Phymatochilum: Difference between revisions
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==Distribution and habit== | ==Distribution and habit== | ||
''Phymatochilum brasiliense'' is a comparatively large sympodial epiphyte species which inhabits high areas of the [[Atlantic Forest]] of [[Rio de Janeiro State|Rio de Janeiro]], [[São Paulo State|São Paulo]], [[Espírito Santo]], [[Minas Gerais]] and [[Pernambuco]] States of Brazil,<ref name="OB"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Pabst, Guido & Dungs, Fritz </span> (1978). '''Orchidaceae Brasilienses vol. 2''' p. 195. Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim. ISBN 3871050107 </ref> particularly in the warmer areas around [[Serra do Mar]] chain of mountains, where it is somewhat rare. It grows under the shadow of [[tree]]s, however, mostly near the jungles well ventilated clearances where it can get brighter light, between 600 and 1,300 meters of [[altitude]] in dryer areas. It ordinarily grows over the trees where the shade is not intense, on thick branches.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Baker, Charles O & Baker, Margaret L.</span> (2006). ''Miltonia phymatochila'' in '''Orchid Species Culture''' Oncidium/Odontoglossum Alliance: 345, Timber Press. ISBN 9780881927757 </ref> | ''Phymatochilum brasiliense'' is a comparatively large sympodial epiphyte species which inhabits high areas of the [[Atlantic Forest]] of [[Rio de Janeiro State|Rio de Janeiro]], [[São Paulo State|São Paulo]], [[Espírito Santo]], [[Minas Gerais]] and [[Pernambuco]] States of Brazil,<ref name="OB"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Pabst, Guido & Dungs, Fritz </span> (1978). '''Orchidaceae Brasilienses vol. 2''' p. 195. Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim. ISBN 3871050107 </ref> particularly in the warmer areas around [[Serra do Mar]] chain of mountains, where it is somewhat rare. It grows under the shadow of [[tree]]s, however, mostly near the jungles well ventilated clearances where it can get brighter light, between 600 and 1,300 meters of [[altitude]] in dryer areas. It ordinarily grows over the trees where the shade is not intense, on thick branches.<ref name="CB"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Baker, Charles O & Baker, Margaret L.</span> (2006). ''Miltonia phymatochila'' in '''Orchid Species Culture''' Oncidium/Odontoglossum Alliance: 345, Timber Press. ISBN 9780881927757 </ref> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
{{Image|Phymatochilum brasiliense ill.jpg|left|260px|'''''Phymatochilum brasiliense'', illustration'''<br><small>This illustration, drawn after the same specimen Clowes sent to Lindley and he used to describe the species, was published by William Hooker on Curtis Botanical Magazine in 1860.</small>}} | |||
''Phymatochilum brasiliense'' presents a large number of robust, long and simple or slightly branched [[root]]s shooting from a highly short and robust [[rhyzome]] which gives birth to aggregated [[pseudobulb]]s. The pseudobulbs are erect, smooth and light green when young and later minutely wrinkled and brownish green, very robust and large, which may vary form slightly fusiform to the most common rounded shape although clearly flattened that bears one [[leaf]] only At the base the pseudobulbs are protected by four large distichous, carinated, imbricating and subequitant bracts, the longest of them the same length of the pseudobulb.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hooker, William J.</span> (1903). ''Oncidium phymatochilum'' in '''Curtis Botanical Magazine''' 86(3): 16 t.5214. London. [http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753002721600 Published on Internet.]</ref> The leaf is erect, slightly concave and curved, leathery and thick, rigid despite somewhat flexible, meaning it will not break when it is slightly curved; at the base it is folded; green on the face, presenting numerous nervures, paler and brownish on the back where it shows a salient medium nerve. The [[inflorescence]] is basal, slender, pale green with subtle minute purple dots, highly alternately branched and large, sometimes bearing hundreds of [[flower]]s placed at regular distances. | |||
The flowers have a rounded but slightly triangular [[ovary]]; their segments are wide opened with yellow green [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s, transversally stained or striped of brown; and white [[labellum]] with a yellow warted callus close to the base surrounded by brown orange stains. The sepals and petals are linear, elongated and highly acute, curved at the apexes, the petals slightly shorter and wider that the sepals and the sepals more twisted than the petals. The labellum is slightly convex, shorter than the other segments, almost flat, three lobed, the lateral ones are rounded forming tow auricles and the intermediate is triangular, highly pointed and spotless. The [[column (botany)|column]] is curved with two large often laciniated wings lateral to the [[stigma]] and a terminal [[anther]].<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cogniaux, Célestin Alfred</span> (1903). ''Oncidium phymatochilum'' in '''Flora Brasiliensis 3-6''': 384-5. K.F.P. von Martius Ed.. [http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/search?taxon_id=12545 Published on Internet, in Latin.]</ref> ''Phymatochilum brasiliense'' blooms between from the end of [[summer]] to middle [[autumn]] and its sweet fragrant flowers last for about two weeks. There is no reference about their [[pollinators]]. | |||
Although closely related to ''Miltonia'', ''Phymatochilum brasiliense'' does not have many morphologic characteristics in common with them: It presents much more robust pseudobulbs and leaves, which also are of different color and shapes. The rhyzome is shorter; the psudobulbs closer to each other, much fleshier and more fibrous, almost rounded, darker. The leaves are much wider, leathery, thicker, darker and clearly veined, in all with an aspect that reminds the one of ''[[Maxillaria setigera]]''. The inflorescence is branched, almost three times taller than the leaves, bearing more than a hundred small ''[[Oncidium]]'' type flowers. | |||
''Phymatochilum brasiliense'' is not hard to grow. Their roots are somewhat sensitive excessive humidity therefore it is important they are potted in a well drained [[substrate]] and placed in a warm and well ventilated location at the [[greenhouse]]. As they show a rest period after blooming, it is beneficial to reduce watering while they are not in active growth period, and resume abundant watering again during active growth. Moderate weekly fertilizing with a balanced formula is beneficial during active growth. They may be potted in a compost of vegetable fiber and some medium sized lumps of [[charcoal]]. As they usually inhabit sunny areas they enjoy a good amount of [[light]], although never full [[sunlight]], therefore the best place for them is the sunnier in the greenhouse, the same where the ''[[Cattleya]]'' are.<ref name="CB"/> | |||
==Taxonomic notes== | |||
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{{Image|Phymatochilum brasiliense4.jpg|right|300px|'''''Phymatochilum brasiliense'''''<br><small>This species has very robust pseudobulbs and leaves.</small>}} | |||
{{Image|Phymatochilum | |||
For some unknown reason there is a number of original descriptions by [[John Lindley]], of plants received from Loddiges, that record [[Mexico]], instead of Brazil, as the country of origin of the plants. It is not known if this information came from [[Lodd.|Loddiges]], whether they were later confusions at the herbarium or either if it was a mistake on transport records. Some of these mistakes, particularly when occurred with less noticeable plants as ''[[Pabstiella crenata]]'' are still been solved. Some of these descriptions yet have to be cleared. The description of ''Phymatochilum brasiliense'' was one of these mistakes. This species is not recorded in Mexico or [[Central America]] after this early records.<ref name="K"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Govaerts, Rafaël ''et al''</span>: '''World Checklist of Orchidaceae'''. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [http://www.kew.org/wcsp Published on Internet] (Access in March 2009).</ref> Anyway, in 1847, Lindley received two different plants one from Loddiges and another from reverend Clowes, from Liverpool, an orchid enthusiast Lindley homaged when describing ''[[Miltonia clowesii]]'', and the following year he described it under the genus ''Oncidium'' as ''O. phymatochilum'', chossing this name in reference to the warted labellum of its flowers.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lindley, John</span> (1848). ''Oncidium phymatochilum'' in '''Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1848''': 139. England.</ref> | For some unknown reason there is a number of original descriptions by [[John Lindley]], of plants received from Loddiges, that record [[Mexico]], instead of Brazil, as the country of origin of the plants. It is not known if this information came from [[Lodd.|Loddiges]], whether they were later confusions at the herbarium or either if it was a mistake on transport records. Some of these mistakes, particularly when occurred with less noticeable plants as ''[[Pabstiella crenata]]'' are still been solved. Some of these descriptions yet have to be cleared. The description of ''Phymatochilum brasiliense'' was one of these mistakes. This species is not recorded in Mexico or [[Central America]] after this early records.<ref name="K"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Govaerts, Rafaël ''et al''</span>: '''World Checklist of Orchidaceae'''. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [http://www.kew.org/wcsp Published on Internet] (Access in March 2009).</ref> Anyway, in 1847, Lindley received two different plants one from Loddiges and another from reverend Clowes, from Liverpool, an orchid enthusiast Lindley homaged when describing ''[[Miltonia clowesii]]'', and the following year he described it under the genus ''Oncidium'' as ''O. phymatochilum'', chossing this name in reference to the warted labellum of its flowers.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lindley, John</span> (1848). ''Oncidium phymatochilum'' in '''Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1848''': 139. England.</ref> | ||
''Phymatochilum brasiliense'', whose flowers are very similar to the ones of ''Oncidium'' was in fact considered a member of this genus until 2001 when, based on the results of their molecular analysis, it was moved by [[N.H.Williams| Norris Williams]] and [[M.W.Chase|Mark Chase]] to the genus ''Miltonia''. On the transfer publication they claim that, despite the morphologic differences, the relationship is very close and, supposedly, they did not want to propose a new genus to subordinate one species only.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Williams, Norris H. & Chase, Mark W.</span> (2001). ''Miltonia phymatochila'' in '''Lindleyana 16''': 284.</ref> As this species shows a morphology that is closer to ''Oncidium'' species than to ''Miltonia'', because of its small yellowish flowers and highly branched inflorescence, this result and following transfer was a great surprise to most taxonomists. Therefore, in 2005, [[Eric Christenson]] suggested a new genus and the name ''Phymatochilum brasiliense'' for it.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Christenson, Eric A.</span> (2005). ''Phymatochilum brasiliense'' in '''Richardiana 5''': 195.</ref> There is no consensus about the name to be generally accepted as yet. | |||
Molecular analysis shows that ''Phymatochilum'' most closely related genus is ''[[Miltonia]]'' and then ''[[Aspasia (orchid)|Aspasia]]'', ''[[Brassia]]'' and ''[[Ada]]'', which are the most important genera included in this that is one of the eight clades that form the subtribus [[Oncidiinae]] of tribus [[Cymbidieae]].<ref name="NH"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Williams NH, Chase MW, Fulcher T, Whitten WM</span> (2001). ''Molecular systematics of the Oncidiinae based on evidence from four DNA sequence regions: expanded circumscriptions of Cyrtochilum, Erycina, Otoglossum, and Trichocentrum and a new genus (Orchidaceae)'' in '''Lindleyana 16(2)''': 113-139.</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
Latest revision as of 06:00, 4 October 2024
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Phymatochilum is an orchid genus formed by only one species, Phymatochilum brasiliense, inhabitant of Serra do Mar mountains in Brazilian southeast and northeast, which vegetatively resembles Oncidium species, however, is more closely related to the genus Miltonia.
Distribution and habit
Phymatochilum brasiliense is a comparatively large sympodial epiphyte species which inhabits high areas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Pernambuco States of Brazil,[1] particularly in the warmer areas around Serra do Mar chain of mountains, where it is somewhat rare. It grows under the shadow of trees, however, mostly near the jungles well ventilated clearances where it can get brighter light, between 600 and 1,300 meters of altitude in dryer areas. It ordinarily grows over the trees where the shade is not intense, on thick branches.[2]
Description
Phymatochilum brasiliense presents a large number of robust, long and simple or slightly branched roots shooting from a highly short and robust rhyzome which gives birth to aggregated pseudobulbs. The pseudobulbs are erect, smooth and light green when young and later minutely wrinkled and brownish green, very robust and large, which may vary form slightly fusiform to the most common rounded shape although clearly flattened that bears one leaf only At the base the pseudobulbs are protected by four large distichous, carinated, imbricating and subequitant bracts, the longest of them the same length of the pseudobulb.[3] The leaf is erect, slightly concave and curved, leathery and thick, rigid despite somewhat flexible, meaning it will not break when it is slightly curved; at the base it is folded; green on the face, presenting numerous nervures, paler and brownish on the back where it shows a salient medium nerve. The inflorescence is basal, slender, pale green with subtle minute purple dots, highly alternately branched and large, sometimes bearing hundreds of flowers placed at regular distances.
The flowers have a rounded but slightly triangular ovary; their segments are wide opened with yellow green sepals and petals, transversally stained or striped of brown; and white labellum with a yellow warted callus close to the base surrounded by brown orange stains. The sepals and petals are linear, elongated and highly acute, curved at the apexes, the petals slightly shorter and wider that the sepals and the sepals more twisted than the petals. The labellum is slightly convex, shorter than the other segments, almost flat, three lobed, the lateral ones are rounded forming tow auricles and the intermediate is triangular, highly pointed and spotless. The column is curved with two large often laciniated wings lateral to the stigma and a terminal anther.[4] Phymatochilum brasiliense blooms between from the end of summer to middle autumn and its sweet fragrant flowers last for about two weeks. There is no reference about their pollinators.
Although closely related to Miltonia, Phymatochilum brasiliense does not have many morphologic characteristics in common with them: It presents much more robust pseudobulbs and leaves, which also are of different color and shapes. The rhyzome is shorter; the psudobulbs closer to each other, much fleshier and more fibrous, almost rounded, darker. The leaves are much wider, leathery, thicker, darker and clearly veined, in all with an aspect that reminds the one of Maxillaria setigera. The inflorescence is branched, almost three times taller than the leaves, bearing more than a hundred small Oncidium type flowers.
Phymatochilum brasiliense is not hard to grow. Their roots are somewhat sensitive excessive humidity therefore it is important they are potted in a well drained substrate and placed in a warm and well ventilated location at the greenhouse. As they show a rest period after blooming, it is beneficial to reduce watering while they are not in active growth period, and resume abundant watering again during active growth. Moderate weekly fertilizing with a balanced formula is beneficial during active growth. They may be potted in a compost of vegetable fiber and some medium sized lumps of charcoal. As they usually inhabit sunny areas they enjoy a good amount of light, although never full sunlight, therefore the best place for them is the sunnier in the greenhouse, the same where the Cattleya are.[2]
Taxonomic notes
| Measures (mm) | ||
| Structure | Length | Width |
| Rhizome | 15 | 15 |
| Leaf | 500 | 100 |
| Pseudobulb | 100 | 70 |
| Inflorescence | 1800 | - |
| Flower | 50 | 25 |
| Sepal | 35 | 3 |
| Petal | 25 | 3 |
| Labellum | 18 | 12 |
For some unknown reason there is a number of original descriptions by John Lindley, of plants received from Loddiges, that record Mexico, instead of Brazil, as the country of origin of the plants. It is not known if this information came from Loddiges, whether they were later confusions at the herbarium or either if it was a mistake on transport records. Some of these mistakes, particularly when occurred with less noticeable plants as Pabstiella crenata are still been solved. Some of these descriptions yet have to be cleared. The description of Phymatochilum brasiliense was one of these mistakes. This species is not recorded in Mexico or Central America after this early records.[5] Anyway, in 1847, Lindley received two different plants one from Loddiges and another from reverend Clowes, from Liverpool, an orchid enthusiast Lindley homaged when describing Miltonia clowesii, and the following year he described it under the genus Oncidium as O. phymatochilum, chossing this name in reference to the warted labellum of its flowers.[6]
Phymatochilum brasiliense, whose flowers are very similar to the ones of Oncidium was in fact considered a member of this genus until 2001 when, based on the results of their molecular analysis, it was moved by Norris Williams and Mark Chase to the genus Miltonia. On the transfer publication they claim that, despite the morphologic differences, the relationship is very close and, supposedly, they did not want to propose a new genus to subordinate one species only.[7] As this species shows a morphology that is closer to Oncidium species than to Miltonia, because of its small yellowish flowers and highly branched inflorescence, this result and following transfer was a great surprise to most taxonomists. Therefore, in 2005, Eric Christenson suggested a new genus and the name Phymatochilum brasiliense for it.[8] There is no consensus about the name to be generally accepted as yet.
Molecular analysis shows that Phymatochilum most closely related genus is Miltonia and then Aspasia, Brassia and Ada, which are the most important genera included in this that is one of the eight clades that form the subtribus Oncidiinae of tribus Cymbidieae.[9]
References
- ↑ Pabst, Guido & Dungs, Fritz (1978). Orchidaceae Brasilienses vol. 2 p. 195. Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim. ISBN 3871050107
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Baker, Charles O & Baker, Margaret L. (2006). Miltonia phymatochila in Orchid Species Culture Oncidium/Odontoglossum Alliance: 345, Timber Press. ISBN 9780881927757
- ↑ Hooker, William J. (1903). Oncidium phymatochilum in Curtis Botanical Magazine 86(3): 16 t.5214. London. Published on Internet.
- ↑ Cogniaux, Célestin Alfred (1903). Oncidium phymatochilum in Flora Brasiliensis 3-6: 384-5. K.F.P. von Martius Ed.. Published on Internet, in Latin.
- ↑ Govaerts, Rafaël et al: World Checklist of Orchidaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on Internet (Access in March 2009).
- ↑ Lindley, John (1848). Oncidium phymatochilum in Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1848: 139. England.
- ↑ Williams, Norris H. & Chase, Mark W. (2001). Miltonia phymatochila in Lindleyana 16: 284.
- ↑ Christenson, Eric A. (2005). Phymatochilum brasiliense in Richardiana 5: 195.
- ↑ Williams NH, Chase MW, Fulcher T, Whitten WM (2001). Molecular systematics of the Oncidiinae based on evidence from four DNA sequence regions: expanded circumscriptions of Cyrtochilum, Erycina, Otoglossum, and Trichocentrum and a new genus (Orchidaceae) in Lindleyana 16(2): 113-139.