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The '''cedilla''' is a [[diacritic mark]] that resembles a hook curved to the left, placed below a letter and found in several languages using the [[Latin alphabet]]. For instance: '''[[ç]]''', '''[[çh]]''', '''[[ş]]''', '''[[ķ]]'''.
The '''cedilla''' ('''¸''') is a [[diacritic mark]] that resembles a hook curved to the left, placed below a letter and found in several languages using the [[Latin alphabet]]. For instance: '''[[ç]]''', '''[[çh]]''', '''[[ş]]'''.


==Current use in Romance languages==
==Current use in Romance languages==
The cedilla appared first in the [[Romance languages]], below the letter '''ç'''. In those tongues, '''c''' is pronounced [k] in general; but a '''c''' placed before ''e'', ''i'' or ''y'' is pronounced with a fricative sound which is [s], [tʃ] or [θ] according to the language. The cedilla below '''ç''' indicates that the fricative sound is pronounced exceptionnally in another position than before ''e'', ''i'' or ''y''.
The cedilla appeared first in the [[Romance languages]], below the letter '''[[c]]''': '''[[ç]]'''. In those tongues, '''c''' is pronounced [k] in general; but a '''c''' placed before ''e'', ''i'' or ''y'' is pronounced with a fricative sound which is [s], [tʃ] or [θ] according to the language. For a ''c'' in a position other than before ''e'', ''i'' or ''y'', the cedilla is used to indicate that, exceptionally, the fricative sound ([s], [tʃ] or [θ]) occurs.
* In [[Galician-Portuguese]], [[French]] and [[Francoprovençal]], '''ç''' before ''a, o, u'' is pronounced [s]; '''c''' before ''e, i, y'' is also pronounced [s]. In other positions, '''c''' is pronounced [k].
* In [[Galician-Portuguese]],<ref>In [[Galician]], according to the “reintegrationist” spelling of the [[Associaçom Galega da Língua]] (AGAL).</ref> [[French]] and [[Francoprovençal]]:
* In [[Occitan]] and [[Catalan]], '''ç''' before ''a, o, u'' or at word ending is pronounced [s]; '''c''' before ''e, i, y'' is also pronounced [s]. In other positions, '''c''' is pronounced [k].
** '''ç''' before ''a, o, u'' is pronounced [s] (in the same position, '''c''' is pronounced [k])
* In [[Aragonese]], '''ç''' before ''a, o, u'' is pronounced [θ]; '''c''' before ''e, i, y'' is also pronounced [θ]. In other positions, '''c''' is pronounced [k].   
** '''c''' before ''e, i, y'' is pronounced [s]
* In [[Friulian]], '''ç''' before ''a, o, u'' or at word ending is pronounced [tʃ]; '''c''' before ''e, i, y'' is also pronounced [tʃ]. In other positions, '''c''' is pronounced [k].
** in all other positions, '''c''' is pronounced [k].
* In [[Occitan]] and [[Catalan]]:
** '''ç''' before ''a, o, u'' or at word ending is pronounced [s] (in the same position, '''c''' is pronounced [k])
** '''c''' before ''e, i, y'' is pronounced [s]
** in all other positions, '''c''' is pronounced [k].
* In [[Aragonese]]:<ref>According to the spelling of the [[Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa]] (SLA).</ref>
**'''ç''' before ''a, o, u'' is pronounced [θ] (in the same position, '''c''' is pronounced [k])
**'''c''' before ''e, i, y'' is pronounced [θ]
**in all other positions, '''c''' is pronounced [k].   
* In [[Friulian]]:<ref>According to the unified “spelling of the Provinces”.</ref>
**'''ç''' before ''a, o, u'' or at word ending is pronounced [tʃ] (in the same position, '''c''' is pronounced [k])
**'''c''' before ''e, i, y'' is pronounced [tʃ]
**in all other positions, '''c''' is pronounced [k].


==Current use in non Romance languages==
==Current use in non-Romance languages==
* In various [[Turkic languages]] ([[Turkish]], [[Azeri]], [[Volga Tatar]], [[Crimean Tatar]], [[Gagauz]], [[Turkmen]]) and in some [[Iranian languages]] ([[Kurdish]], [[Zaza]]):  
* In [[English language|English]] (a [[Germanic languages|Germanic language]]), the cedilla can be found in Romance borrowings (usually French ones), for example: ''façade''.
** '''ç''' is pronounced [tʃ] (in contrast with '''c''' pronounced [dʒ])  
* In [[Albanian]], '''[[ç]]''' is pronounced [tʃ] (in contrast with '''[[c]]''' pronounced [ts]).
** '''ş''' is pronounced  [ʃ] (in contrast with '''s''' pronounced [s]).
* In various [[Turkic languages]] ([[Turkish]], [[Azeri]], [[Volga Tatar]], [[Crimean Tatar]], [[Gagauz]], [[Turkmen]]) and in [[Kurdish]] (an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]]):  
* In [[Manx]] (a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]]), '''çh''' is pronounced [tʃ] (in contrast with '''ch''' pronounced [x]).
** '''[[ç]]''' is pronounced [tʃ] (in contrast with '''[[c]]''' pronounced [dʒ])  
* In [[Latvian]] (a [[Baltic languages|Baltic language]]), a sort of cedilla (or comma) is found on the following palatal consonants: '''ķ''' pronounced [c], '''ļ''' pronounced [ʎ], '''ņ''' pronounced [ɲ], '''ģ''' (uppercase: '''Ģ''') pronounced [ɟ] and, formerly, '''ŗ'''.
** '''[[ş]]''' is pronounced  [ʃ] (in contrast with '''[[s]]''' pronounced [s]).
* In [[Zaza]] (an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]]):
** '''[[ç]]''' is pronounced [tʃ/ts] (in contrast with '''[[c]]''' pronounced [dʒ/dz])
** '''[[ş]]''' is pronounced  [ʃ] (in contrast with '''[[s]]''' pronounced [s]).
* In [[Manx]] (a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]]), '''[[çh]]''' is pronounced [tʃ] (in contrast with '''[[ch]]''' pronounced [x]).


==Diacritic marks not to be confused with the cedilla==
==Diacritic marks not to be confused with the cedilla==
* A [[comma]] below '''ș''' and '''ț''' occurs in [[Romanian]] (a [[Romance languages|Romance language]]) but it is often replaced by a cedilla ('''ş''', '''ţ''') because of computing input problems. In an accurate typography, the comma should be prefered.
* A [[comma]] occurs in [[Romanian]] (a [[Romance languages|Romance language]]) on '''[[ș]]''' and '''[[ț]]''' and in [[Latvian]] (a [[Baltic languages|Baltic language]]) on '''[[ģ]]''' (uppercase: '''Ģ'''), '''[[ķ]]''', '''[[ļ]]''' and '''[[ņ]]'''. It is often replaced by a cedilla ('''ş''', '''ţ'''...) because of computing input problems. In an accurate typography, the comma should be preferred; this concern is especially expressed in Romanian.  
* The [[ogonek]] resembles a hook that is curved to the right (in contrast with the left-curved cedilla): it occurs in [[Polish]] (a [[Slavic languages|Slavic language]]) below '''ą''' and '''ę''' and in [[Lithuanian]] (a [[Baltic languages|Baltic language]]) below '''ą, ę, į, ǫ, ų'''. Its use has been extented to various Native American languages.
* The [[ogonek]] resembles a hook that is curved to the right (in contrast with the left-curved cedilla): it occurs in [[Polish]] (a [[Slavic languages|Slavic language]]) below '''[[ą]]''' and '''[[ę]]''', in [[Kashubian]] (a [[Slavic languages|Slavic language]]) below '''[[ą]]''' and in [[Lithuanian]] (a [[Baltic languages|Baltic language]]) below '''[[ą]], [[ę]], [[į]], [[ǫ]], [[ų]]'''. Its use has been extended to various Native American languages ([[Cayuga]], [[Creek]], [[Navajo]], some [[Apache]] varieties, [[Tutchone]], [[Gwich'in]], [[Dogrib]], [[Ho-Chunk]]).


==History==
==History==
The primary shape of the cedilla was the letter '''z''' placed under the letter '''c''': ''cedilla'' is a Spanish word that means ‘little ''z''’. The little ''z'' was more and more simplified to look like a hook. The first use of the cedilla appeared during the Middle Ages in several [[Romance languages]] of south-west Europe ([[Spanish]], [[Galician-Portuguese]], [[Asturian-Leonese]], [[Aragonese]], [[Catalan]] and, lately, [[Occitan]]).  
The primary shape of the cedilla was the letter '''z''' placed under the letter '''c''': ''cedilla'' is a Spanish word that means ‘little ''z''’. The little ''z'' was more and more simplified to look like a hook.  


From the 16th century on, the cedilla was extended to other Romance languages like [[French]]. At the same time, it was progressively abandoned in Spanish and in Asturian-Leonese where it was replaced by the letter '''z''' which is pronounced like '''ç''' (that is: [θ]).
The first use of the cedilla appeared during the [[Middle Ages]] in several Romance languages of southern Europe, especially in the first documents written in [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and also, soon, in [[Galician-Portuguese language|Galician-Portuguese]], [[Asturian-Leonese language|Asturian-Leonese]], [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] and [[Italian language|Italian]].<ref>One can read a brief account of the spread of the cedilla in: [http://books.google.fr/books?id=2X9yWoUodaQC&pg=PA128&lpg=PA127&ots=XSaEWGcVPU&dq=c%C3%A9dille+gothique&output=html&sig=ACfU3U3wQI0FJ9a2RA4mV7Yl0IIlKDPFKg BLASCO FERRER Eduardo (1993) “Les plus anciens monuments de la langue sarde; histoire, genèse, description typologique et linguistique”, in SELIG Maria & FRANK Barbara & HARTMANN Jörg (1993) (ed.) ''Le Passage à l’écrit des langues romanes'', coll. Scriptoralia, Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 128 (available online)].</ref>


Since the 20th century, the cedilla has been adopted in recently codified Romance languages like [[Friulian]] and [[Francoprovençal]] and in non Romance languages. Non Romance languages have extended its use on new graphemes like '''çh''', '''ş''' or '''ķ'''.
From the 16th century on, the cedilla was extended to other Romance languages like [[French language|French]]. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, it was progressively abandoned in Spanish and in Asturian-Leonese (where it was replaced by the letter '''z''' which is pronounced like '''ç''', that is: [θ]). It was also abandoned in Sardinian and in Italian (where '''z''' was similarly preferred, but with different pronunciations).
 
Since the 20th century, the cedilla has been adopted in recently codified Romance languages like [[Friulian language|Friulian]] and [[Francoprovençal language|Francoprovençal]] and in non-Romance languages like [[Albanian language|Albanian]], various [[Turkic languages]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Zaza language|Zaza]] and [[Manx language|Manx]]. Non-Romance languages have extended its use to the new graphemes '''çh''' and '''ş'''.
 
==Footnotes==
{{reflist|r}}

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The cedilla (¸) is a diacritic mark that resembles a hook curved to the left, placed below a letter and found in several languages using the Latin alphabet. For instance: ç, çh, ş.

Current use in Romance languages

The cedilla appeared first in the Romance languages, below the letter c: ç. In those tongues, c is pronounced [k] in general; but a c placed before e, i or y is pronounced with a fricative sound which is [s], [tʃ] or [θ] according to the language. For a c in a position other than before e, i or y, the cedilla is used to indicate that, exceptionally, the fricative sound ([s], [tʃ] or [θ]) occurs.

  • In Galician-Portuguese,[1] French and Francoprovençal:
    • ç before a, o, u is pronounced [s] (in the same position, c is pronounced [k])
    • c before e, i, y is pronounced [s]
    • in all other positions, c is pronounced [k].
  • In Occitan and Catalan:
    • ç before a, o, u or at word ending is pronounced [s] (in the same position, c is pronounced [k])
    • c before e, i, y is pronounced [s]
    • in all other positions, c is pronounced [k].
  • In Aragonese:[2]
    • ç before a, o, u is pronounced [θ] (in the same position, c is pronounced [k])
    • c before e, i, y is pronounced [θ]
    • in all other positions, c is pronounced [k].
  • In Friulian:[3]
    • ç before a, o, u or at word ending is pronounced [tʃ] (in the same position, c is pronounced [k])
    • c before e, i, y is pronounced [tʃ]
    • in all other positions, c is pronounced [k].

Current use in non-Romance languages

Diacritic marks not to be confused with the cedilla

History

The primary shape of the cedilla was the letter z placed under the letter c: cedilla is a Spanish word that means ‘little z’. The little z was more and more simplified to look like a hook.

The first use of the cedilla appeared during the Middle Ages in several Romance languages of southern Europe, especially in the first documents written in Occitan and Spanish and also, soon, in Galician-Portuguese, Asturian-Leonese, Aragonese, Catalan, Sardinian and Italian.[4]

From the 16th century on, the cedilla was extended to other Romance languages like French. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, it was progressively abandoned in Spanish and in Asturian-Leonese (where it was replaced by the letter z which is pronounced like ç, that is: [θ]). It was also abandoned in Sardinian and in Italian (where z was similarly preferred, but with different pronunciations).

Since the 20th century, the cedilla has been adopted in recently codified Romance languages like Friulian and Francoprovençal and in non-Romance languages like Albanian, various Turkic languages, Kurdish, Zaza and Manx. Non-Romance languages have extended its use to the new graphemes çh and ş.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ In Galician, according to the “reintegrationist” spelling of the Associaçom Galega da Língua (AGAL).
  2. ↑ According to the spelling of the Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa (SLA).
  3. ↑ According to the unified “spelling of the Provinces”.
  4. ↑ One can read a brief account of the spread of the cedilla in: BLASCO FERRER Eduardo (1993) “Les plus anciens monuments de la langue sarde; histoire, genèse, description typologique et linguistique”, in SELIG Maria & FRANK Barbara & HARTMANN Jörg (1993) (ed.) Le Passage à l’écrit des langues romanes, coll. Scriptoralia, Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 128 (available online).
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