑ Toye 2010, p. 655.
  58. ↑ Jenkins 2001, p. 793.
  59. ↑ Toye 2010, pp. 655–656.
  60. ↑ Toye 2010, pp. 679–680.
  61. ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 846–847.
  62. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 847.
  63. ↑ Pelling 1980, p. 413.
  64. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 849.
  65. ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 847–848.
  66. ↑ Hermiston 2016, p. 360.
  67. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 855.
  68. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 855.
  69. ↑ Hermiston 2016, pp. 366–367.
  70. ↑ Jenkins 2001, pp. 798–799.
  71. ↑ Pelling 1980, p. 408.
  72. ↑ Ball, Stuart (2001). "Churchill and the Conservative Party". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 11.
  73. ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 849.

Provenance

Some content on this page may previously have appeared on Wikipedia.

This article was wholly revised and then expanded by me between 18 July 2019 and 7 March 2021. After completion of further revisions in due course, it will be in order to remove the attribution tag. John (talk) 23:57, 9 June 2023 (CDT)

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