Paranthropus robustus: Difference between revisions
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'''Paranthropus robustus''' is a [[Species|species]] of early [[Hominin|hominin]]. [[Fossil|Fossils]] of ''P. robustus'' have only been found in [[South Africa]]. | '''Paranthropus robustus''' is a [[Species|species]] of early [[Hominin|hominin]]. [[Fossil|Fossils]] of ''P. robustus'' have only been found in [[South Africa]]. | ||
==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
The [[Holotype|holotype]] of ''P. robustus'' was discovered at the site of [[Kromdraai Cave| Kromdraai]], South Africa <ref name="Hilton-Barber">{{cite book|title=Field guide to the Cradle of Humankind|accessdate=|author=B. Hilton-Barber and L.R. Berger|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2002 |format= |work= |publisher=Struik|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>. The holotype is a partial skull with the Transvaal Museum reference number of TM 1517. It was discovered by a young schoolboy named Gert Terreblanche and the [[skull]] was described by Robert Broom in 1938 as a new genus and species <ref name="Broom">{{cite book|title=finding the Missing Link|accessdate=|author=R. Broom|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1950 |format= |work= |publisher=Watts, London|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Hilton-Barber"/>. Excavations immediately following this discovery yielded relatively few hominins<ref name="Broom"/>. Further discoveries of ''P. robustus'' were made during later excavations at Kromdraai B as well as at the sites of [[Swartkrans Cave| Swartkrans]]<ref name="Broom"/>, [[Drimolen Cave| Drimolen]] and [[Coopers Cave| Coopers]]. | The [[Holotype|holotype]] of ''P. robustus'' was discovered at the site of [[Kromdraai Cave| Kromdraai]], South Africa <ref name="Hilton-Barber">{{cite book|title=Field guide to the Cradle of Humankind|accessdate=|author=B. Hilton-Barber and L.R. Berger|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2002 |format= |work= |publisher=Struik|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>. The holotype is a partial skull with the Transvaal Museum reference number of TM 1517. It was discovered by a young schoolboy named Gert Terreblanche and the [[skull]] was described by Robert Broom in 1938 as a new genus and species <ref name="Broom">{{cite book|title=finding the Missing Link|accessdate=|author=R. Broom|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1950 |format= |work= |publisher=Watts, London|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Hilton-Barber"/>. Excavations immediately following this discovery yielded relatively few hominins<ref name="Broom"/>. Further discoveries of ''P. robustus'' were made during later excavations at Kromdraai B as well as at the sites of [[Swartkrans Cave| Swartkrans]]<ref name="Broom"/>, [[Drimolen Cave| Drimolen]], [[Gondolin Cave| Gondolin]] and [[Coopers Cave| Coopers]]. | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
It is difficult to estimate actual body size based on specimens recovered to date, but it is suggested that ''P. robustus'' has a predicted body weight approximating that of [[Chimpanzee|chimpanzees]]<ref name="Hilton-Barber"/>. The face of ''P. robustus'' is somewhat [[Prognathism|prognathic]] but flattened, thus the species is often referred to as the "flat-faced ape man. ''P. robustus'' has relatively large dentition but not as large as the East African species ''P. boisei''<ref name="Hilton-Barber"/>. The species name ''robustus'' was given for the large jaws and a pronounced sagital crest in males<ref name="Broom"/>. Like other early hominin species, its canines are small relative to its posterior teeth. Based on recent discoveries - particularly at the site of Drimolen - it has been established that the species was relatively highly sexually dimorphic<ref name="Keyser"/>. | It is difficult to estimate actual body size based on specimens recovered to date, but it is suggested that ''P. robustus'' has a predicted body weight approximating that of [[Chimpanzee|chimpanzees]]<ref name="Hilton-Barber"/>. The face of ''P. robustus'' is somewhat [[Prognathism|prognathic]] but flattened, thus the species is often referred to as the "flat-faced" ape man. ''P. robustus'' has relatively large dentition but not as large as the East African species ''P. boisei''<ref name="Hilton-Barber"/>. The species name ''robustus'' was given for the large jaws and a pronounced sagital crest in males<ref name="Broom"/>. Like other early hominin species, its canines are small relative to its posterior teeth. Based on recent discoveries - particularly at the site of Drimolen - it has been established that the species was relatively highly sexually dimorphic<ref name="Keyser">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/726597.stm|title=Near complete ape man skull found|accessdate=|author=BBC|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2000 |format= |work= |publisher=BBC online|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>. | ||
The dating of South African breccia caves is difficult, but it is hypothesized that the oldest ''P. robustus'' fossils date to around 1.9 million years old and the youngest finds are just over 1 million years old | |||
The dating of South African breccia caves is difficult, but it is hypothesized that the oldest ''P. robustus'' fossils date to around 1.9 million years old and the youngest finds are just over 1 million years old<ref name="Hilton-Barber"/>. | |||
==Discovery localities== | ==Discovery localities== | ||
| Line 17: | Line 18: | ||
*[[Swartkrans Cave|Swartkrans]], South Africa 1948 | *[[Swartkrans Cave|Swartkrans]], South Africa 1948 | ||
*[[Drimolen Cave| Drimolen]], South Africa 1992 | *[[Drimolen Cave| Drimolen]], South Africa 1992 | ||
*[[Gondolin Cave| Gondolin]], South Africa 1997 | |||
*[[Coopers Cave|Coopers]], South Africa 1999 | *[[Coopers Cave|Coopers]], South Africa 1999 | ||
==Collections== | ==Collections== | ||
All fossils of ''P. robustus'' are held either at the [[Transvaal Museum]], [[Pretoria]] or the [[University of the Witwatersrand]], [[Johannesburg]]. The fossils held at the Transvaal Museum are from Swartkrans and Kromdraai and represent the early collections of Broom | All fossils of ''P. robustus'' are held either at the [[Transvaal Museum]], [[Pretoria]] or the [[University of the Witwatersrand]], [[Johannesburg]]. The fossils held at the Transvaal Museum are from Swartkrans and Kromdraai and represent the early collections of Broom and later C.K. Brain. The University of the Witwatersrand holds specimens from Coopers and Drimolen. | ||
==Species subsumed under ''P. robustus''== | ==Species subsumed under ''P. robustus''== | ||
| Line 31: | Line 33: | ||
*''Paranthropus'' means "to the side of humans". | *''Paranthropus'' means "to the side of humans". | ||
*Recent research has suggested ''Paranthropus'' made bone tools which it used for digging for termites, roots and tubers. | *Recent research has suggested ''Paranthropus'' made bone tools which it used for digging for termites, roots and tubers<ref name="Backwell">{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?sf=588&set_id=1&click_id=31&art_id=qw979637101204B236|title=Ancient SA tools show early man ate termites|accessdate=|author=IOL|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2001 |format= |work= |publisher=IOL|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>. | ||
*Two specimens of ''Paranthropus'' - a male and a female of the same age ( | *Two specimens of ''Paranthropus'' - a male and a female of the same age (approximately in their late teens) - were found cheek by jowl at the site of Drimolen and named [[Orpheus]] and [[Eurydice]] by their discoverers<ref name="Keyser"/>. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
[[Category: | |||
Latest revision as of 11:01, 1 October 2024
Paranthropus robustus is a species of early hominin. Fossils of P. robustus have only been found in South Africa.
Origin
The holotype of P. robustus was discovered at the site of Kromdraai, South Africa [1]. The holotype is a partial skull with the Transvaal Museum reference number of TM 1517. It was discovered by a young schoolboy named Gert Terreblanche and the skull was described by Robert Broom in 1938 as a new genus and species [2][1]. Excavations immediately following this discovery yielded relatively few hominins[2]. Further discoveries of P. robustus were made during later excavations at Kromdraai B as well as at the sites of Swartkrans[2], Drimolen, Gondolin and Coopers.
Description
It is difficult to estimate actual body size based on specimens recovered to date, but it is suggested that P. robustus has a predicted body weight approximating that of chimpanzees[1]. The face of P. robustus is somewhat prognathic but flattened, thus the species is often referred to as the "flat-faced" ape man. P. robustus has relatively large dentition but not as large as the East African species P. boisei[1]. The species name robustus was given for the large jaws and a pronounced sagital crest in males[2]. Like other early hominin species, its canines are small relative to its posterior teeth. Based on recent discoveries - particularly at the site of Drimolen - it has been established that the species was relatively highly sexually dimorphic[3].
The dating of South African breccia caves is difficult, but it is hypothesized that the oldest P. robustus fossils date to around 1.9 million years old and the youngest finds are just over 1 million years old[1].
Discovery localities
- Kromdraai, South Africa 1938
- Swartkrans, South Africa 1948
- Drimolen, South Africa 1992
- Gondolin, South Africa 1997
- Coopers, South Africa 1999
Collections
All fossils of P. robustus are held either at the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria or the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The fossils held at the Transvaal Museum are from Swartkrans and Kromdraai and represent the early collections of Broom and later C.K. Brain. The University of the Witwatersrand holds specimens from Coopers and Drimolen.
Species subsumed under P. robustus
- Australopithecus robustus
- Paranthropus crassidens
Other facts
- Paranthropus means "to the side of humans".
- Recent research has suggested Paranthropus made bone tools which it used for digging for termites, roots and tubers[4].
- Two specimens of Paranthropus - a male and a female of the same age (approximately in their late teens) - were found cheek by jowl at the site of Drimolen and named Orpheus and Eurydice by their discoverers[3].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 B. Hilton-Barber and L.R. Berger (2002). Field guide to the Cradle of Humankind. Struik.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 R. Broom (1950). finding the Missing Link. Watts, London.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 BBC (2000). Near complete ape man skull found. BBC online.
- ↑ IOL (2001). Ancient SA tools show early man ate termites. IOL.