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<div class="usermessage plainlinks">The Editorial Council has made a unanimous decision on December 17, 2010, to blank this draft article and to place a minimum of a one-year moratorium on any further edits to this article. The discussion concerning this decision may be found at [http://locke.citizendium.org/cz_ec/DR-2010-006].  The Talk page remains, but its present contents will be moved to an archive.  The Approved Main Article also remains in place. This page is now protected by the Constabulary and no further edits can be made to it. After one year has passed, Citizens may ask the Editorial Council to reconsider their decision but there is no guarantee that they will do so.  
'''Homeopathy''' or '''homoeopathy'''&mdash;from  the Greek ''hómoios'' (similar) and ''páthos'' (suffering)&mdash;is a system of [[Complementary and Alternative Medicine|alternative medicine]] based on the [[#Principles of homeopathy, and their historical origins |idea]] that substances known to ''cause'' particular combinations of symptoms in healthy people can also, in low and specially prepared doses, help to ''cure'' people whose disease has similar symptoms.  
<br>
The Secretary of the Editorial Council, [[User:Hayford Peirce|Hayford Peirce]] 04:09, 17 December 2010 (UTC)


Homeopathy is used worldwide by some medical doctors and other licensed health practitioners who use it as an alternative or a complement to conventional medical treatment for both acute and chronic ailments, by a relatively small number of licensed homeopaths, and by consumers who use it to treat common non-life-threatening acute conditions. Homeopathic medicines (referred to in this article as "remedies" to avoid confusion with conventional medicines) are widely available without the need for a doctor's prescription. Many health insurance companies provide coverage for homeopathic treatment as long as it is provided by a licensed medical doctor, although many others refuse to cover treatments they judge ineffective even when prescribed by a physician.
==== Moratorium extended ====
The moratorium has been extended by another year. [http://ec.citizendium.org/wiki/EC:D-2012-002 EC:D-2012-002]. --[[User:Peter Schmitt|Peter Schmitt]] 01:20, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
</div>


The consensus of medical and scientific judgment is that homeopathy is unfounded.<ref>{{citation
<hr><br>
| first = Simon | last = Singh
| first2 = Edzard | last2 = Ernst
| title = Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial
| publisher = Bantam Press| year = 2008}}</ref> Although many studies have reported that
remedies might be effective in particular conditions, these have mostly been small and poorly controlled. Neither of the main homeopathic principles &mdash; similars and infinitisimals &mdash; makes sense to the critical scientific mind. The "principle of similars" appears to be merely an appeal to [[sympathetic magic]], or at best an over-generalisation of a principle that applies in only a few cases. The "principle of infinitisimals" contradicts both common sense and scientific results; there is no proven mechanism to explain how remedies might work, given that many of them are so dilute that they contain not a single molecule of the active ingredient. Homeopaths have [[#Homeopathic response|rejoinders]] to these arguments and consider them to be evidence of medical arrogance.
 
==Principles of homeopathy, and their historical origins ==
{{main|History of Homeopathy}}
===Principles=== 
 
According to homeopaths, their remedies stimulate the body's "natural healing processes" and invoke the "wisdom of the body". Remedies are derived from substances which, when given in overdose to healthy people, cause symptoms similar to those of the patient being treated; homeopaths claim that these augment the body's own defenses.  Hygiene, diet, and other natural therapies are also often used by homeopaths in conjunction with remedies. 
 
Two basic ideas in homeopathy are the '''principle of similars''', sometimes stated as "like cures like", and the '''principle of infinitisimals''', the idea that remedies become ''more'' potent if they undergo a process called '''potentization''', which consists of repeated dilutions (1:10, 1:100, or 1:50,000) with vigorous shaking in-between each dilution, called '''succusion'''.
 
Individualization of treatment is essential in '''classical homeopathy''', whereby a remedy is chosen based on the person's overall 'syndrome of symptoms', not just a generic disease diagnosis.
 
===History===
The principles of homeopathy were first methodically set out by a German physician, [[Samuel Hahnemann]] (1755–1843), who observed that a medicine sometimes evoked symptoms similar to those of the illness for which it was prescribed. In homeopathic theory, every person has a [[Vital force|"vital force"]], with the power to promote healing and/or maintain good health, and the symptoms of a disease reflect efforts of the body to defend itself against infection, environmental assault, or stresses. Homeopathic treatment attempts to strengthen this "vital force" with remedies chosen for their ability (in large doses) to provoke the similar symptoms that the remedy is intended to heal. Many famous people over the past 200 years have been users and advocates of homeopathy,<ref>Dana Ullman (2007) ''The Homeopathic Revolution: Why Famous People and Cultural Heroes Choose Homeopathy'' Berkeley: North Atlantic, 2007; www.HomeopathicRevolution.com</ref> and it is an important thread in the history of medicine.
 
====Precursors====
The early Greek physician [[Hippocrates of Cos]] (c. 450–380 BCE),<ref name=Hippo1>{{citation | url = http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hippocra.htm | title = Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | contribution = Hippocrates (c. 450–380 BC) | first = M | last = Boylan | year = 2006}}</ref> who is considered to be the "father of medicine", is also claimed by homeopaths as a pioneer in their own tradition—because he taught that "Natural forces within us are the true healers of disease," and that some diseases could be cured by the same things that caused them.
 
====Hahnemann====
In the early 18th century, the ''conventional medicine of the day'' has been commonly referred to as [[heroic medicine]] because its physicians often used large doses of toxic compounds in a seemingly valiant effort to save lives. Invasive procedures such as [[phlebotomy#Classic bloodletting|bloodletting]] and [[leeching]] were used indiscriminately. In 1783, disillusioned with "heroic" medicine, Hahnemann gave up his medical practice and turned to translating medical books. Among them was the ''Treatise on [[Materia Medica]]'' by [[William Cullen]]. Cullen had written that cinchona bark (which contains [[quinine]]) was effective in treating [[malaria]] because of its bitter and astringent properties. Hahnemann questioned this, because he knew that other substances were as bitter and astringent, but had no therapeutic value in this disease.<ref>{{citation
| author = Morrell P
| url = http://homeoint.org/morrell/articles/index.htm
| title = Articles on Homeopathy}}</ref>
 
Hahnemann saw that the effects he experienced from ingesting cinchona bark were similar to the symptoms of malaria. He observed similar results with other substances, and so conceived of the ''law of similars'', or "let like be cured by like" (Latin: ''similia similibus curentur''). This is the assertion that a disease can be cured by remedies that (in macroscopic, milligram doses) produce the same symptoms as those of the disease.  Hahnemann believed that, by inducing symptoms similar to the disease, the natural healing processes of the body would be stimulated. From these ideas, he developed a new system of health care, which he named "homoeopathy" (meaning "like disease")—and coined the term "[[allopathy]]" ("different than disease") to refer to the ''conventional medicine of the day'' (heroic medicine).<ref>Hahnemann S (1796) translated into English as [http://www.minutus.org/library/article_read.asp?id=6 "Essay on a New Principle"]. Hahnemann's
[http://www.homeopathyhome.com/reference/organon/organon.html ''Organon der Heilkunst''] in English translation</ref>
 
At first, Hahnemann used "crude" doses of medicinal substances (doses that still contained some original ingredient).<ref>Morell P [http://homeoint.org/morrell/articles/pm_pote1.htm "Hahnemann's use of potencies over time"]</ref> He strove to find the lowest doses that would still be effective, and he concluded that remedies worked better the more he diluted them as long as he “potentized” them, i.e. by serial dilution followed by succussion. Homeopathy thus became inextricably linked with [[ultradilution]]. Hahnemann had no explanation as to how or why these potentized remedies might work; he distrusted theoretical explanations and argued that all that mattered was whether a treatment was therapeutically effective.<ref>Dean ME (2001) [http://shpltd.co.uk/dean-homeopathy.pdf Homeopathy and the progress of science] ''Hist Sci''xxxix</ref>. Hahnemann coupled his theory with a method of "provings" to determine what symptoms a substance causes and thereby what a particular remedy might cure (see below).
 
====Education====
The first homeopathic school in the U.S.A. opened in 1835, and in 1844, the first U.S. national medical association—the [[American Institute of Homeopathy]]—was established.<ref>[http://www.homeopathyusa.org/ American Institute of Homeopathy]
:Winston J (2006) "[http://www.wholehealthnow.com/homeopathy_pro/homeopathy_1825_1849.html Homeopathy Timeline]" The Faces of Homoeopathy. Whole Health Now.</ref> By the end of the 19th century, 8% of American medical practitioners were homeopaths, and there were 20 homeopathic colleges and more than 100 homeopathic hospitals in the U.S.A. One reason for the popularity of homeopathy was its relative success in combatting the epidemics of the time.<ref>Coulter HL (1973) ''Divided Legacy'' (vol. II, pp 544-6; III, pp 267-70, 298-305). Berkeley: North Atlantic</ref> [[Cholera]], [[scarlet fever]], [[typhoid fever]], and [[yellow fever]] killed many, but death rates in hospitals that used heroic medicine were two- to eight-fold higher than in homeopathic hospitals.<ref> Bradford TL (1900) ''The logic of figures: The comparative results of homeopathic and other treatments.'' Philadelphia: Boericke and Tafel</ref>
 
In the early 20th century, the "[[Flexner Report]]" triggered major changes in American medical education. Many medical schools, including those teaching homeopathy were closed down, while others turned to a new vision of a biochemical understanding of medicine to replace the discredited heroic medicine. Nevertheless, in the 1960's, the popularity of homeopathy began to revive, and a 1999 survey reported that over 6 million Americans had used homeopathy in the previous 12 months. The number of homeopathic practitioners in the U.S.A. increased from fewer than 200 in the 1970's to about 3,000 in 1996.
 
==Conflict with conventional medicine==
The theory underlying homeopathy is not considered plausible by most academic scientists, and the treatment advice offered by homeopaths is in disagreement with conventional medicine. Their view is that homeopathy exploits the [[placebo effect]]—i.e. that the only benefits are those induced by the power of suggestion, by arousing hope, and by alleviating anxiety.
 
Homeopaths believe that the fundamental causes of disease are internal and constitutional and that infectious disease is not just the result of infection but also of susceptibility. This respect for the body's own immune and defense systems leads them to avoid conventional treatments that suppress symptoms. [[medicine|Physicians]] consider that most diseases are caused by a combination of external causes (such as viruses, bacteria, toxins, dietary deficiency, physical injury) and physiological dysfunction of medically defined host defenses (including genetic defects and mutations such as those which trigger cancers). Goals of conventional medicine include eliminate these [[etiology|causes]], although physicians often also use drugs both to suppress the discomfort of a disease (e.g., [[opioid analgesic]]s) as well as supplementing host resistance based on specific mechanisms, such as passive and active immunization.
 
=== Prophylactic use of homeopathy ===
Some homeopaths believe that their treatments can ''prevent'' disease, a notion known as "'[[homeoprophylaxis]]". A 2006 survey by the U.K. charity [[Sense About Science]] revealed that vendors of homeopathic products were advising travelers against taking conventional [[antimalarial]] drugs, instead recommending a homeopathic remedy. Even the director of the the [[Royal London Homeopathic Hospital]] condemned this, saying: 
<blockquote>"I'm very angry about it because people are going to get malaria—there is absolutely no reason to think that homeopathy works to prevent malaria and you won't find that in any textbook or journal of homeopathy so people will get malaria, people may even die of malaria if they follow this advice."<ref>{{citation 
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5178488.stm 
| title = Homeopathic practices 'risk lives'
| first = P | last = Ghosh 
| date = 13 July 2006 
| journal = BBC}}</ref></blockquote>
 
===Homeopathic "provings"===
{{main|Homeopathic proving}}
In homeopathic [[Homeopathic proving|'' drug provings,'']] healthy volunteers are given repeated doses of substances (usually in single-blind or double-blind protocols), and keep a diary of any symptoms. These are later recorded in textbooks, called ''Materia Medica''<ref name=Boericke-Materia>{{citation
| title = Homeopathic Materia Medica
| first = WE | last = Boericke
| url =http://www.homeoint.org/books/boericmm/index.htm
}}</ref>
and ''Repertory'',<ref name=Boericke-Repertory>{{citation
| title = Repertory
| first = OE | last = Boericke
| url = http://www.homeoint.org/books4/boerirep/index.htm
}}</ref>
or nowadays in expert system software. These 'provings' provide, for homeopaths, the basis to determine what a substance causes in overdose and thereby what it is thought to cure. The symptom complexes from drug provings are compared with a patient's symptoms in order to select, as the appropriate most similar ''remedy'', the substance whose effects are closest to the patient's symptoms—called the "simillimum". Homeopaths prescribe a remedy (in potentized doses) when a sick person has a syndrome of symptoms that resembles the syndrome of symptoms that it causes in drug proving.
 
In 2006, the U.K. ''Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency'' altered their regulations to allow evidence from provings to support advertising claims for homeopathic remedies (justifying phrasing such as “For the relief of...”). Scientists protested, calling this a departure from the principle that claims should be justified by evidence of efficacy.<ref>[http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/index.php/site/project/86 New regulations on licensing of homeopathy] The Medicines for Human Use (National Rules for Homeopathic Products) Regulations 2006, ''Sense about Science''</ref>
 
===Homeopathic remedies===
In the U.S.A., the federal [[Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]] (1938) sponsored by Senator [[Royal Copeland]] (a former homeopathic medical school dean) gave the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) the power to regulate drugs and granted legal recognition to the ''Homœopathic Pharmacopœia of the United States.''<ref name=HPUS>{{citation
| title = The Homœopathic Pharmacopœia of the United States (HPUS)
| author = Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia Convention of the United States
| url = http://www.hpus.com/whatishpus.php
}}</ref>This describes how remedies (defined as  "homeopathic drugs") are manufactured. Remedies are subject to less stringent regulation than conventional drugs;<ref name=21CFR>{{citation
| journal = U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
|title = Part 210 - Current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, processing, packing, or holding of drugs; General Part 211 - Current good manufacturing practice for finished pharmaceuticals
| url = http://www.fda.gov/cder/dmpq/cgmpregs.htm
| author = Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]]
| contribution = § 211.137 Expiration dating.
}}</ref>
they are exempt from [[good manufacturing practice]] requirements related to expiration dating, and from finished product testing for identity and strength.<ref name=FDA-HP>{{citation
| title = Homeopathy: Real Medicine or Empty Promises?
| first = Isadora Stehlin
| publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration]]
| url = http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/096_home.html
}}</ref> Conventional medicines must demonstrate adequate evidence of safety and efficacy.<ref name=FDA-HP /> By contrast, ''any'' substance can become a homeopathic remedy.
 
Today, homeopaths use about 3,000 remedies, made from plants, trees, and fungi<ref>[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/homeopathy/index.html Plants and fungi in homeopathy] Natural History Museum</ref> and from many mineral and animal sources. Even some unusual substances, called imponderables, are used, including electricity, X-ray, and magnetic poles. By convention, the first letter of the Latin-derived name of a remedy is capitalized, and the traditional name is preferred to the [[chemical name|chemical]] or biological name, or the [[International Nonproprietary Name]], -''Natrum muriaticum'' rather than ''sodium chloride''. Remedies for internal consumption come either as pills or as liquid, and most do not need a doctor's prescription, unless (in the U.S.A.) it is claimed to treat a serious disease such as cancer. Remedies for self-limiting conditions (minor health problems that are expected to go away on their own) can be sold without a prescription.
 
The most characteristic principle of homeopathy is that the efficacy of a remedy can be enhanced by "dynamization" or "potentization". In this process, liquids are diluted (with water or ethanol) and shaken by ten hard strikes against an elastic body ("succussion"), to get the next, higher, potency. Insoluble solids such as oyster shell<ref>[http://www.homeoint.org/morrell/articles/pm_calc.htm Calcarea Carbonica - The Collector of Days and Fossils] by Peter Morrell</ref> are diluted by grinding with [[lactose]] ("[[trituration]]"). The original dilutions by Hahnemann used a 1 part in 100 (centesimal; "C" potencies), or 1 part in 50,000 (quintamillesimal; "LM" or "L" potencies). [[Constantine Hering]] later introduced the Decimal ("D" or "X") potencies. The dilution factor at each stage is 1:100 ("C"), 1:50,000 ("LM") or 1:10 ("D" or "X"); Hahnemann advocated <math>30C</math> dilutions for most purposes (i.e. dilution by a factor of 100<sup>30</sup> = 10<sup>60</sup>). It is very unlikely that even one molecule of the original substance would be present in a <math>30C</math> dilution. Thus, liquid remedies of a high "potency"' contain just water, but according to homeopaths, the structure of the water has been altered (see [[memory of water]]); remedies in pill form contain just sugar.
 
Many remedies sold in health food stores are "low potencies," i.e. 3X, 3C, 6X, 6C, 12X, and 12C, all of which, except the last, contain some of the original substances.
 
In many countries, remedies are sold over-the-counter (OTC) in pharmacies, health food and other retail outlets; the global self-medication market is estimated at 48.2 billion dollars (13.4% of the world pharmaceuticals market), of which remedies account for 0.3%.<ref>[http://www.boiron.com/en/htm/01_homeo_aujourdhui/realite_eco_homeo.htm Economic reality of homeopathy] 2003 ''Homeopathy Today''</ref> The [[American Homeopathic Pharmaceutical Association]], estimated the 1995 retail sales of remedies in the U.S.A. at $201 million and growing at 20% per year.
Almost 70% of all OTC remedies are sold in Western Europe. France is the largest market, worth over 300 million euros in 2003 in a total OTC drug market of over 770 billion euros, followed by Germany (200 million euros).
 
The [[European Union]] allows remedies to be sold OTC provided they are prepared according to the European Pharmacopoeia or the pharmacopoeias currently used in the Member States, and if they are at least 3X.<ref>i.e. they may not contain either more than one part per 10,000 of the mother tincture or more than 1/100th of the smallest dose of an active substance.</ref>, but no specific therapeutic indication may be given on the product label.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0083:EN:HTML Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council] relating to medicinal products for human use.</ref>
 
== Homeopathy in practice ==
Homeopathy generally scores highly in "patient satisfaction" surveys. In the U.K., a survey cited by the British Homeopathic Association found that 15% of the public "trust" homeopathy. It found even more trust in homeopathy in other countries: 58% Brazil, 53% Chile, 49% Saudi Arabia, 40% France, 28% Russia, 27% Germany, and 18% USA. That said, patient satisfaction and strength of public support for a treatment does not count as scientific evidence&mdash;just because a lot of people believe something does not make it true (see [[argumentum ad populum]]).
 
In Europe, remedies are occasionally prescribed by MDs, including by 30-40% of French and 20% of German doctors.<ref>Fisher P, Ward A (1994) Complementary medicine in Europe ''British Medical Journal'' 309:107-10</ref> Some of this is covered by public funds; in France, 35% of the costs of remedies prescribed by an MD are reimbursed from health insurance. In Austria, the public health service generally requires proof of effectiveness to reimburse medical treatments, but not for homeopathy.<ref name="WHO"/>
 
However, throughout Europe, most remedies are sold over the counter; in 2007, this market was around £40 million in the U.K.<ref>[http://www.trusthomeopathy.org/media_centre/facts_about_homeopathy/popularity_and_market_place.html Popularity and the market place] British Homeopathic Association)</ref>; the total U.K. market in over-the-counter drugs was £1.2 billion in 1994.
 
===A typical homeopathic visit===
*''"Homeopathy is designed to treat the whole person and can therefore be considered in almost any situation where a person's health is depleted."'' (British Homeopathic Association)<ref>[http://www.trusthomeopathy.org/about_homeopathy/which_conditions_is_it_used_for/ British Homeopathic Association]</ref>
*''"The physician must remember that he is treating a patient who has some disorder; he is not prescribing for a disease entity."'' (from the [[American Institute of Homeopathy]] "Standards of Practice")<ref>[http://homeopathyusa.org/home/standards-of-practice.html American Institute of Homeopathy Standards of Practice]</ref>
Patients often come to homeopaths with chronic problems that have not responded to conventional treatment; these include common ailments such as [[eczema]], [[asthma]], [[migraine]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[arthritis]], [[anxiety]] and [[depression]], but homeopaths also accept patients with serious diseases, including [[cancer]].<ref>[http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=251 Cancer Research UK]</ref> and [[AIDS]]<ref>[http://www.amishhospital.com/aids.htm Amish Hospital and Research Center]</ref> Homeopaths view illness as a disturbance in the 'overall homeostasis of the total being', so they believe that almost ''any'' sick person can benefit from homeopathic treatment. Most homeopaths are not medically qualified; those who are, after diagnosing a chronic condition that does not indicate the need for medical urgency, might prescribe a remedy rather than a conventional medicine which he feels may be ineffective and/or likely to have side effects. Homeopaths recognize that trauma might require conventional medical attention, but may complement that with homeopathy.
 
{|align="right" cellpadding="10" style="background-color:#FFFFCC; width:30%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 92%;"
|When a homeopath is conducting an interview to characterise a patient's syndrome of symptoms, some "categories of change" are identified as important:
:(1) [[emotion]]
:(2) mentation
:(3) specific physical functioning
:(4) general physical changes
:(5) perception of self
:(6) relationships
:(7) [[spirituality]]
:(8) [[lifestyle]]
:(9) [[energy]]
:(10) [[dreaming|dream]] content and tone
:(11) well-being
:(12) perceptions by others
:(13) life relationships
:(14) a sense of freedom or feeling less "stuck"
:(15) [[sleep]]
:(16) coping
:(17) ability to adapt
:(18) [[creativity]]
:(19) recall of past experiences<ref name="pmid12676034">{{cite journal |author=Bell IR ''et al.'' |title=Homeopathic practitioner views of changes in patients undergoing constitutional treatment for chronic disease |journal=J Alt Complement Med |volume=9 |pages=39–50 |year=2003 |pmid=12676034 |doi=10.1089/10762800360520785 |url=}}</ref>
|}
 
In "[[Classical homeopathy|Classical ("Hahnemannian") homeopathy]], a single remedy is chosen according to the physical, emotional, and mental symptoms that the sick individual is experiencing, rather than the diagnosis of a disease. ("[[Commercial homeopathy|Commercial]]" or "user-friendly" homeopathy refers to the use of a mixture of remedies in a formula containing individual ingredients chosen by the manufacturer for treating specific ailments). When deciding which remedy to prescribe, classical homeopaths place emphasis on the patient's unique symptoms and their psychological state. They gather this information from an interview, typically lasting from 15 minutes to two hours, with one or more follow-up consultations of 15 to 45 minutes. They assess how the patient experiences their disease—i.e. they give priority to the overall syndrome of symptoms and the unique symptoms, unlike the conventional medical approach of trying to identify the causes of the disease. Their goal is to determine factors that might predispose the patient to disease, and find a treatment that will strengthen that patient's "overall constitution". After the interview, the homeopath consults the [[#Homeopathic references for diagnosis and treatment|references]] described on the right. Some homeopaths make quick prescriptions based on "keynotes"—the highlights of the best known characteristics of a remedy. The real challenge of homeopathic practice is to find the remedy that best matches the patient's "syndrome of symptoms" —the "[[#Homeopathic_.22provings.22|similimum]]".
 
The homeopathic treatment of acute problems does not need the same depth or breadth of interview as chronic conditions. According to homeopaths, because the symptoms of a common cold or a headache or an allergy vary from person to person, each may need a different remedy. However, they believe that people who experience an injury generally have similar symptoms, so they think that some remedies might be routinely useful in such cases. For some disease conditions, such as asthma or [[acute bronchitis]], remedies are often prescribed not only to treat chronic symptoms, but also to treat acute attacks. Remedies might also be used after an asthmatic episode with the intent to prevent recurrences.
 
"Classical" homeopaths prescribe one remedy at a time—a remedy that best fits the overall syndrome of the patient. The same remedy might thus be prescribed for patients with very different diseases; conversely, patients suffering from the same disease may be prescribed different remedies. For example, hay fever would be treated with any of several remedies, usually based on the specific symptoms, but sometimes on the etiology of the allergy. Some common remedies are: Allium cepa (''onion'', which causes tears to flow and a clear burning nasal discharge that irritates the nostrils), Euphrasia (''eyebright'', which causes a clear and bland nasal discharge along with tears that burn and irritate), Ambrosia (''ragweed'') and Solidago (''goldenrod''); ragweed and goldenrod are herbs whose pollen is aggravating to some hay fever sufferers. These are commonly given during the ''acute'' symptoms of hay fever. At other times, a homeopath might treat these patients with a constitutional remedy based on the patient’s family history, health history, and overall physical and/or psychological state.<ref>Dennis Chernin (2006) ''The Complete Homeopathic Resource for Common Illnesses.'' Berkeley: North Atlantic. Stephen Cummings and Dana Ullman (2004) ''Everybody's Guide to Homeopathic Medicines'' New York: Jeremy Tarcher/Putnam.</ref>
 
==Scientific foundations?==
{{main|Memory of water}}
Homeopathy arose when important concepts of modern [[chemistry]] and [[biology]], such as molecules and germs, were understood poorly, if at all. In Hahnemann's day, many chemists believed that matter was infinitely divisible, so that it was meaningful to talk about dilution to any degree. However, the size of atoms was calculated in 1865 (by [[Josef Loschmidt]]), and we now know that a 12''C'' dilution of a drug will have only about one molecule of that drug ''per litre''.  Thus, a dose of any drug diluted to more than 12''C'' is virtually certain to contain not a single molecule of the drug. This is recognized by homeopaths, who assert that the healing power is not in the action of molecules, but in some change in the structure of the water itself—the presumed "[[memory of water]]". 
 
Widely differing explanations are proposed for this alleged memory.<ref name="Homeopathy2007">A special issue of ''Homeopathy'' 96:141-230 (2007) is dedicated to [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14754916 The Memory of Water]. Copies of these articles, with discussion, are available at [http://www.badscience.net/?p=490 Homeopathy Journal Club], a blog by [[Ben Goldacre]]</ref> For instance, water contains [[isotopologue]]s (molecules with different isotopic compositions such as HDO, D<sub>2</sub>O and H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O). [[Mass spectroscopy]] can detect these, but the concentration ratios can only be changed by nuclear reactions—they are not affected by homeopathic treatment, so cannot explain its "memory". The fact that the molecules H<sub>2</sub>O appear in two proton-spin forms (''ortho'' and ''para'') has also been suggested as a source of memory of water. These spin forms, which appear in a ratio 3:1, are chemically indistinguishable and are very difficult to separate or to convert into each other, so it is highly unlikely that a homeopathic treatment could change this ratio. Even if a treatment could give rise to different ''ortho'':''para'' ratios, it requires a massive leap of imagination to envisage how this might result in specific healing qualities.  Some homeopaths believe that succussive shaking might lead to "clustering" of water molecules. This is not credible: motions in liquid water are on the picosecond (10<sup>&minus;12</sup> second) timescale and such clusters could not live longer than a few picoseconds. Another suggestion is that double-distilled water contains trace amounts of contaminating ions: water, after vigorous shaking, might include dissolved atmospheric gases in the form of nanobubbles, ions produced from reactions with airborne contaminants, and [[silicate]]s&mdash;tiny glass "chips"; such contamination is very likely, but it is hard to see how it could have therapeutic value<ref>Anick DJ, Ives JA (2007) The silica hypothesis for homeopathy: physical chemistry ''Homeopathy'' [http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.homp.2007.03.005 96:189-95]</ref>
 
In 2009, [[Luc Montagnier]], the Nobel Laureate virologist, claimed that highly diluted DNA from pathogenic bacterial and viral species can emit radio waves that might be associated with ‘nanostructures’ in the solution. The claim has been received with skepticism by other scientists.<ref>Montagnier L ''et al.'' (2009)  Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences ''Interdiscip Sci'' 1:81-90 PMID 20640822 *{{citation 
- |title= Top 6 unconventional post-Nobel Prize claims 
- |author= Alexey Kovalev 
- |date= 07 June 2010 
- |work= [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] 
- |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/07/start/top-6-unconventional-post-nobel-prize-claims?page=all }}</ref>.
 
Homeopaths contend that the "principle of similars" is analagous to the concept of [[hormesis]]<ref>[[Hormesis]] is the phenomenon that some chemicals at high concentrations have opposite biological effects to those at low concentrations. See: Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA (1998) Hormesis as a biological hypothesis ''Envir Health Perspectives Suppl'' [http://www.ehponline.org/members/1998/Suppl-1/357-362calabrese/full.html 106, S1]. A 2010 [http://het.sagepub.com/content/vol29/issue7/ issue] of ''Human and Experimental Toxicology'' is devoted to this research [http://www.siomi.it/siomifile/siomi_pdf/BELLE_newsletter.pdf (copies of these articles are available here)] </ref> and is the basis for vaccination and allergy desensitation. Scientists do not think that this 'principle' is generally true or useful, and they explain vaccination without it. Although remedies and vaccinations both use low doses of ingedients, the doses in remedies are ''very'' much lower than those in vaccines. Vaccines produce a measurable immune response (e.g., [[immunoglobulin]] production);  remedies do not. Thus conventional treatments involve measurable doses of substances, at levels known to activate a cellular response.
 
In brief, for homeopathy to receive serious scientific consideration, there must be plausible explanations for:
*how an ultradiluted solution can have any specific biological activity
*by what biological mechanism could the specific nature of a remedy be recognised
 
These demands are often summarised by the maxim "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof".<ref>Coined by [[Marcello Truzzi]] and popularized in slightly different form by [[Carl Sagan]].</ref>
 
Homeopaths assert that they are up against a 'double standard'. Many conventional treatments were used long before any knowledge of their mechanism of action; only recently, for instance, has it been understood how [[aspirin]] works. Aspirin was introduced at the turn of the 20th century, and medical standards have become very much more rigorous since then. If aspirin was a new drug, it would require clinical trials; [[Institutional Review Board]]s and other safety mechanisms would demand that the mechanism of action be known before authorizing these.
 
==Safety and efficacy==
{{Main|Tests of the efficacy of homeopathy}}
Homeopaths assert that trials of efficacy, basic sciences research, historical use of remedies in infectious disease epidemics, and cost-effectiveness studies provide reasonable evidence for the benefits of homeopathy.<ref>Bell I (2005) All evidence is equal, but some evidence is more equal than others: can logic prevail over emotion in the homeopathy debate? ''J Alt Comp Med'' [http://www.jspshomeocollege.in/Research/Article-3%20JACM.pdf 11:763–9]</ref>  By contrast, most scientists think that homeopathic treatments have no efficacy beyond placebo effects. 
 
Homeopaths favour the evidence of their own experience in treating patients, supported by the satisfaction reported by their patients in surveys; they also (correctly) state that most published trials have reported evidence for some beneficial effects, including for postoperative [[ileus]]<ref>Barnes J ''et al.'' (1997) Homeopathy for postoperative ileus? A meta-analysis ''J Clin Gastroenterol'' 25:628–33 PMID 9451677</ref>, [[allergic rhinitis]]<ref>Taylor MA ''et al.'' (2000) Randomised controlled trials of homoeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial series ''BMJ'' 321:471–6 PMID 10948025</ref>, and for individualised treatment of childhood diarrhoea<ref>Jacobs J ''et al.'' (2003) Homeopathy for childhood diarrhea: combined results and metaanalysis from three randomized, controlled clinical trials ''Ped Infect Disease J'' 22:229–34); these were studies of individualised single homeopathic remedies; subsequent trials using combinations of the most commonly used single remedies showed no effect, see Jacobs ''et al.'' (2006) ''J Alt Complement Med'' 12:723-32 PMID 17034278</ref>
 
According to academic critics, trials of homeopathy have been mostly small and flawed (lacking adequate controls and objective outcome measures).<ref>[http://nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy/#q8 Questions and Answers About Homeopathy] National Center for Complemenatary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)</ref> A 1991 meta-analysis in the ''British Medical Journal'' of 105 homeopathic trials recognised that most of them reported positive results, but warned that "most trials are of low methodological quality."<ref>Kleijnen J ''et al.'' (1991) Clinical trials of homeopathy ''BMJ'' 302:316–23 PMID 1825800</ref> A 1997 meta-analysis in the ''Lancet'' also noted the preponderance of positive trial results, declaring  that the results were "not compatible with the hypothesis that the effects of homoeopathy are completely due to placebo."<ref>Linde K ''et al.'' (1997) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials? ''Lancet'' 350: 834–43 PMID 9310601</ref> However, the same authors went on to show that larger high-quality trials tend to show little or no significant effects<ref>“... more rigorous trials tend to yield less optimistic results than trials with less precautions against bias.” Linde K ''et al.'' (1999) Impact of study quality on outcome in placebo controlled trials of homeopathy ''J Clin Epidemiol'' 52:631–6 PMID 10391656</ref> The most recent meta-analyses, which take study quality into account, suggest that remedies are no different to placebos.<ref>Cucherat M ''et al.'' (2000) Evidence of clinical efficacy of homeopathy. A meta-analysis of clinical trials. HMRAG. Homeopathic Medicines Research Advisory Group ''Eur J Clin Pharmacol'' 56:27-33 PMID 10853874</ref><ref name="pmid12492603">{{cite journal |author=Ernst E |title=A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy |journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol|volume=54| pages=577–82|year=2002|pmid=12492603 |doi= |url= http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01699.x/full?cookieSet=1|accessdate=2008-02-12}}</ref>
 
Why small trials tend to report positive outcomes while large trials are more likely to report small or no effects is generally attributed to "publication bias"; small trials with negative or inconclusive outcomes are less likely to be written up for publication, and if submitted are less likely to be accepted for publication, because they are thought to be uninteresting. In 1999, the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] Government, for 5 years, allowed costs for treatment with homeopathy and four other CAM modalities to be reimbursed under the country’s health insurance scheme, and set out to evaluate their cost-effectiveness<ref>The Complementary Medicine Evaluation Programme (''Programm Evaluation Komplementärmedizin'')</ref>. A team of scientists and practitioners, including a homeopath, conducted a meta-analysis that aroused considerable interest - and a storm of protest from homeopaths. The study, published in the ''Lancet''<ref>Shang A ''et al.'' (2005) Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy. ''Lancet'' 366:726–32 PMID 16125589</ref> took a novel approach; whereas traditional meta-analyses combine studies of a single condition, this "global" analysis tested the hypothesis that ''all'' effects of homeopathy are placebo effects. If so, the authors reasoned, then the predominance of positive homeopathy trial reports reflects publication bias, and hence the magnitude of effects should diminish with sample size and study quality. They analyzed 110 placebo-controlled homoeopathy trials and 110 matched conventional trials. In both, effect size declined with improved study quality; however, some effect was still present in the largest and best conventional trials, but not in the largest and best homeopathy trials. The authors concluded that homeopathy was no better than placebo, and suggested that no further research on homeopathy is necessary. The article was accompanied by two editorials, one titled “The end of homeopathy”.<ref>Editorial. The end of homeopathy ''Lancet'' 2005; 366:690 PMID 16125567; Vandenbroucke JP (2005) Homoeopathy and ‘the growth of truth’ ''Lancet'' 366:691–2 PMID 16125568</ref>.
 
===Homeopathic response===
The ''Lancet'' published critical correspondence, and received an open letter from the 'Swiss Association of Homoeopathic Physicians'<ref> [http://www.homeopathy.org/research/editorials/Rutten.pdf Open letter] to the Editor of The Lancet from the Swiss Association of Homoeopathic Physicians (SVHA)</ref> which declared:
 
''“The meta-analysis may be statistically correct. But its validity and practical significance can be seen at a glance: not one single qualified homoeopath would ever treat one single patient in clinical practice as presented in any of the 110 analysed trials! The study cannot give the slightest evidence against homoeopathy because it does not measure real individual (classical) homoeopathy. It confounds real homoeopathic practice with distorted study forms violating even basic homeopathic rules.”''<ref>In the Shang ''et al.'' review, 21 homeopathic trials were judged of “high quality”; these, overall, showed a benefit of homeopathy. However, the 8 largest of these studies showed that homeopathic treatment was comparable with a placebo, while 6 similarly large conventional trials were not. Of these 8 trials, only one used an individualized approach to treatment, the others used a single remedy prescribed to homeopathic treated subjects. Such non-individualized treatment is common in the larger clinical trials (one trials tested a rarely used remedy (Thyroidinum), to treat weight-loss, in a previously untested treatment protocol).</ref>
 
Several studies that had been defined as "high quality" by Linde ''et al.'' (1997) were not defined by high quality in the ''Lancet'' paper by Shang ''et al.'', and most of these showed an effect of homeopathic treatment. Shang ''et al.'' also excluded a relatively large study of chronic polyarthritis (N=176) because no matching trial could be found.  An article in the ''Journal of Clinical Epidemiology''<ref>Ludtke R, Rutten ALB (2008) The conclusions of the effectiveness of homeopathy highly depend on the set of analyzed trials. ''J Clin Epidemiol'' 61:1197-204 PMID 18834714</ref> stated "This result can be interpreted differently. Following Shang's perspective it can be explained by small study bias (which includes publication bias). In contrast, one may hypothesize that Shang's result is falsely negative." The authors noted that four of the 21 'best' trials dealt with muscle soreness; these found no benefits to homeopathy, but the other 17 trials show an overall significant effect, mainly determined by two trials on influenza-like diseases. Thus, they argue, homeopathy might be effective for some conditions but not others.
 
Homeopaths believe that, because homeopathy does not lend itself to controlled trials, those with a negative outcome may be false negatives. They also claim that many studies in which homeopathy appears ineffective are methodologically flawed &mdash; they either did not follow proper homeopathic procedure in the selection of remedies or they did not adequately repeat the remedy.
 
===Government and institutional assessments===
In 2010, the U.K. House of Commons 'Science and Technology Committee' published a report on the evidence for homeopathy.<ref name=evcheck>''House of Commons Science and Technology Committee'', [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/4502.htm Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy], 2010.</ref> It concluded that the principle of "like-cures-like" is "theoretically weak" and  "fails to provide a credible physiological mode of action for homeopathic products. We note that this is the settled view of medical science."<ref name="evcheck"/> It described the use of ultra-dilution as "scientifically implausible", and on the effectiveness of homeopathy said:
 
<blockquote>In our view, the systematic reviews and meta-analyses conclusively demonstrate that homeopathic products perform no better than placebos.<ref name="evcheck"/></blockquote>
 
The report rejected evidence presented by the [[British Homeopathic Association]] on systematic reviews and accepted Professor [[Edzard Ernst]]'s account of the weaknesses of that evidence. It stated that advocates of homeopathy had chosen "to rely on, and promulgate selective approaches to the evidence base".<ref name="evcheck" />
It rejected calls for further research:
 
<blockquote>There has been enough testing of homeopathy and plenty of evidence showing that it is not efficacious. Competition for research funding is fierce and we cannot see how further research on the efficacy of homeopathy is justified <ref name="evcheck" /></blockquote>
 
It recommended against the use of homeopathy on the NHS even as a placebo treatment (as they concluded homeopathy to be): for a placebo to be effective, the patient must not know it is a placebo, but medical ethics requires that a patient must make an informed choice. It also advised that, if the NHS appears to endorse homeopathy, there is a danger that patients might neglect conventional medicine, with serious health consequences. The report concludes that NHS funding of homeopathic hospitals should stop, and that NHS doctors should not refer patients to homeopaths.<ref name="evcheck" />
 
The report conclusions have been supported by the [[British Medical Association]]<ref>BBC News, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10449430 Doctors call for NHS to stop funding homeopathy]</ref>, which voted in favour of stopping any use of any NHS funds for homeopathy, and proposed that pharmacists should remove homeopathic remedies from their shelves  to prevent them from being confused with medicines.<ref>Flavia Munn, [http://web2.bma.org.uk/nrezine.nsf/wp/ESML-86VGUX?OpenDocument&C=3+July+2010 Medics vote to ban homeopathy from NHS] (June 29, 2010)</ref>
 
The [[Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain]] suggested that patients ought to be "made aware of the fact that there is no scientific basis for the use of homeopathy", and that unless homeopathy can be shown to be efficacious "using appropriate methodology (as for conventional medicines)" any "claims of efficacy should be removed from the label". It also concluded that "homeopathic remedies should be reviewed by [[National Institute for Clinical Excellence|NICE]] if they are to be used within the NHS to ensure that they give value for money" – historically, homeopathy has not been subject to review by NICE.<ref>[[Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain]], [http://www.rpsgb.org/pdfs/homeopathyrpsgbresphoc.pdf Response to the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee], November 2009.</ref> The U.K. Government has, for now, decided to continue to allow individual doctors to prescribe homeopathic treatment on the NHS in accordance with the principle that doctors should be free to decide whatever treatment they think appropriate in individual cases.
 
=== Medical organizations' attitudes ===
The [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) was founded in 1847,<ref name=AMA-12>{{citation
| author =American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs
| id = Report 12
| url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13638.html
| date = June 1997
|title=alternative theories including homeopathy
}}</ref> and from the 1860s to the early 20th century, it forbade its members to consult with MDs who practiced homeopathy.<ref>Harris Coulter, ''Divided Legacy: The Conflict Between Homoeopathy and the American Medical Association.'' Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1975</ref> Today, it is not openly antagonistic to homeopathy; their current policy states: "There is little evidence to confirm the safety or efficacy of most alternative therapies. Much of the information currently known about these therapies makes it clear that many have not been shown to be efficacious."<ref name=AMA-12 />
 
The [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] (NCCAM) funds research into alternative medicine in the U.S.A.<ref name=NCCAM-HQ8>{{citation | url = http://nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy/#q8
| contribution = What has scientific research found out about whether homeopathy works?
| title = Questions and Answers About Homeopathy
| author = [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]]}}</ref>. Their views are detailed on a signed articles page associated with this article. In 2008, NCCAM's acting deputy director said "There is, to my knowledge, no condition for which homeopathy has been proven to be an effective treatment"<ref name=Newsweek>{{citation
| url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/105581
| journal = Newsweek
| first = Jerry | last = Adler
| title = No Way to Treat the Dying
| date = February 4, 2008}}</ref>.
 
In the U.K., the NHS recognizes that there have been about 200 randomised controlled trials evaluating homeopathy; some show efficacy and some don't. They conclude, "it has proven difficult to produce clear clinical evidence that homeopathy works".<ref name=NHSdirect>{{citation
| url = http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=197&sectionId=27#
| author = NHS Direct
| contribution = Homeopathy
| title = Health Encyclopedia}}</ref>NHS doctors are free to decide what treatment is best for each patient, and a few do sometimes prescribe homeopathic remedies.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7910948/Homeopathy-will-not-be-banned-by-NHS-despite-critical-report.html Homeopathy will not be banned by NHS despite critical report]</ref> The NHS supports five homeopathic hospitals, and in Scotland about 600 doctors treat about 55,000 patients per year at homeopathic clinics.<ref name="urlDoctors Vote for NHS to Stop Funding Homeopathy">{{cite web |url=http://news.suite101.com/article.cfm/doctors-vote-for-nhs-to-stop-funding-homeopathy-a256071 |title=Doctors Vote for NHS to Stop Funding Homeopathy |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref>
Family doctors in the U.K. issued 49,300 prescriptions for homeopathic remedies in 2007 out of a total of 796 million prescriptions (down from 83,000 in 2005).<ref>([http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article4390216.ece Fall in homeopathy prescriptions hailed as sign of changed attitudes] ''The Times'' July 28th 2008)</ref> In 2008, it was reported that the NHS was progressively withdrawing funding for homeopathic treatments because of doubts about their efficacy.<ref>([http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/homeopathy-in-crisis-as-nhs-trusts-drop-services-775699.html Homeopathy 'in crisis' as NHS trusts drop services] ''The Independent'' January 30, 2008)</ref>
 
===Safety===
:''The highest ideal of cure is the speedy, gentle, and enduring restoration of health by the most trustworthy and least harmful way'' (Samuel Hahnemann)
 
In the U.S.A., the FDA determines what drugs are safe for over-the-counter sale; its view is that there is no real concern about the safety of homeopathic remedies because of the extremely small dosages, and the vast majority do not need a doctor's prescription.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/096_home.html ]</ref> In the U.S.A., remedies must have at least one indication for usage for a disease or condition that is self-limiting and that does not require medical diagnosis or medical monitoring.
 
Some physicians maintain that homeopathic treatment is ''relatively'' unsafe, because it might delay other treatment/s (homeopaths respond by claiming that using remedies can reduce the use of conventional medicines that are ineffective and dangerous, and remind patients and physicians of the Hippocratic aphorism "First, do no harm."). The concern is greatest when people who use homeopathy forego conventional treatment for serious illness (such as anti-inflammatories and bronchodilators for [[asthma]]), or do not receive established preventive treatments (such as vaccines or anti-malarial drugs).<ref name="bbc_malaria">BBC Newsnight, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/5178122.stm Malaria advice 'risks lives']</ref> 
 
Probably every modern pharmacologist would agree with Hahnemann that most drugs of the 19th century were at best ineffective and often dangerous. However, some homeopaths question whether ''modern'' medicines are safe and effective. Many homeopaths think that vaccination for common diseases, such as [[measles]], is unnecessary, and that vaccines can be damaging to health, because of the [[mercury]] and [[aluminum]] in them, because the bacterium or virus in the vaccine may neither be dead nor weak enough, and/or because some childhood infectious diseases may strengthen immune responsiveness. Such advice is considered irresponsible by public health professionals, who assess the benefits of vaccination as vastly outweighing the risks. [[Measles]] is not a major killer in the western world, where most children are vaccinated at about two years old, but in 1999 there were 875,000 deaths from measles worldwide, mostly in Africa. In 2001, a "Measles Initiative" was initiated involving the [[American Red Cross]], [[UNICEF]] and the [[World Health Organization]], By 2005 more than 360 million children had been vaccinated, and the death toll had dropped to 345,000.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6276139.stm Vaccine drive cuts measles deaths], BBC 19th January 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr57e0515a1.htm Childhood immunization against chickenpox prevents herpes zoster.] Harpaz IR ''et al.'' (2008) Prevention of Herpes Zoster: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) ''Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report'' 57:1-30 - see for explanation of the risks associated with measles and chicken-pox.</ref>
 
Homeopaths discourage the public from using high potency remedies (the 200th potency and higher) unless prescribed by someone adequately trained in homeopathy. They advise that repeated doses of high potency remedies can lead the person to experience a "drug proving," with symptoms akin to an overdose (the symptoms are said to disappear shortly after stopping taking the remedy).
 
==Regulation of homeopathy==
There are no universal standards for homeopathic education, but some countries allow homeopaths to describe themselves in equivalent ways to doctors, with a system of qualification and oversight. In some countries, all (or virtually all) professionals that prescribe homeopathic remedies are MDs (such as [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Argentina]], [[Colombia]]).<ref name=Knipschild1990>{{citation
| author = Knipschild P ''et al.''
| year = 1990
| title = Belief in the efficacy of alternative medicine among general practitioners in the Netherlands
| journal = Soc Sci Med.
| volume = 31
| pages = 625-6}}</ref><ref name="Fisher1994">{{citation
| author = Fisher P ''et al.''
| year = 1994
| title = Medicine in Europe: complementary medicine in Europe
| journal = Brit Med J
| url = http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/309/6947/107
| volume = 309
| pages =107-11}}</ref> Some countries have exclusively homeopathic medical schools (India, Pakistan, Mexico etc.), some have naturopathic colleges in which students are taught homeopathy as part of their curriculum (Germany has its "heilpraktica"/health practitioners; the U.S.A., Canada, and Australia have naturopathic medicine schools that include homeopathy), and some countries certify "professional homeopaths" who have attended homeopathic schools and who then pass independent examinations that grant "certification" as homeopaths. In the U.S.A., there is also a separate certification process available only to MDs and DOs (there are similar choices of certification available in the U.K. for medical doctors, who've done at least MBBS). Also in the U.S.A., naturopathic physicians have their own homeopathic certifying agency.To join the [[American Institute of Homeopathy]] today, one must have a mainstream medical license (MD, DO, DDS), as well as homeopathic training.
 
In '''India''', homeopathy has more than 200,000 registered practitioners and is one of the Indian "National Systems of Medicine" under the Department of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy); it is illegal to practice as a homeopath without a license and professional qualifications.<ref>[http://indianmedicine.nic.in/html/homoeopathy/homoe.htm Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]</ref> Every Indian primary health care centre has one or more conventional medical doctors and a doctor from the Department of AYUSH. About 10% of the population, over 100 million people, depend ''solely'' on homeopathy for their health care needs.<ref> Prasad R (2007) Homoeopathy booming in India ''Lancet'' 370:1679-80</ref> 
 
'''In the UK,''' anyone can declare themselves to be a homeopath and practice without any qualification  <ref>Morrell P (2000) [http://homeoint.org/morrell/british/background.htm British Homeopathy during two centuries]</ref> The great majority of homeopaths are not medically-trained, and many of these belong to the [[Society of Homeopaths]], a European-wide organisation. The Society keeps a register of professionally trained and insured homeopaths, who agree to abide by the Society's Code of Ethics and Practice. However, unlike other major CAM professions, homeopathy still has no statutory regulation process.<ref>[http://www.homeopathy-soh.org/whats-new/singlereg/ Society of Homeopaths: Independent regulation]</ref> Some statutory regulations apply to non-medically-qualified alternative medicine practitioners: for example, the 1939 Cancer Act makes it illegal to claim to have an effective treatment for cancer if it isn't actually an effective treatment for cancer, and this is enforced by the [[Trading Standards Office]]. Beyond that, the same regulations apply to alternative medicine practitioners as to any other commercial operation - such as the [[Sale of Goods Act]], and the [[Advertising Standards Authority]]. The advertising code in the U.K. requires that advertisments for homeopathy must include the instruction to "to consult a doctor if symptoms persist".
 
In the UK, the [[Faculty of Homeopathy]] regulates qualified medical professionals who practice homeopathy. It awards accreditations based on medical qualifications - so a doctor would be given an MFHom, and they have others for nurses, pharmacists and vets. The Faculty publishes the journal ''Homeopathy'', and is a founding member of the 'European Committee for Homeopathy', which has developed a European code of professional conduct.Of 248,000 registered practitioners of medicine in the U.K., about 400 are members of the Faculty.  Homepaths with medical qualifications have, on occasion, been disciplined by the [[General Medical Council]] for using homepathic remedies inappropriately<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/2666411.stm Three-month ban for homeopathy GP] ''BBC News'' January 2003</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6255356.stm Alternative cure doctor suspended] "A doctor who practised alternative medicine has been suspended for a year after advising a patient to stop heart medication which led to her death. Dr Marisa Viegas, 50, who operated from a private clinic in London, had asked the patient, known as Ms A, to follow only her "homeopathic remedies". ''BBC News'' June 2007</ref> but not by the Faculty, which has no means of enforcing its code of conduct.
 
In France and Denmark, licenses are required to diagnose any illness or to dispense any product whose purpose is to treat illness.<ref name=WHO>
{{cite web
|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_EDM_TRM_2001.2.pdf
|title=Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine: A worldwide review
|accessdate=2007-09-12
|year=2001
|format=PDF
|work=World Health Organization
|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]
}}</ref>
 
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 08:28, 14 February 2021

This is an out-of-date version of the article that was created separately (possibly in error). It is retained here to preserve the edit history.
Do not edit this version: see 'Homeopathy' for the latest one.
The Editorial Council has made a unanimous decision on December 17, 2010, to blank this draft article and to place a minimum of a one-year moratorium on any further edits to this article. The discussion concerning this decision may be found at [1]. The Talk page remains, but its present contents will be moved to an archive. The Approved Main Article also remains in place. This page is now protected by the Constabulary and no further edits can be made to it. After one year has passed, Citizens may ask the Editorial Council to reconsider their decision but there is no guarantee that they will do so.


The Secretary of the Editorial Council, Hayford Peirce 04:09, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Moratorium extended

The moratorium has been extended by another year. EC:D-2012-002. --Peter Schmitt 01:20, 20 January 2012 (UTC)


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