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'''Probiotics''' are [[dietary supplement]]s containing potentially beneficial [[bacteria]] or [[yeast]], with [[lactic acid bacteria]] (LAB) as the most common [[microbes]] used. LAB have been used in the food industry for many years, because they are able to convert [[sugars]] (including [[lactose]]) and other [[carbohydrates]] into [[lactic acid]]. This not only provides the characteristic [[sour]] taste of [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] dairy foods such as [[yogurt]], but acts as a preservative, by lowering the [[pH]] and creating fewer opportunities for spoilage organisms to grow.  
{{subpages}}
'''Probiotics''' are "live microbial [[dietary supplement]]s which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, [[lactobacillus|lactobacilli]] are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref><ref name="pmid7782892">{{cite journal |author=Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB |title=Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=1401–12 |year=1995 |pmid=7782892 |doi=}}</ref> Lactobacilli have been used in the food industry for many years, because they are able to convert sugars (including [[lactose]]) and other [[carbohydrates]] into [[lactic acid]]. This not only provides the characteristic sour taste of [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] dairy foods such as [[yogurt]], but acts as a preservative, by lowering the [[pH]] and creating fewer opportunities for spoilage organisms to grow.  


Probiotic bacterial cultures are intended to assist the body's naturally occurring [[gut flora]] to reestablish themselves. They are sometimes recommended by doctors, and, more frequently, by [[nutritionist]]s, after a course of [[antibiotics]], or as part of the treatment for gut related [[candidiasis]]. Claims are made that probiotics strengthen the [[immune system]]. <ref name="Sanders">Sanders ME. Considerations for use of probiotic bacteria to modulate human health. J Nutr. 2000;130:384S-390S. PMID 10721912</ref>
==Proposed mechanism of action==
The rationale for probiotics is that they restore the normal microbes in the gastrointestinal tract that may have been reduced by use of [[antibiotic]]s or other conditions.


The rationale for probiotics is that the [[body]] contains a miniature [[ecology]] of [[microbe]]s, collectively known as the [[gut flora]]. A number of bacterial types are thought to be thrown out of balance by a wide range of circumstances including the use of [[antibiotics]] or other [[medication|drugs]], excess [[alcohol]], [[stress (medicine)|stress]], [[disease]], or exposure to [[toxic]] substances. In cases like these, the bacteria that work well with our bodies (see [[symbiosis]]) may decrease in number, an event which allows harmful [[competition|competitors]] to thrive, to the detriment of our health.  
There is no published evidence that probiotic supplements are able to replace the body’s natural flora when these have been killed off; indeed bacterial levels in feces disappear within days when supplementation ceases<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/gutreactions.shtml Gut Reactions programme 3]</ref>. It is hoped, however, that probiotics do form beneficial temporary colonies which may assist the body in the same functions as the natural flora, while allowing the natural flora time to recover from depletion. The probiotic strains are then thought to be progressively replaced by a naturally developed gut flora. If the conditions which originally caused damage to the natural gut flora persist, the benefits obtained from probiotic supplements will be short lived.


Maintenance of a healthy gut flora is, however, dependent on many factors, especially the quality of food intake. Including a significant proportion of [[prebiotic (nutrition)|prebiotic]] foods in the diet has been demonstrated to support a healthy probiotic flora and may be a more effective and sustainable means of achieving the desirable health benefits promised by probiotics.
==Adverse effects==
 
===Mortality===
==Effects==
Priobiotics were associated with increased mortality in a [[randomized controlled trial]] of patients with severe acute [[pancreatitis]].<ref>Besselink et al. (2008) Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. {{DOI|10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60207-X}} http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360860207X/abstract?iseop=true</ref>
There is no published evidence that probiotic supplements are able to replace the body’s natural flora when these have been killed off; indeed bacterial levels in feces disappear within days when supplementation ceases<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/gutreactions.shtml Gut Reactions programme 3]</ref>. It is hoped, however, that probiotics do form beneficial temporary [[Colony (biology)|colonies]] which may assist the body in the same functions as the natural flora, while allowing the natural flora time to recover from depletion. The probiotic strains are then thought to be progressively replaced by a naturally developed gut flora. Hence, probiotics have been defined as correctives of the [[ecoorgan]]. If the conditions which originally caused damage to the natural gut flora persist, the benefits obtained from probiotic supplements will be short lived.
 
===Side effects===
Treatment with probiotics, like any medicine, may include a condition called [[excessive drainage syndrome]], which includes headache, [[diarrhea]], [[bloating]], or [[constipation]]. Another commonly reported side effect is [[intestinal gas]].  To reduce the side effects it is recommended to lower the supplement dosage, or pretreat with [[colon hydrotherapy]], or [[stool softener]]s and fiber as tolerated or advised by a healthcare professional.<ref>{{cite web
|title="Probiotics." Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, eNotes.com.
|first=Thomas
|last=Gale
|url=http://health.enotes.com/alternative-medicine-encyclopedia/probiotics
|date=[[2006]]
|accessdate=2007-29-1
}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=July 2007}}


==Potential benefits==
==Potential benefits==
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===Managing Lactose Intolerance===
===Managing Lactose Intolerance===
Because LAB convert [[lactose]] into [[lactic acid]], their ingestion may help lactose intolerant individuals tolerate more lactose than what they would have otherwise.<ref name="Sanders"/>
Because lactobacilli convert [[lactose]] into [[lactic acid]], their ingestion may help lactose intolerant individuals tolerate more lactose than what they would have otherwise.<ref name="Sanders"/>


===Prevention of Colon Cancer===
===Prevention of Colon Cancer===
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===Cholesterol Lowering===
===Cholesterol Lowering===
Animal studies have demonstrated the efficacy of a range of LAB to be able to lower serum [[cholesterol]] levels, presumably by breaking down [[bile]] in the [[gut]], thus inhibiting its reabsorption (which enters the blood as cholesterol).Some, but not all human trials have shown that dairy foods fermented with LAB can produce modest reductions in total and [[LDL]] cholesterol levels in those with normal levels to begin with, however trials in hyperlipidemic subjects are needed.<ref name="Sanders"/>
Animal studies have demonstrated the efficacy of a range of lactobacilli to be able to lower serum [[cholesterol]] levels, presumably by breaking down [[bile]] in the [[gut]], thus inhibiting its reabsorption (which enters the blood as cholesterol).Some, but not all human trials have shown that dairy foods fermented with LAB can produce modest reductions in total and [[LDL]] cholesterol levels in those with normal levels to begin with, however trials in hyperlipidemic subjects are needed.<ref name="Sanders"/>


===Lowering Blood Pressure===
===Lowering Blood Pressure===
everal small clinical trials have shown that consumption of milk fermented with various strains of LAB can result in modest reductions in [[blood pressure]]. It is thought that this is due to the [[ACE inhibitor]]-like [[peptides]] produced during fermentation.<ref name="Sanders"/>  
everal small clinical trials have shown that consumption of milk fermented with various strains of LAB can result in modest reductions in [[blood pressure]]. It is thought that this is due to the [[ACE inhibitor]]-like [[peptides]] produced during fermentation.<ref name="Sanders"/>


===Improving Immune Function and Preventing Infections===
===Improving Immune Function and Preventing Infections===
LAB are thought to have several presumably beneficial effects on immune function. They may protect against [[pathogens]] by means of [[competitive inhibition]] (i.e., by competing for growth) and there is evidence to suggest that they may improve immune function by increasing the number of [[IgA]]-producing plasma cells, increasing or improving [[phagocytosis]] as well as increasing the proportion of [[T lymphocytes]] and Natural Killer cells.<ref name="Reid_Jass_Sebulsky">Reid G, Jass J, Sebulsky MT, McCormick JK. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16:658-72. PMID 14557292</ref><ref name="Ouwehand_Salminen_Isolauri">Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2002;82:279-89. PMID 12369194</ref> [[Clinical trials]] have demonstrated that probiotics may decrease the incidence of respiratory tract infections<ref>Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Ponka A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Nase L, Saxelin M, Korpela R. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial. BMJ. 2001;322:1327 PMID 11387176</ref> and [[dental caries]] in children<ref>Nase L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Saxelin M, Ponka A, Poussa T, Korpela R, Meurman JH. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res. 2001;35:412-20. PMID 11799281</ref> LAB foods and supplements have been shown to be effective in the treatment and prevention of acute [[diarrhea]]; decreasing the severity and duration of [[rotavirus]] infections in children as well as travelers diarrhea in adults.<ref name="Reid_Jass_Sebulsky"/><ref name="Ouwehand_Salminen_Isolauri"/> A 2007 study at [[University College Cork]] in [[Ireland]] showed that a diet including milk fermented with [[Lactobacillus]] bacteria prevented [[Salmonella]] infection in pigs.<ref>[http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=75107&m=1NIE320&c=csjgoiuhudky Probiotics may protect against food poisoning]</ref>
Lactobacilli are thought to have several presumably beneficial effects on immune function. They may protect against [[pathogens]] by means of [[competitive inhibition]] (i.e., by competing for growth) and there is evidence to suggest that they may improve immune function by increasing the number of [[IgA]]-producing plasma cells, increasing or improving [[phagocytosis]] as well as increasing the proportion of [[T lymphocytes]] and Natural Killer cells.<ref name="Reid_Jass_Sebulsky">Reid G, Jass J, Sebulsky MT, McCormick JK. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16:658-72. PMID 14557292</ref><ref name="Ouwehand_Salminen_Isolauri">Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2002;82:279-89. PMID 12369194</ref> [[Clinical trials]] have demonstrated that probiotics may decrease the incidence of respiratory tract infections<ref>Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Ponka A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Nase L, Saxelin M, Korpela R. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial. BMJ. 2001;322:1327 PMID 11387176</ref> and [[dental caries]] in children<ref>Nase L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Saxelin M, Ponka A, Poussa T, Korpela R, Meurman JH. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res. 2001;35:412-20. PMID 11799281</ref> LAB foods and supplements have been shown to be effective in the treatment and prevention of acute [[diarrhea]]; decreasing the severity and duration of [[rotavirus]] infections in children as well as travelers diarrhea in adults.<ref name="Reid_Jass_Sebulsky"/><ref name="Ouwehand_Salminen_Isolauri"/> A diet including milk fermented with [[Lactobacillus]] bacteria prevented [[Salmonella]] infection in pigs.<ref>[http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=75107&m=1NIE320&c=csjgoiuhudky Probiotics may protect against food poisoning]</ref> Claims are made that probiotics strengthen the [[immune system]]. <ref name="Sanders">Sanders ME. Considerations for use of probiotic bacteria to modulate human health. J Nutr. 2000;130:384S-390S. PMID 10721912</ref>


====Helicobacter pylori====
====Helicobacter pylori====
as well as aid in the treatment of ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' infections (which cause [[peptic ulcers]]) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments.<ref name="pmid14522098">Hamilton-Miller JM. The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003;22:360-366. PMID 14522098</ref>
Probiotics may aid the treatment of ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' infections (which cause [[peptic ulcer disease]]) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments.<ref name="pmid14522098">Hamilton-Miller JM. The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003;22:360-366. PMID 14522098</ref>


====Antibiotic-associated diarrhea====
====Antibiotic-associated diarrhea====
A meta-analysis suggested probiotics may reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea.  
A [[meta-analysis]] suggested probiotics may reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea.<ref name="pmid12182746">Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Nista EC, Bartolozzi F, Capelli G, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1461-1467 PMID 12182746</ref> A subsequent [[randomized controlled trial]] showed that consumption of a probiotic drink containing ''L casei'', ''L bulgaricus'', and ''S thermophilus'' can reduce the incidence of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and ''[[Clostridium difficile]]'' associated diarrhea in elderly patients.<ref name="pmid17604300">{{cite journal |author=Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N, ''et al'' |title=Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial |journal=BMJ |volume=335 |issue=7610 |pages=80 |year=2007 |pmid=17604300 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid12182746">Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Nista EC, Bartolozzi F, Capelli G, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1461-1467 PMID 12182746</ref> A subsequent [[randomized controlled trail]] showed that consumption of a probiotic drink containing ''L casei'', ''L bulgaricus'', and ''S thermophilus'' can reduce the incidence of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and ''C difficile'' associated diarrhoea in elderly patients.<ref name="pmid17604300">{{cite journal |author=Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N, ''et al'' |title=Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial |journal=BMJ |volume=335 |issue=7610 |pages=80 |year=2007 |pmid=17604300 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55}}</ref>
 
====Upper respiratory tract infection====
"Probiotics were better than  placebo in reducing the number of participants experiencing episodes of  acute [[Respiratory tract infection|URTIs]], the rate ratio of episodes of acute URTI and reducing  antibiotic use" according to the [[Cochrane Collaboration]]. <ref  name="pmid21901706">{{cite journal| author=Hao Q, Lu Z, Dong BR,  Huang CQ, Wu T| title=Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory  tract infections. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2011 |  volume= 9 | issue=  | pages= CD006895 | pmid=21901706 |  doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub2 | pmc= | url= }} </ref>


===Reducing Inflammation===
===Reducing Inflammation===
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| url=http://www.webmd.com/content/article/121/114283.htm
| url=http://www.webmd.com/content/article/121/114283.htm
| publisher=[[WebMD]]
| publisher=[[WebMD]]
| date=[[April 25]], [[2006]]
| date=[[April 25]], 2006
| accessdate=2006-10-24
| accessdate=2006-10-24
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


===Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Colitis===
===Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Colitis===
B. infantis 35624, sold as Align, was found to improve some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in women in a recent study.<ref>{{cite web
B. infantis 35624, sold as Align, was found to improve some symptoms of [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS) in women.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome
|title=Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome
|author=Whorwell PJ, Altringer L, Morel J, Bond Y, Charbonneau D, O'Mahony L, Kiely B, Shanahan F, Quigley EM.
|author=Whorwell PJ, Altringer L, Morel J, Bond Y, Charbonneau D, O'Mahony L, Kiely B, Shanahan F, Quigley EM.
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16863564&dopt=Abstract
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16863564&dopt=Abstract
|publisher=Am J Gastroenterol.
|publisher=Am J Gastroenterol.
|date=[[July]], [[2006]]
|date=[[July]], 2006
|accessdate=2006-12-6
|accessdate=2006-12-6
}}</ref> Another probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum 299V, was also found to be effective in reducing IBS symptoms.  
}}</ref> Another probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum 299V, was also found to be effective in reducing IBS symptoms.  
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|last=Kerr
|last=Kerr
|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/455964
|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/455964
|date=[[May 21]], [[2003]]
|date=[[May 21]], 2003
|accessdate=2006-12-6
|accessdate=2006-12-6
}}</ref> Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 may help. <ref name="pmid17635382">{{cite journal |author=Guyonnet D, Chassany O, Ducrotte P, ''et al'' |title=Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on the health-related quality of life and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=475-86 |year=2007 |pmid=17635382 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03362.x}}</ref>
}}</ref> Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 may help. <ref name="pmid17635382">{{cite journal |author=Guyonnet D, Chassany O, Ducrotte P, ''et al'' |title=Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on the health-related quality of life and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=475-86 |year=2007 |pmid=17635382 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03362.x}}</ref>


==Synbiotics==
==Synbiotics==
It is also possible to increase and maintain a healthy bacterial gut flora by increasing the amounts of [[prebiotic (nutrition)|prebiotics]] in the diet such as [[inulin]], raw [[oat]]s, and unrefined [[wheat]] .{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
[[Prebiotic]]s are "nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacterial species already resident in the colon, and thus attempt to improve host health".<ref name="pmid7782892">{{cite journal |author=Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB |title=Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=1401–12 |year=1995 |pmid=7782892 |doi=}}</ref>


As probiotics are mainly active in the small intestine and prebiotics are only effective in the large intestine <ref name="Synbiotics">Glenn R. Gibson and Marcel B. Roberfroid ; Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota: Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition Vol. 125 No. 6 June 1995, pp. 1401-1412.</ref>, the combination of the two may give a synergistic effect. Appropriate combinations of pre- and probiotics are synbiotics.
Synbiotics have also been defined as the synergistic action of prebiotics and probiotics.<ref name="pmid7782892">{{cite journal |author=Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB |title=Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=1401–12 |year=1995 |pmid=7782892 |doi=}}</ref> As probiotics are proposed to be active in the small intestine and prebiotics are proposed be to be effective in the large intestine, the combination of the two may give a synergistic effect. Appropriate combinations of pre- and probiotics are synbiotics.<ref name="pmid7782892"/>
 
Synbiotics have also been defined as metabolites produced by [[ecoorgan]] or by synergistic action of prebiotics and probiotics e.g. short chain fatty acids, other fatty acids, amino acids, peptides, polyamines, carbohydrates, vitamins, numerous antioxidants and phytosterols, growth factors, coagulation factors, various signal molecules such as cytokine-like bacteriokines.


==Types==
==Types==
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== Criticism ==
== Criticism ==
Some mainstream researchers in Europe as well as in the United States are skeptical of some of the claims made for probiotics. Their reasons include the following considerations<ref>{{cite web
Some researchers are skeptical of some of the claims made for probiotics. Their reasons include the following considerations<ref>{{cite web
|title="Probiotics." Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, eNotes.com.
|title="Probiotics." Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, eNotes.com.
|first=Thomas
|first=Thomas
|last=Gale
|last=Gale
|url=http://health.enotes.com/alternative-medicine-encyclopedia/probiotics
|url=http://health.enotes.com/alternative-medicine-encyclopedia/probiotics
|date=[[2006]]
|date=2006
|accessdate=2007-29-1
|accessdate=2007-29-1
}}</ref>:
}}</ref>:
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*The basic concept of probiotics is based on a misunderstanding of the role of microflora in the human [[digestive tract]].
*The basic concept of probiotics is based on a misunderstanding of the role of microflora in the human [[digestive tract]].
*It is difficult to see how bacteria taken by mouth can survive the process of human digestion (though research shows that they do, in fact, survive <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1489325 "Survival of Yogurt Bacteria in the Human Gut" Marina Elli et al.  Appl Environ Microbiol 2006 July; 72(7): 5113–5117]</ref>)
*It is difficult to see how bacteria taken by mouth can survive the process of human digestion (though research shows that they do, in fact, survive <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1489325 "Survival of Yogurt Bacteria in the Human Gut" Marina Elli et al.  Appl Environ Microbiol 2006 July; 72(7): 5113–5117]</ref>)
==Attribution==
{{WPAttribution}}


==References==
==References==
<div class="references-small">
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
<references/>
</div>
</div>[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]
 
[[Category:CZ Live]] [[Category:Health Sciences Workgroup]]

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Probiotics are "live microbial dietary supplements which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci."[1][2] Lactobacilli have been used in the food industry for many years, because they are able to convert sugars (including lactose) and other carbohydrates into lactic acid. This not only provides the characteristic sour taste of fermented dairy foods such as yogurt, but acts as a preservative, by lowering the pH and creating fewer opportunities for spoilage organisms to grow.

Proposed mechanism of action

The rationale for probiotics is that they restore the normal microbes in the gastrointestinal tract that may have been reduced by use of antibiotics or other conditions.

There is no published evidence that probiotic supplements are able to replace the body’s natural flora when these have been killed off; indeed bacterial levels in feces disappear within days when supplementation ceases[3]. It is hoped, however, that probiotics do form beneficial temporary colonies which may assist the body in the same functions as the natural flora, while allowing the natural flora time to recover from depletion. The probiotic strains are then thought to be progressively replaced by a naturally developed gut flora. If the conditions which originally caused damage to the natural gut flora persist, the benefits obtained from probiotic supplements will be short lived.

Adverse effects

Mortality

Priobiotics were associated with increased mortality in a randomized controlled trial of patients with severe acute pancreatitis.[4]

Potential benefits

Experiments into the benefits of probiotic therapies suggest a range of potentially beneficial medicinal uses for probiotics. For many of the potential benefits, research is limited and only preliminary results are available.

Managing Lactose Intolerance

Because lactobacilli convert lactose into lactic acid, their ingestion may help lactose intolerant individuals tolerate more lactose than what they would have otherwise.[5]

Prevention of Colon Cancer

In laboratory investigations, LAB have demonstrated anti-mutagenic effects thought to be due to their ability to bind with heterocyclic amines; carcinogenic substances formed in cooked meat.[6] Animal studies have demonstrated that LAB can protect against colon cancer in rodents, though human data is limited and conflicting.[7] Most human trials have found that LAB may exert anti-carcinogenic effects by decreasing the activity of an enzyme called ß-glucuronidase[7] (which can generate carcinogens in the digestive system). Lower rates of colon cancer among higher consumers of fermented dairy products have been observed in some population studies.[5]

Cholesterol Lowering

Animal studies have demonstrated the efficacy of a range of lactobacilli to be able to lower serum cholesterol levels, presumably by breaking down bile in the gut, thus inhibiting its reabsorption (which enters the blood as cholesterol).Some, but not all human trials have shown that dairy foods fermented with LAB can produce modest reductions in total and LDL cholesterol levels in those with normal levels to begin with, however trials in hyperlipidemic subjects are needed.[5]

Lowering Blood Pressure

everal small clinical trials have shown that consumption of milk fermented with various strains of LAB can result in modest reductions in blood pressure. It is thought that this is due to the ACE inhibitor-like peptides produced during fermentation.[5]

Improving Immune Function and Preventing Infections

Lactobacilli are thought to have several presumably beneficial effects on immune function. They may protect against pathogens by means of competitive inhibition (i.e., by competing for growth) and there is evidence to suggest that they may improve immune function by increasing the number of IgA-producing plasma cells, increasing or improving phagocytosis as well as increasing the proportion of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells.[8][9] Clinical trials have demonstrated that probiotics may decrease the incidence of respiratory tract infections[10] and dental caries in children[11] LAB foods and supplements have been shown to be effective in the treatment and prevention of acute diarrhea; decreasing the severity and duration of rotavirus infections in children as well as travelers diarrhea in adults.[8][9] A diet including milk fermented with Lactobacillus bacteria prevented Salmonella infection in pigs.[12] Claims are made that probiotics strengthen the immune system. [5]

Helicobacter pylori

Probiotics may aid the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections (which cause peptic ulcer disease) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments.[13]

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

A meta-analysis suggested probiotics may reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea.[14] A subsequent randomized controlled trial showed that consumption of a probiotic drink containing L casei, L bulgaricus, and S thermophilus can reduce the incidence of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in elderly patients.[15]

Upper respiratory tract infection

"Probiotics were better than placebo in reducing the number of participants experiencing episodes of acute URTIs, the rate ratio of episodes of acute URTI and reducing antibiotic use" according to the Cochrane Collaboration. [16]

Reducing Inflammation

LAB foods and supplements have been found to modulate inflammatory and hypersensitivity responses, an observation thought to be at least in part due to the regulation of cytokine function.[8] Clinical studies suggest that they can prevent reoccurrences of inflammatory bowel disease in adults,[8] as well as improve milk allergies[17] and decrease the risk of atopic eczema in children.[18]

Improving Mineral Absorption

It is hypothesized that probiotic lactobacilli may help correct malabsorption of trace minerals, found particularly in those with diets high in phytate content from whole grains, nuts, and legumes.[19]

Prevents Harmful Bacterial Growth Under Stress

In a study done to see the effects of stress on intestinal flora, rats that were fed probiotics had little occurrence of harmful bacteria latched onto their intestines compared to rats that were fed sterile water.[20]

Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Colitis

B. infantis 35624, sold as Align, was found to improve some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in women.[21] Another probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum 299V, was also found to be effective in reducing IBS symptoms. [22] Additionally, a probiotic formulation, VSL3, was found to be effective in treating ulcerative colitis [23] Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 may help. [24]

Synbiotics

Prebiotics are "nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacterial species already resident in the colon, and thus attempt to improve host health".[2]

Synbiotics have also been defined as the synergistic action of prebiotics and probiotics.[2] As probiotics are proposed to be active in the small intestine and prebiotics are proposed be to be effective in the large intestine, the combination of the two may give a synergistic effect. Appropriate combinations of pre- and probiotics are synbiotics.[2]

Types

The most common form for probiotics are dairy products and probiotic fortified foods. However, tablets and capsules containing the bacteria in freeze dried form are also available.

Some common probiotics include various species of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus such as:

There is currently only one species of yeast used as a probiotic:

Some commonly used bacteria in products, but without probiotic effect (yogurt bacteria):

Some other bacteria mentioned in probiotic products:

Some fermented products containing similar (often not proven to have a probiotic or health effect) lactic acid bacteria include:

Criticism

Some researchers are skeptical of some of the claims made for probiotics. Their reasons include the following considerations[25]:

  • The studies done in support of probiotics are mostly anecdotal or heavily reliant on test-tube experimentation rather than on clinical trials in human subjects
  • The basic concept of probiotics is based on a misunderstanding of the role of microflora in the human digestive tract.
  • It is difficult to see how bacteria taken by mouth can survive the process of human digestion (though research shows that they do, in fact, survive [26])

Attribution

Some content on this page may previously have appeared on Wikipedia.

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Probiotics (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995). "Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics". J. Nutr. 125 (6): 1401–12. PMID 7782892. [e]
  3. ↑ Gut Reactions programme 3
  4. ↑ Besselink et al. (2008) Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. Template:DOI http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360860207X/abstract?iseop=true
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Sanders ME. Considerations for use of probiotic bacteria to modulate human health. J Nutr. 2000;130:384S-390S. PMID 10721912
  6. ↑ Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G, Pool-Zobel BL. Protective role of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:451S-455S. PMID 11157356
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Brady LJ, Gallaher DD, Busta FF. The role of probiotic cultures in the prevention of colon cancer. J Nutr. 2000;130:410S-414S. PMID 10721916
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Reid G, Jass J, Sebulsky MT, McCormick JK. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16:658-72. PMID 14557292
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2002;82:279-89. PMID 12369194
  10. ↑ Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Ponka A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Nase L, Saxelin M, Korpela R. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial. BMJ. 2001;322:1327 PMID 11387176
  11. ↑ Nase L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Saxelin M, Ponka A, Poussa T, Korpela R, Meurman JH. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res. 2001;35:412-20. PMID 11799281
  12. ↑ Probiotics may protect against food poisoning
  13. ↑ Hamilton-Miller JM. The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003;22:360-366. PMID 14522098
  14. ↑ Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Nista EC, Bartolozzi F, Capelli G, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1461-1467 PMID 12182746
  15. ↑ Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N, et al (2007). "Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial". BMJ 335 (7610): 80. DOI:10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55. PMID 17604300. Research Blogging.
  16. ↑ Hao Q, Lu Z, Dong BR, Huang CQ, Wu T (2011). "Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections.". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9: CD006895. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub2. PMID 21901706. Research Blogging.
  17. ↑ Kirjavainen PV, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: underscoring the importance of viability. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36:223-227 PMID 12548058
  18. ↑ Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1869-1871. PMID 12788576
  19. ↑ Famularo G, De Simone C, Pandey V, Sahu AR, Minisola G. Probiotic lactobacilli: an innovative tool to correct the malabsorption syndrome of vegetarians? Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(6):1132-5. PMID 16095846
  20. ↑ Hitti, Miranda (April 25, 2006). Probiotics May Help Stressed Gut. WebMD. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
  21. ↑ Whorwell PJ, Altringer L, Morel J, Bond Y, Charbonneau D, O'Mahony L, Kiely B, Shanahan F, Quigley EM. (July, 2006). Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol.. Retrieved on 2006-12-6.
  22. ↑ Niedzielin K, Kordecki H, Birkenfeld B (2001). "A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome". Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13 (10): 1143–7. PMID.
  23. ↑ Kerr, Martha (May 21, 2003). Probiotics Significantly Reduce Symptoms of IBS, Ulcerative Colitis. Retrieved on 2006-12-6.
  24. ↑ Guyonnet D, Chassany O, Ducrotte P, et al (2007). "Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on the health-related quality of life and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26 (3): 475-86. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03362.x. PMID 17635382. Research Blogging.
  25. ↑ Gale, Thomas (2006). "Probiotics." Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, eNotes.com.. Retrieved on 2007-29-1.
  26. ↑ "Survival of Yogurt Bacteria in the Human Gut" Marina Elli et al. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006 July; 72(7): 5113–5117
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