White German Shepherd Dog: Difference between revisions

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The '''Berger Blanc Suisse''' (White Swiss Shepherd) or Weisser Schweizer Schäferhund recently emerged from white coat lines of the German Shepherd Dog breed as a separately recognised breed. Currently, this breed is only recognised by the FCI and the UKC, but more efforts are being made by fanciers to give the breed worldwide recognition as a separate and distinct breed from the German Shepherd Dog.
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The recessive gene for white coat hair was cast in the German Shepherd Dog breed gene pool by the late 19th and early 20th century breeding program that developed and expanded the German Shepherd Dog breed in Germany. It is a historical fact that a white herding dog named Greif was the Grandfather of Horand von Grafrath, the dog acknowledged as the foundation of all contemporary German Shepherd Dog bloodlines. “Der Deutsche Schaferhund In Wort Und Bild" ("The German Shepherd Dog in Words and Picture") written by the recognized father of the breed, Rittmeister (Cavalry Captain) Max von Stephanitz, in 1921 included a photo of a White German Shepherd directly descended from Horand.<ref>{{cite book | last = Stephanitz | first = V. | title = The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture | publisher = Hoflin Pub Ltd | location = Wheat Ridge, CO | year = 1994 | isbn = 9789993280057 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book | last = Strang | first = Paul | title = White German Shepherd Book | publisher = Medea Pub Co | year = 1983 | isbn = 9780911039009 }}</ref>   
Several separate breed club associations around the world advocate for the White Shepherd dog breed type. Globally, the specific White Shepherd breed type name varies slightly depending the sponsoring breed club’s country language and the naming conventions of kennel clubs that recognize the breed type.
 
In the United States and Canada the White Shepherd breed type is known under the United Kennel Club [http://www.ukcdogs.com/RegistrationBreeds.htm (UKC)] recognized '''White Shepherd''' breed name. The North American White Shepherd breed lines were separately developed by breeders associated with the [http://www.awsaclub.com American White Shepherd Association] (AWSA) and [http://www.unitedwhiteshepherdclub.org United White Shepherd Club] (UWSC) breed clubs in the United States and the [http://www.whiteshepherdclub.ca White Shepherd Club of Canada] (WSCC) breed club in Canada.
 
In most other countries worldwide, the White Shepherd breed type is known under the World Canine Federation (Fédération Cynologique Internationale) [http://www.fci.be (FCI)] recognized '''White Swiss Shepherd''' breed name. White Swiss Shepherd is the English translation of the FCI’s official language '''Berger Blanc Suisse''' breed name. The Swiss Kennel Club, in association with the Swiss White Shepherd [http://www.berger-blanc-international.com (Berger Blanc International)] breed club, was the first to petition FCI for recognition of the new White Shepherd breed type. FCI designated the Berger Blanc Suisse a new breed type of Swiss origin effective 01 January 2003. The Swiss White Shepherd breed line was developed in Switzerland using white coat German Shepherd dogs imported from the United States and Canada to Switzerland during the 1970’s and 1980’s.
 
Worldwide, regardless of the specific name recognized by a local national kennel club, the White Shepherd dog breed type is a recent and entirely separate breed specialization of its white coat German Shepherd dog ancestor.
 
== A New Breed Emerges ==
 
During the last decade of the 20th century breed clubs around the world independently refined several lines of the White Shepherd breed type out of the German Shepherd dog breed gene pool. The recessive gene for white coat hair was cast in the breed gene pool by the late 19th and early 20th century breeding program that developed and expanded the German Shepherd Dog breed in Germany. It is a historical fact that a white herding dog named Greif was the Grandfather of Horand von Grafrath, the dog acknowledged as the foundation of all contemporary German Shepherd Dog bloodlines. “Der Deutsche Schaferhund In Wort Und Bild" ("The German Shepherd Dog in Words and Picture") written by the recognized father of the breed, Rittmeister (Cavalry Captain) Max von Stephanitz, in 1921 included a photo of a White German Shepherd directly descended from Horand.<ref>{{cite book | last = Stephanitz | first = V. | title = The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture | publisher = Hoflin Pub Ltd | location = Wheat Ridge, CO | year = 1994 | isbn = 9789993280057 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book | last = Strang | first = Paul | title = White German Shepherd Book | publisher = Medea Pub Co | year = 1983 | isbn = 9780911039009 }}</ref>   


Information provided in early books on the German Shepherd Dog, such as "The Alsatian WoIf Dog" written by George Horowitz in 1923 <ref>{{cite book | last = Horowitz | first = George | title = The Alsation Wolf-Dog: Its origin, history, and working capabilities 2nd ed. | publisher = Our Dogs Publ. Co. | location = Manchester | year = 1927 }}</ref>, as well as "The German Shepherd, Its History, Development and Genetics" written by M. B. Willis in 1977<ref>{{cite book | last = Willis | first = Malcolm | title = The German Shepherd Dog, Its History, Development, and Genetics | publisher = ARCO Pub. Co | location = New York | year = 1977 | isbn = 9780668040778 }}</ref>, make mention of Greif and other white German herding dogs, with upright ears and a general body description that resembles modern German Shepherd Dogs, shown in Europe as early as 1882. The early 20th century German Shepherd breeding program extensively line bred and inbred "color coat" dogs that carried Greif's recessive gene for "white coats" to refine and expand the population of early German Shepherd Dogs. From the very these direct ancestors of the German Shepherd Dog forward to the German Shepherds of today, the recessive gene for white colored coats has been carried in the DNA of the breed<ref>{{cite book | last = Rankin | first = Calumn | title = The All-White Progenitor: German Sheperd Dogs | publisher = Upfront Publishing | year = 2002 | isbn = 9781844260225 }}</ref>.
Information provided in early books on the German Shepherd Dog, such as "The Alsatian WoIf Dog" written by George Horowitz in 1923 <ref>{{cite book | last = Horowitz | first = George | title = The Alsation Wolf-Dog: Its origin, history, and working capabilities 2nd ed. | publisher = Our Dogs Publ. Co. | location = Manchester | year = 1927 }}</ref>, as well as "The German Shepherd, Its History, Development and Genetics" written by M. B. Willis in 1977<ref>{{cite book | last = Willis | first = Malcolm | title = The German Shepherd Dog, Its History, Development, and Genetics | publisher = ARCO Pub. Co | location = New York | year = 1977 | isbn = 9780668040778 }}</ref>, make mention of Greif and other white German herding dogs, with upright ears and a general body description that resembles modern German Shepherd Dogs, shown in Europe as early as 1882. The early 20th century German Shepherd breeding program extensively line bred and inbred "color coat" dogs that carried Greif's recessive gene for "white coats" to refine and expand the population of early German Shepherd Dogs. From the very these direct ancestors of the German Shepherd Dog forward to the German Shepherds of today, the recessive gene for white colored coats has been carried in the DNA of the breed<ref>{{cite book | last = Rankin | first = Calumn | title = The All-White Progenitor: German Sheperd Dogs | publisher = Upfront Publishing | year = 2002 | isbn = 9781844260225 }}</ref>.
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By the late 1990’s a portion of white coat German Shepherd dog fanciers around the world decided to establish ''a new White Shepherd breed standard'' and petition their respective national and international kennel clubs for breed recognition, separate and independent from the German Shepherd dog breed club’s control. To populate the new breed of White Shepherd dogs, breeders around the world continually paired and repaired only white coat German Shepherd Dog sires and dams for several generations to breed what is today considered a "pure" White Shepherd breed.
By the late 1990’s a portion of white coat German Shepherd dog fanciers around the world decided to establish ''a new White Shepherd breed standard'' and petition their respective national and international kennel clubs for breed recognition, separate and independent from the German Shepherd dog breed club’s control. To populate the new breed of White Shepherd dogs, breeders around the world continually paired and repaired only white coat German Shepherd Dog sires and dams for several generations to breed what is today considered a "pure" White Shepherd breed.
When recognized as a separate and independent breed, White Shepherd dogs will be eligible to enter any and all dog show events, including the most prestigious national and international dog shows.
== Appearance ==
Each White Shepherd and White German Shepherd breed club around the world has documented a ''breed standard'' that governs the appearance and temperament of the dogs bred by breeders associated with the respective club. While the detail and format among these many breed clubs' standards vary somewhat, they all define a common appearance, transmission and temperament for their dogs. Indeed, each club's breed standard resembles the German Shepherd Dog breed standard set forth by Rittmeister Max Von Stephanitz, who founded the German Shepherd Dog breed in 1899. Breed standards of the White Swiss Shepherd Dog,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.whiteshepherd.info/fci_breedstandard.htm
| title = White Swiss Shepherd Dog Breed Standard at International White Shepherd Federation (IWSF) Web Site
| accessdate = 2007-08-03
| date = 2002-11-26
| publisher = [http://www.berger-blanc-international.com/english/standard347.htm Berger Blanc International] }}</ref> White Shepherd Dog of North America,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ukcdogs.com/RegistrationBreeds.htm
| title = United Kennel Club Standard for White Shepherd Dog
| accessdate = 2007-08-03
| publisher = [http://www.awsaclub.com/standard.htm American White Shepherd Association], [http://www.unitedwhiteshepherdclub.org United White Shepherd Club], and [http://www.whiteshepherdclub.ca White Shepherd Club of Canada] }}</ref> White German Shepherd Dog<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ukcdogs.com/RegistrationBreeds.htm
| title = United Kennel Club Standard for German Shepherd Dog, noting white coat acceptance
| accessdate = 2007-08-03
| publisher = [http://www.wgsdca.org The White German Shepherd Dog Club of America] and [http://www.whitegermanshepherd.org The White German Shepherd Dog Club International, Inc] }}</ref> and German Shepherd Dog<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.akc.org/breeds/german_shepherd_dog/index.cfm
| title = American Kennel Club Standard for German Shepherd Dog
| accessdate = 2007-08-03
| date = 1994-07-11 }}</ref> can be merged together, with only minor distinctions, to fashion a common description of conformation appearance:
'''General Appearance''' – The first impression of a White Shepherd, White Swiss Shepherd or White German Shepherd Dog is that of a strong, agile, well-muscled animal, alert, full of life, keen, intelligent, and composed. It is well balanced, with harmonious development of forequarter and hindquarter. The dog is longer than tall, deep-bodied, and presents an outline of smooth curves rather than angles. It looks substantial and not spindly, giving the impression, both at rest and in motion, of muscular fitness and nimbleness without any look of clumsiness or soft living. The ideal dog is stamped with a look of quality and nobility–difficult to define, but unmistakable when present. Secondary sex characteristics are strongly marked, and every animal gives a definite impression of masculinity or femininity, according to its sex.
'''Proportion''' – The Shepherd Dog is longer than tall, with the most desirable proportion as 10 to 8 1/2. Ideal height and weight is 25 inches (63.5 cm) measured to the top of the highest point of the shoulder blade and roughly 75-85 pounds (34-39 kgms) for males, and 23 inches (58.4 cm) and about 60-70 pounds (27-32 kgms) for females. Acceptable range of height is about 1 inch (3 cm) in either direction of the ideal. A slightly larger dog is not at serious fault, providing it meets the desirable proportion of 10 to 8 1/2. The proportional length measurement is taken from the point of the prosternum or breastbone to the rear edge of the pelvis, the ischial tuberosity.
'''Gait''' – The Shepherd is a trotting dog with a smooth and flowing gait that is maintained with great strength and firmness of back. The shepherd moves powerfully, but easily, with such coordination and balance that the gait appears to the steady motion of a well-lubricated machine. Even at a walk the shepherd covers a great deal of ground with an economy of long stride on both hind legs and forelegs. In order to achieve ideal movement of this kind, there must be muscular development and ligamentation. The hindquarters deliver, through the back, a powerful forward thrust, which slightly lifts the whole animal and drives the body forward. Reaching far under, and passing the imprint left by the front foot, the back foot takes hold of the ground; then hock, stifle and upper thigh come into play and sweep back, the stroke of the hind leg finishing with the foot still close to the ground in a smooth follow-through. The feet travel close to the ground on both forward reach and backward push. The overreach of the hindquarter usually necessitates one hind foot passing outside and the other foot passing inside the track of the forefoot, and such action is not faulty unless the locomotion is crab-like with the dog's body sideways out of the normal straight line. Viewed from the front, the front legs function from shoulder joint to the pad in a straight line. Viewed from the rear, the hind legs function from the hip joint to the pad in a straight line.
'''Coat''' – The ideal dog has a weather-resistant double coat of medium length. The outer coat should be as dense as possible, hair straight, harsh and lying close to the body. The undercoat is short, thick and fine in texture. A slightly wavy outer coat, often of wiry texture, is permissible. The head and ears are covered with a smooth, somewhat softer and shorter hair while the hair covering the legs and paws is more harsh-textured. At the neck, the coat is slightly longer and heavier. A male may carry a thicker ruff than a female. The back of the legs has a slightly longer covering of hair and there is considerably more hair on the breeches and the underside of the tail. For the White Shepherd specialization, both somewhat shorter and longer coats are acceptable.
'''Color''' – The coat color is white as defined by the breed’s name and the ideal is pure white. Any degree of shading that ranges from a very pale cream to a light biscuit tan are not preferred, and is considered a fault for the White German Shepherd and White Shepherd specialization.
'''Skin Pigment''' – Skin color on the body is pink to dark gray/black, with gray/black being preferred, and the skin of the belly being the darker area. Pink skin is frequently seen, and though not a disqualification, is less desirable. The nose, lips and eye rims should be fully pigmented and black in color. The more dark in color of the nails, the better, although white nails do not disqualify a dog. The pads of the feet should be black.Very slight snow nose coloration is acceptable but is not preferred. Deficiency of pigment is objectionable and dogs exhibiting faded, pinkish or spotty pigmentation on nose, eye rims or lips are a serious faulted. The total lack of pigment in the above named areas, indicating possible albinism or definite albinism with blue or pink eyes, are a disqualifying fault for both white coat German Shepherds and the White Shepherd specialization.
'''Head''' – The head is noble, cleanly chiseled, strong without coarseness, but above all, not fine, and in proportion to the body. The head of the male is distinctly masculine, and that of the bitch, distinctly feminine. The muzzle is long and strong, with lips firmly fitted, and its top line is parallel to the top line of the skull. Seen from the front, the forehead is only moderately arched, and the skull slopes into the long, wedge-shaped muzzle without abrupt stop. Jaws are strongly developed.
'''Body''' – The whole structure of the body gives an impression of depth and solidity without bulkiness.
'''Forequarters''' – The shoulder blades are long and obliquely angled, laid on flat and not placed forward. The upper arm joins the shoulder blade at about a right angle. Both the upper arm and the shoulder blade are well muscled. The forelegs, viewed from all sides, are straight and the bone oval rather than round. The pasterns are strong and springy and at an angle of approximately a 24 degrees from the vertical.
'''Hindquarters''' – The whole assembly of the thigh, viewed from the side, is brood, with both upper and lower thigh well-muscled, forming as nearly as possible a right angle. The upper thigh bone parallels the shoulder blade while the lower thigh bone parallels the upper arm. The metatarsus is short, strong, tightly articulated and no dew claws should be present.
'''Feet''' – The feet are short, compact, with toes well arched, pads thick and firm, nails short and preferably dark. Dewclaws on the forelegs may be removed, but are normally left on. Dewclaws, if any, should be removed from the hind legs.
'''Tail''' – The tail is bushy, with the last vertebra extended at least to the hock joint. It is set smoothly into the croup and low rather than high. At rest, the tail hangs in a slight curve like a saber. A slight hook–sometimes carried to one side is faulty only to the extent that it mars general appearance. When the dog is excited or in motion, the curve may be accentuated and the tail raised, but it should never curl forward beyond the vertical line. Tails too short, or with clumpy ends due to ankylosis, are serious faults.
== Temperament ==
The breed has a distinct personality marked by direct and fearless, but not hostile, expression, self-confidence, and a certain aloofness that does not lend itself to immediate and indiscriminate friendships. It is poised, but when the occasion demands, eager and alert; both fit and willing to serve in its capacity as a companion, watchdog, blind leader, herding dog, or guardian, whichever the circumstances may demand. The dog must be approachable, quietly standing its ground and showing confidence and willingness to meet overtures without itself making them.
The dog must not be timid, shrinking behind its master or handler; it should not be nervous, looking about or upward with anxious expression or showing nervous reactions, such as tucking of tail, to strange sounds or sights. Lack of confidence under any surroundings is not typical of good character. Any of the above deficiencies of character that indicate shyness must be penalized as a very serious faults, and any dog exhibiting pronounced indications of these must be excused from any dog show event.
It must be possible for a dog show judge to observe the teeth and to determine that both testicles are descended. Any dog that exhibits unprovoked aggression and attempts to bite any person, dog or other animal must be disqualified and removed from any dog show event.
The ideal dog is a working animal with an incorruptible character combined with body and gait suitable for the arduous work that constitutes its primary purpose.
==Historical Time-Line==
===The First German  Shepherd Dog is Born===
Friedrich Sparwasser is known to have been breeding both white and wolf (sable) colored herding dogs of the same body conformation in his Frankfort kennel from the 1870's. The German Thuringia Highland herding dogs in Sparwasser's kennel had upright ears and a general body description that resembles modern German Shepherd Dogs. Sparwasser's white coat dogs are documented as showing in several German dog shows from 1882 through at least 1899. Horand von Grafrath, the foundation dog of the entire German Shepherd breed, whelped in Friedrich Sparwasser's Frankfort kennel and was originally named Hektor von Sparwasser. Horand (a.k.a. Hektor) was born the 1st of January 1895 along with litter brother Luchs von Sparwasser. Horand’s and Luchs’ maternal grandfather was a white-coat German herding dog named Greiff von Sparwasser, whelped in Friedrich Sparwasser's Frankfort kennel in 1879. Stephanitz, the recognized founder of the German Shepherd breed attended the April 3, 1899 Karlesruhe Dog Exhibition, one of the largest all breed dog shows to date, in the Rhineland town of Karlesruhe. Stephanitz, accompanied by his friend Artur Meyer, saw Sparwasser's herding dog name Hektor (Linksrhein) von Sparwasser at the show and immediately realized they had found the ideal German Shepherd breed foundation dog. Stephanitz at once bought Hektor and renamed the dog Horand von Grafrath. Horand is the first entry in the German Shepherd Dog Club of Germany or Der Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde, or SV, Stud Book as “Horand von Grafrath, SZ-1.
===Recessive White Coat Gene in German Shepherd Dog Breed DNA===
German Shepherd Dog breed DNA includes a recessive gene for white coats that was inherited from Greiff von Sparwasser. The recessive gene for white hair was fixed in the German Shepherd Dog breed DNA by the late 19th and early 20th century German breeding program that extensively used Horand and Luchs, dogs that carried the recessive gene for white coats, to establish and expand breed population. White puppies appear in litters when both the male and female partners of a mating pair carry a recessive gene for "white coats." When only one partner of a mating pair carries a recessive gene for white coats, the recessive gene is passed on to the offspring, but white puppies will not present in the litter. Naturally, a significant percentage of German Shepherd puppies born in the early 20th century had white coats. During this early period of breed expansion some breeders viewed white German Shepherds as a natural part of the breed and cherished them, while other early German breeders, who particularly wanted the breed to have a standardize 'wolf-like' appearance, utterly rejected white coats as a "defective" breed trait and sought to prohibit white coats in the governing German Shepherd Dog Club of Germany (Der Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde, the SV) breed standard.
===White Coats vs Wolf-Like Coloration in the Pre-WWII Germany Breed Standard=== 
Through the 1920’s German breeders advocating for a strict wolf-like coloration breed standard constantly increased pressure within the German club to eliminate white dogs from the breeding program.  In 1933 the German Shepherd Dog Club of Germany updated their breed standard to officially forbid the breeding and registration of white coat dogs or even dark coat dogs proven to have produced litters with white puppies.  The Nazis so extensively employed German Shepherd Dogs in war duties during WWII that the breed was nearly extinguished in Europe at war's end.  Of the few German Shepherd dogs available for breeding in post WWII East and West Germany, only the dogs thought to have no white coats in their family tree were used for breeding.  The German Club has strictly enforced the “no white coats” breed standard restriction to this day.
===White Coat Gene and German Shepherd Dog Breed Expansion in the Americas===
The white coat recessive gene was pervasive in the expanding German population of dogs before and immediately after WWI when the original German Shepherd Dogs were imported to populate new breeding programs throughout the Americas. By the end of WWII the population of German Shepherds in the Americas had grown both large and healthy out of that population of breeding dogs imported from Germany before the United States entered WWI and immediately after as some U.S. soldiers returned home with the dogs. In contrast to the German club’s actions, one of the key founders of the German Shepherd Dog Club of America, as well as other influential American breeders in the years from 1913 through the WWII era accepted and supported white coat German Shepherds as a natural part of the breed. The white coat recessive gene remained pervasive in the large and growing American population of dogs through WWII and into the 1950's when demand for white coat German Shepherds steadily increased in the family dog market. Even though some influential breeders of the period accepted and even admired white coat German Shepherds some other breeders did not.
===White Coats vs Exclusive Wolf-Like Coloration Standard Debate Goes Global After WWII===
After WWII a new generation of German Shepherd Dog Club of America, German Shepherd Dog Club of Canada and German Shepherd Dog Club of Australia member breeders active in dog show events increasingly advocated for the adoption the German Shepherd Dog Club of Germany breed standard that strictly forbids white coats. The German Shepherd Dog Club of America and the German Shepherd Dog Club of Canada ultimately adopted the “no white coat” breed standard by the mid-1960’s and then petitioned the American Kennel Club (AKC) and Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) to accept the standard change.  The AKC accepted the restrictive German Club breed standard in 1968 and the CKC, after long deliberation with white coat German Shepherd supporters, accepted the standard change in 1998. On January 1, 1994 the Australian National Kennel Council accepted the restrictive “no white coat” breed standard change request made by the German Shepherd Dog Club of Australia.
===National Kennel Clubs Individually Accept, Restrict and Reject White Coat German Shepherd Dogs===
While the AKC and CKC adopted the "no white coat" breed standard for conformation dog show events, they did not accept the "no white coat" standard change for their German Shepherd Dog breed registry business or other dog show events. As of mid-2007 the AKC and CKC continue to accept white coat German Shepherd Dogs for breed registration, as well as obedience, tracking, herding, and temperament trial show ring competitions. The other principle kennel club in North America, the United Kennel Club, fully recognizes white coat German Shepherd Dogs as part of the German Shepherd Dog breed.  The United Kennel Club (UKC) fully accepts white coat German Shepherd Dogs for breed registration, as well as conformation, obedience, tracking, herding, and temperament trial show ring competitions.  The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) stopped accepting white coat German Shepherd Dogs for their breed registry in 1995 and barred white coat dogs from all ANKC sanctioned dog show event.
===White German Shepherd Breed Clubs Emerge Around the Globe===
Beginning in the late 1960’s German Shepherd Dog breeders in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Europe, who favored white coat dogs, grouped together to form White German Shepherd breed clubs in their respective countries. [http://www.whitegermanshepherd.org The White German Shepherd Dog Club International, Inc] was the first to organize in 1968 in North America (originally named The White German Shepherd Dog Club of America) to continue breeding "colored" German Shepherd Dog breed lines that carried the recessive gene for white coats. Through the club’s efforts, the AKC chose to continue to register white coat German Shepherds in their German Shepherd Dog breed registry. 
Beginning in 1970 European breeders imported North American White German Shepherd dogs, some originally registered as AKC or CKC white coat German Shepherd Dogs, to start their White German Shepherd Dog breeding programs.  (A few small lines of German Shepherd Dogs carrying the recessive white coat gene did manage to survive WWII in Germany and Holland. Even though these populations of dogs have not enjoyed registration by the German breed club since 1933, they can "unofficially" trace their heritage directly to the original early 20th century German population of German Shepherd Dog lines.)
In the United States a second organization named [http://www.wgsdca.org The White German Shepherd Dog Club of America] (WGSDCA) was founded in January 1997.  Like the WGSDCII the WGSDCA sponsors independent conformation dog shows using qualified judges to award championship points and titles to white dogs and colored dogs that carry the white-gene.  Both the WGSDCII and WGSDCA organizations today continue to lobby the German Shepherd Dog Club of America and American Kennel Club for the reunification of white-coat and color-coat members of the breed under one breed standard.  The recessive gene for white hair, continues to circulate in the American population of the German Shepherd Dog breed gene pool. White continues to be the [http://www.dog.com/breed/German-Shepherd.asp second most common coat color] registered in the AKC German Shepherd breed registry. 
In addition to AKC, the other prominent North American Kennel Club, the [http://www.ukcdogs.com/ United Kennel Club] (UKC) registers both [http://www.ukcdogs.com/RegistrationBreeds.htm white and color coat] German Shepherd dogs in its German Shepherd Dog breed registry. White German Shepherd dogs are allowed to fully compete in all UKC events without restriction.
White German Shepherds can also show in conformation and all other events in a variety of other kennel clubs, including the American Rare Breed Association (ARBA), the [http://www.internationaldogshow.com International All-Breed Canine Association (IABCA)], the [http://www.nationalcanine.com National Canine Association (NCA)], and the [http://www.caninekennelclub.org Canine Kennel Club (CKC)]. The AKC continues to allow white coat German Shepherd Dogs to show in AKC obedience show ring events and compete in AKC tracking, herding, and temperament trial events.
White German Shepherd Breed Clubs also continue in Europe, Australia and Central and South America.
===Pure  "White Shepherd" Breed Lines Emerge===
In the late 1980’s and early 1990’s a few ‘white’ German Shepherd Dog breeders in Europe and the Americas began to continually pair and repair only white coat male and female German Shepherd dogs over several generations to create a "pure" White Shepherd breed.  These American and European “pure” breeders formed their own White Shepherd breed clubs in their respective countries beginning in 1991.
Australian breeders did not start to refine their local population of ‘white’ German Shepherd Dogs into a "pure" White Shepherd breed line until 2000. Breeders in New Zealand, South Africa and other points on the globe have already established or are currently working to establish their own "pure" White Shepherd breed lines by breeding only white coat male and female German Shepherd dogs over three or more generations in order to meet the official requirement for establishing a new breed classification.
Once these new White Shepherd breed lines are recognized by their national or international kennel club, breeders can no longer use white German Shepherd dogs, regardless of their white-to-white breeding lineage pedigree, in their breeding programs.
===A New "Berger Blanc Suisse" White Shepherd Breed is Recognized in Europe===
In Europe, the Swiss Kennel Club (SKC) recognized the White Swiss Shepherd Dog club (Berger Blanc International or BBI) and began registering its new "pure" White Swiss Shepherd Dog (Berger Blanc Suisse) breed in 1991. The White Swiss Shepherd Dog traces its origin to American AKC registered white coat German Shepherd dogs imported from the Americas to Switzerland in the early 1970's.  In 2002 the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) (translation - World Canine Federation) accepted a petition from BBI and SKC to recognize the Berger Blanc Suisse dog as a new international breed. The FCI named the White Shepherd (Berger Blanc) breed 'Suisse' because the Swiss Kennel Club (SKC) was the first to register the breed separately from GSDs. The FCI does not generally acknowledge or register any of the white or colored North American breed lines registered by UKC, AKC or CKC.
One or more White Shepherd dog breed clubs have organized in Switzerland, Germany, Austria, France, Hungary, Czech Republic,  the U.K, Slovenia, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Holland. As of January 2007, White Shepherd clubs in several countries including [http://www.berger-blanc-suisse.ch/ Switzerland],  [http://www.weisse-schaefer.at Austria], Hungary, [http://www.rws-weisse-schaeferhunde.de/ Germany], [http://www.amicalebergerblanc.com/ France], [http://www.bily-ovcak.cz/cz/vitejte.html Cech Rep.], [http://white-shepherd.szm.sk/ Slovakia], and [http://www.hvidhyrdehund.dk/ Denmark] have associated with a parent club named [http://www.berger-blanc-international.com Berger Blanc International].  In the year 2002 [http://www.berger-blanc-international.com Berger Blanc International] petitioned the Fédération Cynologique Internationale [http://www.fci.be (FCI)] (English translation, World Canine Federation) to recognize the White Shepherd as a new and separate breed.  The FCI accepted the petition as of 01 January 2003 and now recognizes the White Shepherd breed as the "Berger Blanc Suisse" under as standard number 347.
===Partial Recognition Of A New "White Shepherd" Breed in the Americas===
A breed club in the United States and yet another breed club in Canada each individually developed additional "pure" White Shepherd breed lines in their respective countries from the mid to late 1990's. The [http://www.awsaclub.com American White Shepherd Association] (AWSA) in the United States and the [http://www.whiteshepherdclub.ca White Shepherd Club of Canada] (WSCC) have each made efforts to gain breed recognition with the AKC and CKC in their respective countries for their new White Shepherd breed lines, but neither national kennel club has, as of Fall 2007, recognize these new White Shepherd breed lines.
In 1999 another club, the [http://www.unitedwhiteshepherdclub.org United White Shepherd Club] (UWSC), organized as a United Kennel Club affiliate and immediately petitioned for a new UKC White Shepherd breed classification. The [http://www.ukcdogs.com/RegistrationBreeds.htm UKC] accepted the UWSC‘s petition and in 1999 created a new and separate White Shepherd breed conformation standard and registry. The UKC then registered dogs from the United White Shepherd Club's own new White Shepherd breed line to initiate the White Shepherd new breed registry.
The UKC now recognizes both the new White Shepherd breed standard as well as the original German Shepherd Dog breed conformation standard, that continues to include white as one of the several coat color patterns of the breed. 
The UKC, AKC and CKC do not generally acknowledge or register the FCI recognized white or colored breed lines. As of mid-2007, the White Swiss Shepherd Dog (Berger Blanc Suisse) breed has not appeared in the Americas.
===White Swiss Shepherd Dog Breed Expands To Australia===
The White German Shepherd Dog and White Shepherd history in Australia is similar the their histories in Canada.  The Australian National Kennel Council listed white coats a fault in its German Shepherd Dog breed standard in 1994 and stopped registering white-coated German Shepherd Dogs in 1995.  By 2000 White German Shepherd Dog breed and White Swiss Shepherd Dog breed clubs then formed in Australia. These clubs were [http://www.wgsdcv.org.au The White German Shepherd Dog Club of Victoria (WGSDCV)] and [http://www.whiteshepherdsaustralia.com The White Swiss Shepherd Dog Club of Australia Inc (WSSDCA)]. A new unified breed club, the [http://www.unitedwhiteshepherds.com United White Shepherds of Australia (UWSA)], ultimately formed to unite the separate groups of Australian white dog fanciers under the same breed standard. 
The White Swiss Shepherd Dog breed line, that was founded in Australia by the White Swiss Shepherd Dog Club of Australia in 2000, has not yet been recognized by The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) for its breed registry and dog show events.
[http://www.whiteshepherdsnz.com The White Shepherd Dog Club of New Zealand] also protects and promotes the white dog.
===White Swiss Shepherd Dog Breed Expands To Southern Africa===
Diva-Lady of White Valley was the first White Swiss Shepherd registered with the [http://www.kusa.co.za/home.php Kennel Union of Southern Africa]. The White Shepherd breed is quickly expanding in Southern Africa through the efforts of breeders affiliated with the [http://www.showdogs.co.za/features/switzerland/whiteswissshepherd_breedprofile.html White Swiss Shepherd Dog Club of Southern Africa].


===The Controversy Continues===
===The Controversy Continues===
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==Genetics==
==Genetics==
   
   
The genes required to produce white coats with dark eyes, nose, foot pads, etc. occurs in the natual world as is evident in the Arctic Wolf or Canis lupus arctos as well as other subspecies population of Canis lupus.     
The genes required to produce white coats with dark eyes, nose, foot pads, etc. occurs in the natual world as is evident in the Arctic Wolf or ''Canis lupus arctos'' as well as other subspecies population of ''Canis lupus''.     


The domestic [[dog]] (Canis lupus familiaris) is a subspecies of the wolf that three modern DNA research teams now believe [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2498669.stm evolved from just a small population of wolves tamed by humans] living in or near China less than 15,000 years ago.  The research teams believe the DNA evidence indicates that the original population of domesticated dog then spread out of Asia to the rest of the world with human migration and along trading routes.  The research team further concludes that intensive breeding by humans over the last 500 years - not different genetic origins - is responsible for the dramatic differences in appearance among modern dogs.<ref>{{cite web
The domestic [[dog]] (''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a subspecies of the wolf that three modern DNA research teams now believe [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2498669.stm evolved from just a small population of wolves tamed by humans] living in or near China less than 15,000 years ago.  The research teams believe the DNA evidence indicates that the original population of domesticated dog then spread out of Asia to the rest of the world with human migration and along trading routes.  The research team further concludes that intensive breeding by humans over the last 500 years - not different genetic origins - is responsible for the dramatic differences in appearance among modern dogs.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2498669.stm
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2498669.stm
| title = Origin of dogs traced
| title = Origin of dogs traced
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}}</ref>   
}}</ref>   


It is reasonable to conclude that the gentic coding for white coats, present in the wolf genome, was passed into the dog's genome during the era of original domestication.   
It is reasonable to conclude that the genetic coding for white coats, present in the wolf genome, was passed into the dog's genome during the era of original domestication.   


Coat color has been one of the most often used trait selection criterion for the development of most dog breeds.  In a few cases, certain colors were selected against because breeders of the age thought the colors were associated with health problems.  Other colors were selected against or for because breeders felt that those colors help that breed do its job better, or more often, coat colors were selected and rejected for simple aesthetic reasons.   
Coat color has been one of the most often used trait selection criterion for the development of most dog breeds.  In a few cases, certain colors were selected against because breeders of the age thought the colors were associated with health problems.  Other colors were selected against or for because breeders felt that those colors help that breed do its job better, or more often, coat colors were selected and rejected for simple aesthetic reasons.   
Line 177: Line 46:
|year = July/August 2007  
|year = July/August 2007  
|pmid = 17485734 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|pmid = 17485734 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wsgenetics.info/coat_color.htm
| url = http://www.wsgenetics.org/coat_color.htm
| title = The Genetics of Coat Color in the White (German/Swiss) Shepherd Dog
| title = The Genetics of Coat Color in the White (German/Swiss) Shepherd Dog
| accessdate = 2007-11-19
| accessdate = 2007-11-19
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{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


== Bibliography ==
[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]
 
* {{cite book | last = Stephanitz | first = V. | title = The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture | publisher = Hoflin Pub Ltd | location = Wheat Ridge, CO | year = 1994 | isbn = 9789993280057 }} Reprint of a 1925 book, translated from German.
* {{cite book | last = Strang | first = Paul | title = White German Shepherd Book | publisher = Medea Pub Co | year = 1983 | isbn = 9780911039009 }}
* {{cite book | last = Neufeld | first = Peter | title = The Invincible White Shepherd | publisher = Glendosa Research Center | location = Minnedosa | year = 1970 | isbn = 9780969020813 }}
* {{cite book | last = Rankin | first = Calumn | title = The All-White Progenitor: German Sheperd Dogs | publisher = Upfront Publishing | year = 2002 | isbn = 9781844260225 }}
* {{cite book | last = Willis | first = Malcolm | title = The German Shepherd Dog, Its History, Development, and Genetics | publisher = ARCO Pub. Co | location = New York | year = 1977 | isbn = 9780668040778 }}
* {{cite book | last = Willis | first = Malcolm | title = The German Shepherd Dog | publisher = Howell Book House | location = New York | year = 1992 | isbn = 9780876051757 }}
* {{cite book | last = Willis | first = Malcolm | title = Genetics of the Dog | publisher = Howell Book House | location = New York | year = 1989 | isbn = 9780876055519 }}
* {{cite book | last = Strickland | first = Winifred | title = The German Shepherd Today / Winifred Gibson Strickland and James Anthony Moses. New and Rev. Ed | publisher = New York : Macmillan | location = New York | year = 1988 | isbn = 9780026149907 }}
 
 
* {{cite book | last = Little | first = Clarence | title = The Inheritance of Coat Color in Dogs, | publisher = Howell Book House | location = New York | year = 1979 | isbn = 9780876056219 }}
* {{cite book | last = Ruvinsky | first = Anatoly | title = The Genetics of the Dog | publisher = CABI Pub | location = Wallingford | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780851995205 }}
* {{cite book | last = Isabell | first = Jackie | title = Genetics: an Introduction for Dog Breeders | publisher = Alpine Blue Ribbon Books | location = Loveland | year = 2002 | isbn = 9781577790419 }}
* {{cite book | last = Raisor | first = Michelle | title = Determining the Antiquity of Dog Origins: Canine Domestication as a Model for the Consilience between Molecular Genetics and Archaeology | publisher = Archaeopress | location = Oxford | year = 2005 | isbn = 9781841718095 }}
* {{cite book | last = Hart | first = Ernest | title = This Is the German Shepherd | publisher = TFH Publications | location = Neptune City | year = 1988 | isbn = 9780876662984 }}
* {{cite book | last = Dodge | first = Geraldine R | title = The German Shepherd Dog in America | publisher = O. Judd Pub. Co | location = New York | year = 1956 }} ISBN-10: B0006AUQOO
* {{cite book | last = Horowitz | first = George | title = The Alsation Wolf-Dog: Its origin, history, and working capabilities 2nd ed. | publisher = Our Dogs Publ. Co. | location = Manchester | year = 1927 }} ISBN-10: B000O91P2E
* {{cite book | last = Hart | first = Ernest H | title = Encyclopedia of dog breeds: Histories and official standards : evolution, geneology, genetics, husbandry, etc. | publisher = Crown Publishers | year = 1968 }}
* {{cite book | last = Goldbecker | first = William | title = This is the German Shepherd | publisher = Practical science Pub Co | year = 1955 }} ISBN-10: B000TT1PTC
* {{cite book | last = Frei-Dora | first = Gabi | title = Der Berger Blanc Suisse - Der Weiße Schäferhund | publisher = Mueller Rueschlikon Verla | location = Dresden, Germany | year = 2004 | isbn = 9783275014958 }}
* {{cite book | last = Grappin | first = Pascal | title = Le Berger Blanc Suisse | publisher = Artemis | location = Paris, France | year = 2006 | isbn = 9782844164636 }}
* {{cite book | last = Reeves | first = Jean |title = White Shepherd | publisher = Kennel Club Books, Inc. | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781593785895 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Schmutz SM, Berryere TG. |title = [http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/98/5/544#TBL1 The Genetics of Cream Coat Color in Dogs] |journal = Journal of Heredity |year = July/August 2007 |pmid = 17485734 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Kerns JA, Olivier M, Lust G, Barsh GS |title=Exclusion of melanocortin-1 receptor (mc1r) and agouti as candidates for dominant black in dogs |journal=Journal of Heredity |year= 2003 |pmid=12692166 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://homepage.usask.ca/~schmutz/dogcolors.html | title = Genetics of Coat Color and Type in Dogs | accessdate = 2007-08-01 | last = Schmutz | first = Sheila | date = 2007-06-17 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://siriusdog.com/articles/white-german-shepherd-dog.htm | title = The White Shepherd: International Dog | accessdate = 2007-08-01 | last = Lanting | first = Fred | date = 2007-06-01 | publisher = siriusdog.com }}
* {{cite web | url = http://siriusdog.com/articles/german-shepherd-dog-von-stephanitz.htm | title = 100 Years of the German Shepherd Dog | accessdate = 2007-08-01 | last = Lanting | first = Fred | date = 2007-06-01 | publisher = siriusdog.com }}
* {{cite web | url = http://siriusdog.com/articles/article3.php?id=369 | title = Will the True Working Dog Disappear? | accessdate = 2007-08-01 | last = Lanting | first = Fred | date = 2007-06-01 | publisher = siriusdog.com }}
* {{cite web | url = http://siriusdog.com/articles/color-sable-genetics-breeding-shepherd-grau.htm | title = Sables: Genetics And Myths | accessdate = 2007-08-01 | last = Lanting | first = Fred | date = 2007-06-01 | publisher = siriusdog.com }}
* {{cite web | url = http://siriusdog.com/articles/genetic-disease-phenotype-genotype-vargas.htm | title = Canine Genetic Primer | accessdate = 2007-08-01 | last = Thorpe-Vargas | first = Susan | date = 2007-06-01 | publisher = siriusdog.com }}
* {{cite web | url = http://siriusdog.com/articles/heritability-genetics-dog-phenotype-genotype.htm | title = Heritability | accessdate = 2007-08-01 | last = Lanting | first = Fred | date = 2007-06-01 | publisher = siriusdog.com }}
* {{cite web | url = http://siriusdog.com/articles/basic-genetic-concepts-armstrong.htm | title = Basic Genetic Concepts | accessdate = 2007-08-01 | last = Armstrong | first = John | date = 2007-05-01 | publisher = siriusdog.com }}
* {{cite web | url = http://siriusdog.com/articles/gap-widens.htm | title = The Gap Widens | accessdate = 2007-08-01 | last = Lanting | first = Fred | date = 2006-11-01 | publisher = siriusdog.com }}
 
== External links ==
 
* [http://www.berger-blanc-international.com/english/index.html Berger Blanc Suisse International]
* [http://www.awsaclub.com/index2.htm American White Shepherd Association]
* [http://www.unitedwhiteshepherds.com United White Shepherds of Australia]
* [http://www.top-dog.co.za/newkk/wssa.htm White Swiss Shepherd Dog Club of South Africa]
* [http://www.wsgenetics.org White Shepherd Health & Genetics Project]
* [http://www.wgsdca.org White German Shepherd Dog Club of America, Inc. (WGSDCA)]
* [http://www.whitegermanshepherd.org White German Shepherd Dog Club International]
* [http://www.whiteshepherdclub.ca White Shepherd Club of Canada]
* [http://www.whiteshepherd.org.au White Swiss Shepherd Dog Club of Australia]
* [http://www.whiteshepherd.info/introduction.htm International White Shepherd Federation]
* [http://siriusdog.com/articles/white-german-shepherd-dog.htm OPED by Internationally Respected Show Judge, Fred Lanting]
* [http://www.whiteshepherds.org Fellowship of White Shepherds Online Community]

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The recessive gene for white coat hair was cast in the German Shepherd Dog breed gene pool by the late 19th and early 20th century breeding program that developed and expanded the German Shepherd Dog breed in Germany. It is a historical fact that a white herding dog named Greif was the Grandfather of Horand von Grafrath, the dog acknowledged as the foundation of all contemporary German Shepherd Dog bloodlines. “Der Deutsche Schaferhund In Wort Und Bild" ("The German Shepherd Dog in Words and Picture") written by the recognized father of the breed, Rittmeister (Cavalry Captain) Max von Stephanitz, in 1921 included a photo of a White German Shepherd directly descended from Horand.[1] [2]

Information provided in early books on the German Shepherd Dog, such as "The Alsatian WoIf Dog" written by George Horowitz in 1923 [3], as well as "The German Shepherd, Its History, Development and Genetics" written by M. B. Willis in 1977[4], make mention of Greif and other white German herding dogs, with upright ears and a general body description that resembles modern German Shepherd Dogs, shown in Europe as early as 1882. The early 20th century German Shepherd breeding program extensively line bred and inbred "color coat" dogs that carried Greif's recessive gene for "white coats" to refine and expand the population of early German Shepherd Dogs. From the very these direct ancestors of the German Shepherd Dog forward to the German Shepherds of today, the recessive gene for white colored coats has been carried in the DNA of the breed[5].

White puppies, in some percentage, are born to dark colored German Shepherd parents when both the male and female partners of a mating pair carry the recessive gene for "white coats." The dark coat puppies in such litters will also carry, in some percentage, the recessive white coat gene. When only one partner of a mating pair carries the recessive white coat gene, white puppies will not present in litters, but the dark colored puppies inherit, in some percentage, the recessive white gene. When both the male and female partners of a mating pair have white coats the entire litter of puppies will have white coats.

In 1933 the parent German Shepherd breed club in German rejected white coats as a "defective" breed trait when it elected to adopt an exclusively “wolf-like” breed coloration standard. After WWII German Shepherd breed clubs in countries around the world increasingly adopted the exclusively “wolf-like” coloration breed standard of the parent German breed club. Once adopted, breed club members were required to never intentionally breed dogs that carry the recessive gene for white coats.

Because the German Shepherd dog breed club standard governs the color of German Shepherd dogs that may compete in national kennel club sponsored dog shows, such as the prestigious AKC affiliated Westminster Kennel Club dog show in the United States, white coat German Shepherd dogs were barred from such events in the United States starting in 1959, and other countries of the world through the 1990’s.

During the 1970’s, fanciers of the white coat German Shepherd dog worldwide formed their own White German Shepherd Dog breed clubs to continue to breed dogs that carry the recessive white coat gene to produce white coat puppies. White German Shepherd dog fanciers showed their dogs at small specialty dog shows, but many wanted to show their dogs at the most prestigious national and international dog show events, now open only to “standard color” German Shepherd dog owners.

By the late 1990’s a portion of white coat German Shepherd dog fanciers around the world decided to establish a new White Shepherd breed standard and petition their respective national and international kennel clubs for breed recognition, separate and independent from the German Shepherd dog breed club’s control. To populate the new breed of White Shepherd dogs, breeders around the world continually paired and repaired only white coat German Shepherd Dog sires and dams for several generations to breed what is today considered a "pure" White Shepherd breed.

The Controversy Continues

The white vs colored German Shepherd Dog controversy continues to this day.

Genetics

The genes required to produce white coats with dark eyes, nose, foot pads, etc. occurs in the natual world as is evident in the Arctic Wolf or Canis lupus arctos as well as other subspecies population of Canis lupus.

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a subspecies of the wolf that three modern DNA research teams now believe evolved from just a small population of wolves tamed by humans living in or near China less than 15,000 years ago. The research teams believe the DNA evidence indicates that the original population of domesticated dog then spread out of Asia to the rest of the world with human migration and along trading routes. The research team further concludes that intensive breeding by humans over the last 500 years - not different genetic origins - is responsible for the dramatic differences in appearance among modern dogs.[6]

It is reasonable to conclude that the genetic coding for white coats, present in the wolf genome, was passed into the dog's genome during the era of original domestication.

Coat color has been one of the most often used trait selection criterion for the development of most dog breeds. In a few cases, certain colors were selected against because breeders of the age thought the colors were associated with health problems. Other colors were selected against or for because breeders felt that those colors help that breed do its job better, or more often, coat colors were selected and rejected for simple aesthetic reasons.

There are many misconceptions about white-coat German Shepherd Dogs and the gene that expresses for their coat color. Clarence C. Little's The Inheritance of Coat Color in Dogs hypothesized that dilution or partial albinism ce, ca and cch alleles of the so called (C) gene caused the cream and white coat color variants in domestic dogs. Little's hypothesized partial albinism explanation for cream and white colored coats has been applied across most domestic dog breeds, including white coat dogs from German Shepherd breed lines, since Little first published his book.

However, comparative analysis of the dog genome and specific breed DNA sequences now shows that Little's hypothesized gene (C) color dilution explanation for cream and white colored coats is most likely not a relevant determinant of cream and white coats known to commonly occur in many dog breeds. Little's 1957-era partial albinism dilution explanation, as applied to explain domestic dog white and cream coat colors, can be replaced by the findings of modern genetic research.

Research has shown that a recessive ‘e’ allele at the Extension (E) gene is at least partially responsible for cream and white coat color. The (E) gene, now identified as the Melanocortin-1 Receptor (MC1R) gene, is one of the two genes known to code for alleles that are absolutely fundamental to the formation of all German Shepherd Dog colored coat variations. When the recessive ‘e’ allele is inherited from each breeding pair parent, the e/e genotype offspring of certain breeds, including white coat dogs from German Shepherd breed lines, always have cream or white colored coats [7][8].

White shepherds were once unjustly blamed for color dilution or paling for the entire breed because the recessive 'e' allele of the MC1R (E) gene locus masks expression of alleles at other other gene loci that actually do code for lighter (often termed as diluted or pale) colors of silver, black and tan or liver. German breeders of the 1920's and 1930’s misinterpreted pale-colored offspring of white dogs as an undesirable “white” genetic trait. A colored dog paired with a white GSD always produces full colored puppies because the e allele is recessive.)

References

  1. ↑ Stephanitz, V. (1994). The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture. Wheat Ridge, CO: Hoflin Pub Ltd. ISBN 9789993280057. 
  2. ↑ Strang, Paul (1983). White German Shepherd Book. Medea Pub Co. ISBN 9780911039009. 
  3. ↑ Horowitz, George (1927). The Alsation Wolf-Dog: Its origin, history, and working capabilities 2nd ed.. Manchester: Our Dogs Publ. Co.. 
  4. ↑ Willis, Malcolm (1977). The German Shepherd Dog, Its History, Development, and Genetics. New York: ARCO Pub. Co. ISBN 9780668040778. 
  5. ↑ Rankin, Calumn (2002). The All-White Progenitor: German Sheperd Dogs. Upfront Publishing. ISBN 9781844260225. 
  6. ↑ McGourty, Christine (2002-11-22). Origin of dogs traced. BBC News. Retrieved on 2006-11-29.
  7. ↑ Schmutz SM, Berryere TG. (July/August 2007). "The Genetics of Cream Coat Color in Dogs". Journal of Heredity. PMID 17485734.
  8. ↑ Handley, M. (2007-10-31). The Genetics of Coat Color in the White (German/Swiss) Shepherd Dog. White Shepherd Genetics Project. Retrieved on 2007-11-19.
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